Chemical characterization and decay resistance analysis of smoke treated bamboo species

Published Date

First online: 17 March 2016

Title 

Chemical characterization and decay resistance analysis of smoke treated bamboo species

• Author 

• Perminder Jit Kaur 
• , Santosh Satya
• , K. K. Pant
• , S. N. Naik
• , Vikas Kardam

• 
  

• Abstract 

• 
  

• Severe human health and environmental hazards associated with commercial chemical preservatives has prompted researchers to look for alternative treatment techniques for preservation of bamboo species. In the present study, validation of traditional smoke treatment method to preserve bamboo species (D. strictus) has been performed. Physico-chemical characterization of smoke treated culms showed reduction in alkali solubility (18.8 %), starch (34.5 %) and moisture content (69 %) and considerable increase in lignin content (24.5 %). Improved decay resistance of smoke treated sample (weight loss: 12.2 %) as compared to severely degraded control samples (weight loss: 55.6 %) shows the potential of this indigenous method to preserve bamboo.

• 
  

• References 

• 
  

• 1. Boonstra MJ, Acker JV, Stevens KM (2007) Optimisation of a two-stage heat treatment process: durability aspects. Wood Sci Technol 41:31–57CrossRef
  2. Hadi YS, Nurhayati T, Jasni Yamamoto H, Kamiya N (2012) Resistance of smoked wood to subterranean and dry-wood termite attack. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 70:79–81CrossRef
  3. Humphrey FR, Kelly J (1961) A method for the determination of starch in wood. Anal Chim Acta 24:66–70CrossRef
  4. Kaur PJ, Kardam V, Pant KK, Satya S, Naik SN (2013) Scientific investigation of traditional water leaching method for bamboo preservation. Bamboo Sci Cult J Am Bamboo Soc 26(1):27–32
  5. Kaur PJ, Kardam V, Pant KK, Naik SN, Satya S (2015) Characterization of commercially important Asian bamboo species. Eur J Wood Prod 74(1):137–139CrossRef
  6. Naik NK (2009) Mechanical and Physico-Chemical Properties of Bamboos carried out by Aerospace Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology—Bombay, National Mission of Bamboo Applications report. 1–14. http://​www.​bambootech.​org/​files/​mechanicaltestin​g%20​report.​pdf
  7. Salim R, Wahab R (2008) Effect of Oil Heat Treatment on Chemical Constituents of Semantan Bamboo (Gigantochloascortechinii Gamble). J Sustain Dev 2(1):91–98

• 
  

• For further details log on website :

• http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00107-016-1029-y

Replacing formaldehyde by furfural in urea formaldehyde resin: effect on formaldehyde emission and physical–mechanical properties of particleboards

Published Date

First online: 18 February 2016

Title 

Replacing formaldehyde by furfural in urea formaldehyde resin: effect on formaldehyde emission and physical–mechanical properties of particleboards

• Author 

• Robab Ghafari 
• , Kazem DoostHosseini
• , Ali Abdulkhani
• , Sayed Ahmad Mirshokraie

Abstract

To diminish the formaldehyde emission, replacement of the formaldehyde by furfural in urea formaldehyde (UF) resin was investigated and its effect on formaldehyde emission and physical–mechanical properties of particleboard panels produced from poplar wood was examined. Resin type: Industrial UF, Laboratory UF, UF-Furfural (in 25 and 50 % replacement levels), and two press temperatures including 170 and 180 °C were considered as variables. Results indicated that formaldehyde emission and modulus of rupture (MOR) of panels reduced thereby replacing the formaldehyde by furfural in UF resin. Internal bonding (IB) of panels made using 50 % replacement-modified resin was superior to others. Water absorption of panels decreased after 2- and 24-h immersion of samples with modified resins, as opposed to thickness swelling. The minimum thickness swelling was observed in panels made by Industrial UF resin. It is noteworthy that formaldehyde emission enhanced by increasing the temperature from 170 to 180 °C, and also all physical–mechanical characteristics developed at 180 °C temperature.

References

1. Akyüz KC, Nemli G, Baharoğlu M, Zekoviç E (2010) Effects of acidity of the particles and amount of hardener on the physical and mechanical properties of particleboard composite bonded with urea formaldehyde. Int J Adhes Adhes 30(3):166–169CrossRef
2. Belgacem MN, Gandini A (2003) Furan-based adhesives. Handbook of adhesive technology. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 615–634
3. Boran S, Usta M, Gümüşkaya E (2011) Decreasing formaldehyde emission from medium density fiberboard panels produced by adding different amine compounds to urea formaldehyde resin. Int J Adhes Adhes 31(7):674–678CrossRef
4. Conner AH (1996) Urea–formaldehyde adhesive resins. Polym Mater Encycl 11:8496–8501
5. Despres A, Pizzi A, Vu C, Delmotte L (2010) Colorless formaldehyde-free urea resin adhesives for wood panels. Eur J Wood Prod 68(1):13–20CrossRef
6. Dunky M (1998) Urea–formaldehyde (UF) adhesive resins for wood. Int J Adhes Adhes 18(2):95–107CrossRef
7. EN 310 (1993) Wood-based panels: determination of modulus of elasticity in bending and of bending strength. CEN European Committee for Standardization
8. EN 317 (1993) Particleboards and fibreboards: determination of swelling in thickness after immersion in water. CEN European Committee for Standardization
9. EN 322 (1993) Wood-based panels: determination of moisture content. CEN European Committee for Standardization
10. Garcia AM, Ortiz M, Martinez R, Ortiz P, Reguera E (2004) The condensation of furfural with urea. Ind Crops Prod 19:99–106CrossRef
11. Jiang T, Gardner DJ, Baumann MGD (2002) Volatile organic compound emissions arising from the hot-pressing of mixed-hardwood particleboard. For Prod J 52(11):66–77
12. JISA 5908 (1994) Standard test methods for evaluation formaldehyde emission from particleboards. UDC 691.14-413:674.817
13. Ko K (1976) How to control pollution of formaldehyde for formaldehyde series thermosetting resin adhesives. Settyaku Kyokaishi 12(5):160–166
14. Maloney TM (1993) Modern particleboard and dry-process fiberboard manufacturing. Miller Freeman Publications, San Francisco
15. Park BD, Lee SM, Roh JK (2009) Effects of formaldehyde/urea mole ratio and melamine content on the hydrolytic stability of cured urea-melamine-formaldehyde resin. Eur J Wood Prod 67(1):121–123CrossRef
16. Park BD, Kang EC, Park SB, Park JY (2011) Empirical correlations between test methods of measuring formaldehyde emission of plywood, particleboard and medium density fiberboard. Eur J Wood Prod 69(2):311–316CrossRef
17. Pizzi A (1990) Furfural-enhanced formaldehyde emission from UF particleboard. Holz Roh- Werkst 48(10):376CrossRef
18. Pizzi A (1994) Advanced wood adhesives technology. Marcel Dekker, New York, p 289
19. Pizzi A (2003) Urea–formaldehyde adhesives. In: Pizzi A, Mittal KL (eds) Handbook of adhesive technology, revised and expanded. CRC Press, USA, pp 628–645CrossRef
20. Que Z, Furuno T, Katoh S, Nishino Y (2007a) Effects of urea–formaldehyde resin mole ratio on the properties of particleboard. Build Environ 42(3):1257–1263CrossRef
21. Que Z, Furuno T, Katoh S, Nishino Y (2007b) Evaluation of three test methods in determination of formaldehyde emission from particleboard bonded with different mole ratio in the urea–formaldehyde resin. Build Environ 42(3):1242–1249CrossRef
22. Roffael E, Johnsson B, Engström B (2010) On the measurement of formaldehyde release from low-emission wood-based panels using the perforator method. Wood Sci Technol 44(3):369–377CrossRef
23. Salem MZM, Böhm M, Beránková J, Srba J (2011) Effect of some manufacturing variables on formaldehyde release from particleboard: relationship between different test methods. Build Environ 46(10):1946–1953CrossRef
24. Schneider MH, Phillips JG (2010) Furfural-urea resins and adhesives and their methods of production. US Patent 7,781,521, issued August 24
25. Schultz TP (1990) Exterior plywood resin formulated from furfuryl alcohol and paraformaldehyde. Holzforschung 44(6):467–468CrossRef
26. Tomita B (1980) How chemical structure of UF resin affects formaldehyde emission. Mokuzai Kogyo 35(5):193–199
27. Wang W, Gardner DJ, Baumann MG (2002) Reviewed articles-volatile organic compound emissions during hot-pressing of southern pine particleboard: panel size effects and trade-off between press time and temperature. For Prod J Index 52(4):24–30
28. Zorba T, Papadopoulou E, Hatjiissaak A, Paraskevopoulos KM, Chrissafis K (2008) Urea–formaldehyde resins characterized by thermal analysis and FTIR method. J Therm Anal Calorim 92(1):29–33CrossRef

For further details log on website :
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00107-016-1005-6

Published Date

First online: 18 February 2016

Factors affecting the moisture content (MC) measuring during radio-frequency/vacuum (RF/V) drying

• HongHai Liu 
• , Lin Yang
• , Zhihui Wu
• , Kazuo Hayashi
• , Xingchang Li

• 
  

• Abstract 

• 
  

Radio-frequency/vacuum (RF/V) drying has been widely used in modern wood industry, but the key technology and mechanism for moisture content measuring during RF/V are still unknown. In this study, the aim was to measure moisture content using temperature, pressure and equilibrium moisture content during RF/V drying. The effects of drying schedules, drying time, ambient conditions in the chamber etc. on moisture content measuring were investigated during RF/V drying. In total 14 runs with different conditions were tested. The results showed that the accuracy of the moisture content measured was highly consistent in all tests either with pre-vacuum treatment or without treatment. When the drying time during RF/V reaches a certain point, there is no significant difference in moisture content measuring between pre-vacuum treatment and non-treatment. However, moisture content measuring at locations close to surfaces or open end of the timber was significantly affected by the ambient temperature and pressure condition in the drying chamber.


References

1. Avramidis S, Zwick LR (1997) Commercial scale RFV drying of softwood lumber. Part 3 Energy consumption and economics. For Prod J 47(1):48–56
2. Cai YC, Hayashi K (2001) Pressure and temperature distribution in wood during RF/vacuum drying. In: 7th IUFRO International Wood Drying Conference, Tsukuba, Japan, pp 386–391
3. Cai YC, Hayashi K (2002) Contribution of evaporation from transverse sections to drying rate during radio-frequency/vacuum drying. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 48(2):73–79
4. Cai YC, Hayashi K (2007) New monitoring concept of moisture content distribution in wood during RF/vacuum drying. J Wood Sci 53(1):1–4CrossRef
5. Chen ZJ, Fred ML (2001) The primary driving force in wood vacuum drying. In: 7th IUFRO International Wood Drying Conference, Tsukuba, Japan, pp 386–391
6. Chen ZJ, Fred ML (2002) Theoretical equilibrium moisture content of wood under vacuum. Wood Fiber Sci 34(4):553–559
7. Goreshnev MA, Kazarin AN, Lopatin VV, Sekisov FG, Smerdov OV (2013) Combined timber drying method. J Eng Thermophys-Rus 86(2):336–339CrossRef
8. Gu LB (2009) Present situation of Chinese wood drying equipment and technology and the difference of international advanced level. Wood Process Mach (S), pp 22–28
9. Koumoutsakos A, Avramidis S, Hatzikiriakos SG (2001) Radio frequency vacuum drying of wood. II. Experimental model evaluation. Dry Technol 19(1):85–98CrossRef
10. Lazarescu C, Avramidis S (2012) Heating characteristics of western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) in a high frequency field. Eur J Wood Prod 70(4):489–496CrossRef
11. Lazarescu C, Bedelean B, Avramidis S (2012) Heating characteristics of softwood in a high frequency field. ProLigno 80(4):18–26
12. Lee NH, Li CY, Zhao XF, Park MJ (2010) Effect of pretreatment with high temperature and low humidity on drying time and prevention of checking during radio-frequency/vacuum drying of Japanese cedar pillar. J Wood Sci 56(1):19–24CrossRef
13. Li XJ, Wu QL, Jiang W, Zhang BG (2006) Mechanism of moisture movement in wood during microwave vacuum drying. J Beijing For Univ 28(3):150–153
14. Li XL, Gao RQ, Gou T, Zhang LB, Chen ZJ (2012) Radio frequency/vacuum drying for boxed-heart square timber of plantation larch. Sci Silv Sin 48(9):127–131
15. Liu HH, Yang L, Cai YC, Masatoshi S, Hayashi K (2010a) Effect of EMC and air in wood on the new in-process moisture content monitoring concept under radio-frequency/vacuum (RF/V) drying. J Wood Sci 56(2):95–99CrossRef
16. Liu HH, Yang L, Cai YC, Sugimor M, Hayashi KZ (2010b) Effects of ambient pressure on equilibrium moisture content of wood. Wood Fiber Sci 42(3):346–351
17. Liu HH, Yang L, Cai YC, Hayashi KZ, Li KF (2014) Distribution and variation of pressure and temperature in wood cross section during radio-frequency vacuum (RF/V) drying. Bioresources 9(2):3064–3076
18. Lopatin VV, Goreshnev MA, Sekisov FG (2014) Moisture transport in birch lumber at low radio-frequency and contact vacuum drying. Holz Roh Werkst 72(6):779–784CrossRef
19. Myojin MY, Yasujima M, Hayashi KZ (2006) Development of hot blow vacuum drying kiln (1). Full size dry kiln suitable for production of high quality hardwood lumber. Mokuzai Kogyo 61(3):105–109
20. Sasaki K, Kawabe J, Mori M (1987) Vacuum drying of wood with high frequency heating (II), the pressure within lumber during evacuation and drying. Bull Kyushu Univ For 57:245–265
21. Watanabe K, Abubakari A, Lazarescu C, Avramidis S (2011) Softwood heating in radio frequency fields. Eur J Wood Prod 69(2):295–301CrossRef
22. Xiao H, Cai YC (2009) Factors affecting relative humidity during wood vacuum drying. J For Res 20(2):165–167CrossRef
23. Yi SL, Zhou YD, Liu YR, Zhang BG, Feng XJ (2008) Experimental equilibrium moisture content of wood under vacuum. Wood Fiber Sci 40(3):321–324
24. Zhang L, Avramidis S, Hatzikiriakos SG (1997) Moisture flow characteristics during radio-frequency/vacuum drying of thick lumber. Wood Sci Technol 31(4):265–277CrossRef

For further details log on website :
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00107-016-1017-2