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Tuesday, 19 July 2016

Experimental design to determine the manufacturing parameters of a green-glued plywood panel

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Title 

Experimental design to determine the manufacturing parameters of a green-glued plywood panel

  • Author 
  • Anne Lavalette 
  • , Alain Cointe
  • , Régis Pommier
  • , Michel Danis
  • , Christine Delisée
  • , Guillaume Legrand

  • Abstract 

  • The objective of this research was to investigate the technical feasibility of producing plywood by green-gluing technology. 2.5 mm thick rotary cut veneers obtained from steamed maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) logs were used. Plywood was manufactured under vacuum with veneers in a wet state. Five-layer plywood panels were produced using a one-component polyurethane adhesive to evaluate the effects of two parameters, the wood moisture content and the amount of adhesive, on the mechanical properties of plywood. First, a full factorial experimental design was realised to study the bond performance. Shear tests were carried out in order to determine the bond quality and failure type. It was observed that the values of plywood panels’ shear strength depend more on the wood moisture content than on the amount of adhesive applied. A model representing the shear strength of the panels according to the manufacturing parameters was established by using statistical analyses. Another part of this study focused on microscopic observations of the bondline in order to get information about the joint morphology and the degree of adhesive penetration into the wood structure. Results suggested that definite proportions of water (moisture content between 30 and 60 %) and adhesive have to be present on wood surface when gluing to create efficient bonds. These analyses were followed by the panel’s characterisation in flexure to validate the process.

  • References 

    1. Bos F (1995) Influence des conditions limites sur la caractérisation mécanique élastique et différée des contreplaqués en flexion (The influence of boundary conditions on the plywood elastic and viscoelastic mechanical characterization during bending) (In French), PhD. Thesis, University of Bordeaux 1, Bordeaux, France
    2. Bos F, Guitard D (1995) Validation expérimentale d’un outil de conception des contreplaqués (Experimental validation of a device for plywood design) (In French). Ann Sci Forestières 52:423–431CrossRef
    3. Dunky M, Källander B, Properzi M, Richter K, Van Leemput M (2008) Bonding of timber part 2: green gluing. Lignovisionen Issue 18: Core document of the COST Action E34 Bonding of Timber, pp 93–154
    4. Elbez G (2002) Le collage du bois (The gluing of wood) (In French) ISBN 10: 2856840515, CTBA
    5. Gardner DJ (2001) Wood: surface properties and adhesion. Encyclopedia of materials: science and technology. Elsevier, Michigan, pp 9745–9748CrossRef
    6. Goldman PR (1946) Method of making plywood tubing. Patent 2,411,542
    7. Hass P, Wittel FK, Mendoza M, Stampanoni M, Herrmann HJ, Niemz P (2012) Adhesive penetration in beech wood: experiments. Wood Sci Technol 46(1–3):243–256CrossRef
    8. Heebink BG (1953) Fluid pressure moulding of plywood. Technical Report 1624, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison 5, Wisconsin
    9. Johnson SE, Kamke FA (1992) Quantitative analysis of gross adhesive penetration in wood using fluorescence microscopy. J Adhes 40:47–61CrossRef
    10. Kamke FA, Lee JN (2007) Adhesive penetration in wood—a review. Wood Fiber Sci 39(2):205–220
    11. Karastergiou S, Mantanis GI, Skoularakos K (2008) Green gluing of oak wood (Quercus conferta L.) with a one component polyurethane adhesive. Wood Mater Sci Eng 3(4):79–82CrossRef
    12. Louvet F, Delplanque L (2005) Les plans d’expérience: une approche pragmatique et illustrée (Experimental designs: an illustrated and pragmatic approach) (In French). Association Expérimentique, Orléans
    13. Meynis de Paulin JJ (ed) (1977), Les colles et adhésifs et leurs emplois industriels. II-Les matières premières (Glues and adhesives and their industrial applications—II-Raw materials), (In French), vol Tome 2. G. Le Prat, Paris
    14. Morlier P, De Jeso B, Daude G, Dimier G (2002) Composition adhésive pour matériau humide (Adhesive composition for wet material). (In French), Patent 2 842 818
    15. NF EN 14358 (2007) Structures en bois: Détermination des valeurs correspondant au fractile à 5% d’acceptation pour un échantillon (Timber structures—calculation of characteristic 5-percentile values and acceptance criteria for a sample), AFNOR
    16. NF EN 314 (1993) Contreplaqué: Qualité du collage (Plywood: bonding quality), AFNOR
    17. Ngo D, Pfeiffer E (2003) The art of plywood furniture. Princeton Architectural Press, New York
    18. Parker JR (1994) Greenweld process for engineered wood products. In: The international panel and engineering wood technology exposition, Atlanta, GA, USA
    19. Pommier R, Elbez G (2006) Finger-jointing green softwood: evaluation of the interaction between polyurethane adhesive and wood. Wood Mat Sci Eng 1(3–4):127–137CrossRef
    20. Pommier R, Grimaud G, Prinçaud M, Perry N, Sonnemann G (2015) Comparative environmental assessment of materials in wooden boat ecodesign. Int J Life Cycle Assess 21(2):265–275CrossRef
    21. Ren D (2010) Moisture-cure polyurethane wood adhesives: wood/adhesive interactions and weather durability. PhD Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia, USA
    23. Sterley M, Trey S, Lundevall A, Olsson S (2012) Influence of cure conditions on the properties of a one-component moisture-cured polyurethane adhesive in the context of green gluing of wood. J Appl Polym Sci 126(SUPPL. 1):E296–E303
    24. Strickler MD (1970) End gluing of green lumber. For Prod J 20(9):47–51
    25. Kriebich RE, Steynberg PJ, Hemingway R (1997) End jointing green lumber with SoyBond. In: Swanson JS (ed) Proceedings 2nd biennial residual wood conference, wood residues into revenue. Richmond, BC, MCTI Communications, Inc. pp 28–36
    26. Serrano E, Oscarsson J, Enquist B, Sterley M, Petersson H, Källsner B (2010) Green glued laminated beams—high performance and added value. In: Proceedings (Poster session) of 11th world conference on timber engineering, Riva Del Garda, Italy pp 829–830

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Performance of compreg laminated bamboo/wood hybrid using phenolic-resin-treated strips as core layer

Published Date

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Title 

Performance of compreglaminated bamboo/wood hybrid using phenolic-resin-treated strips as core layer

  • Author 
  • Zaidon Ashaari
  • , Seng Hua Lee 
  • , Muhamad Rapie Zahali

  • References 

  • Physical and mechanical properties of compreg laminated bamboo/wood hybrid using phenolic-resin-treated strips as core layer were investigated. Compreg laminates made from treated core layer revealed better properties than the untreated control samples. Compreg laminated wood showed lower properties compared to compreg laminated bamboo and bamboo/wood hybrid. Assembly orientation exerted great influence on the properties as parallel laminated samples showed better strength and dimensional stability.

  • References 

    1. Deng J, Li H, Wang G, Chen F, Zhang W (2015) Effect of removing extent of bamboo green on physical and mechanical properties of laminated bamboo-bundle veneer lumber (BLVL). Eur J Wood Prod 73:499–506CrossRef
    2. Hu JB, Pizzi A (2013) Wood–bamboo–wood laminated composite lumber jointed by linear vibration–friction welding. Eur J Wood Prod 71:683–686CrossRef
    3. Lee SH, Zaidon A (2015) Durability of phenolic-resin-treated sesenduk (Endospermum diadenum) and jelutong (Dyera costulata) wood against white rot fungus. Eur J Wood Prod 73:553–555CrossRef
    4. Purba TP, Zaidon A, Bakar ES, Paridah MT (2014) Effects of processing factors and polymer retention on the performance of phenolic-treated wood. J Trop For Sci 26(3):320–330
    5. Rabi’atol Adawiah MA, Zaidon A, Nur Izreen FA, Bakar ES, Mohd Hamami S, Paridah MT (2012) Addition of urea as formaldehyde scavenger for low molecular weight phenol formaldehyde-treated compreg wood. J Trop For Sci 24(3):265–274
    6. Semple KE, Zhang PK, Smith GD (2015) Hybrid oriented strand boards made from Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens Mazel) and Aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.): species-separated three-layer boards. Eur J Wood Prod 71:551–556
    7. Wei D, Schmidt O, Liese W (2013) Durability test of bamboo against fungi according to EN standards. Eur J Wood Prod 73:527–536

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The effect of controlling the drying distortion of laminas on the production yield of cross-laminated timber (CLT) using Larix kaempferi wood

Published Date
, Volume 74, Issue 4, pp 519–526

Title 

The effect of controlling the drying distortion of laminas on the production yield of cross-laminated timber (CLT) using Larix kaempferiwood

  • Author 
  • Yeonjung Han, 
  • Jun-Ho Park, 
  • Yoon-Seong Chang, 
  • Yonggun Park, 
  • Jung-Kwon Oh, 
  • Jung-Pyo Hong, 
  • Jun-Jae Lee, 
Abstract

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of lamina distortion control on the production yield of cross-laminated timber (CLT) using domestic larch (Larix kaempferi) wood. The measured production yield of CLT was 27 %. The yields based on log volume of sawing, planing, cross-cutting, and finish planing of CLT were 49, 66, 96, and 86 %, respectively. The yield of sawing and planing can be improved by controlling distortion during drying. Using an experimental enforced-loading apparatus, the cup and twist of laminas were reduced by 50 and 90 %, respectively. To analyze the effect of a reduction in sawing dimensions on the final production yield of CLT, an analysis of a geometrically applied sawing pattern of logs was used to predict the sawing yield and the number of laminas after sawing. The geometrical analysis showed that a change in the sawing dimensions affected the production yield of CLT. If the width and thickness of the sawing dimensions can be reduced by 5 mm by decreasing the distortion of lamina during drying, the sawing yield was unchanged (49 %), but it was expected that the number of laminas after sawing would increase from 278 to 303. It was also predicted that the production yield of CLT would increase from 27 to 32 %.

References

  1. Fujimoto T, Akutsu K, Kazuhito K, Uchiyama K, Kuromaru M, Oda K (2006) Age trends of genetic parameters of spiral grain in hybrid larch F1 and implications for efficiency of early selection. J Wood Sci 52(2):101–106CrossRef
  2. Gagnon S, Popovski M (2011) Structural design of cross-laminated timber elements. In: Chapter 3, CLT handbook. FPInnovations, Quebec, p 67
  3. Gustavsson L, Sathre R (2006) Variability in energy and carbon dioxide balance of wood and concrete building materials. Build Environ 41(7):940–951CrossRef
  4. Hallock H, Lewis DW (1971) Increasing softwood dimension yield from small logs—best opening face. USDA Forest Service. Research paper FPL-166, Madison, p 11
  5. Han Y, Chang YS, Park JH, Jeong GY, Hong JP, Lee JJ, Yeo H (2013) Analysis of residual drying stress in Larix kaempferi wood used as glulam laminar. J Korean Wood Sci Tech 41(6):535–543CrossRef
  6. Ikami Y, Murata K, Matsumura Y, Tsuchikawa S (2009) Influence of pith location on warp of lumber in sawing medium-quality sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) logs. Eur J Wood Prod 27(3):271–276
  7. Jeong GY, Lee JJ, Yeo H, Hong JP, Kim HK, So WT, Chung WY (2013) Optimized lamina size maximizing yield for cross laminated timber using domestic trees. J Korean Wood Sci Tech 41(2):141–148CrossRef
  8. Johansson M, Perstorper M, Kliger R, Johansson G (2001) Distortion of Norway spruce timber. Part 2. Modelling twist. Holz Roh-Werkst 59(3):155–162
  9. Korean standards association (2004) Measurement of sizes and determination of volume for sawlogs. KS F 2163
  10. Kubojima Y, Kobayashi I, Yoshida T, Matsumoto H, Suzuki Y, Tonosaki M (2013) Twisting force during drying of wood. Eur J Wood Prod 71(6):689–695CrossRef
  11. Ormarsson S, Dahlblom O, Petersson H (1998) Numerical study of shape stability of sawn timber subjected to moisture variations. Part 1: theory. Wood Sci Technol 32(5):325–334CrossRef
  12. Pnevmaticos SM, Moland P (1978) Hardwood sawing simulation techniques. Forest Prod J 28(4):51–55
  13. Schickhofer G (1994) Starrer und nachgiebiger Verbund bei geschichteten, flächenhaften Holzstrukturen (rigidly and flexibly jointed laminated timber plates) (In German) Dissertation. Technische Universität Graz, Austria
  14. Taylor FW, Mitchell PH (1990) Effect of conditioning and mechanical deflection on the warp of kiln-dried southern pine studs. Forest Prod J 40:42–44
  15. Yoshida T, Itoh Y, Hashizume T (2005) Fabrication of a vertically laminated beam composed of two Japanese larch beams and its bending strength. Wood Industry 60(2):65–69

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First report of trunk rot caused by Fomitiporia torreyae in Kyoto prefecture on cultivars of Japanese cedar with no relatedness to ‘Sanbu-sugi’

Published Date
First online: 

Title 

First report of trunk rot caused by Fomitiporia torreyae in Kyoto prefecture on cultivars of Japanese cedar with no relatedness to ‘Sanbu-sugi’

  • Author 
  • Yuko Ota 
  • , Megumi K. Kimura
  • , Tsutomu Hattori
  • , Yurika Miyuki
  • , Ryota Endo

  • Abstract 

  • Trunk rot, caused by Fomitiporia torreyae, is one of the most economically important sap rot diseases on Cryptomeria japonica, especially on a cutting cultivar ‘Sanbu-sugi’. This disease had been reported only from Chiba and Ibaraki prefectures in Japan; however, a similar trunk rot on Japanese cedars was found recently in Kyoto prefecture. We identified the causal agent of the trunk rot on Japanese cedars in Kyoto prefecture, clarified the genotype of ‘Sanbu-sugi’ (sensu stricto) using microsatellite markers, and then investigated the relatedness of these infected cedars with ‘Sanbu-sugi’. The pathogen was identified as F. torreyae by its DNA sequences and morphological characteristics of the fruiting body. The 25 ramets of ‘Sanbu-sugi’ had only one genotype based on eight microsatellite loci. Infected Japanese cedars in Kyoto were comprised of different genotypes and showed no close relatedness to ‘Sanbu-sugi’. This is the first report of trunk rot caused by F. torreyae on cultivars of Japanese cedar with no relatedness to ‘Sanbu-sugi’ outside of Chiba and Ibaraki prefectures and showed the potential for expansion of this disease to Japanese cedar plantations in other areas.

  • References 

    1. Aoshima K, Hayashi Y, Yonebayashi H, Kondo H (1964) ‘Hiakagaresei-mizogusare-byo’, trunk rot on Sanbu-sugi. Ann Mtg Jpn For Soc 75:394–397 (in Japanese)
    2. Blouin M (2003) DNA-based methods for pedigree reconstruction and kinship analysis innatural populations. Trends Ecol Evol 18:503–511CrossRef
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    4. Fukushima S (2007) Current situation and future management of Sanbu-sugi forest. Ann Res Bull Chiba Pref Agr For Res Center 2:37–40 (in Japanese)
    5. Fukushima S, Kodaira T, Endo R (1995) Male flower productivity in Sanbu-sugi stands. Trans Ann Mtg Kanto Br Jpn For Soc 47:35–36 (in Japanese)
    6. Imazeki R (1960) A new disease of Sanbu-sugi, ‘Hiakagaresei-mizogusare-byo’, and its ecological prevention. For Pest News 9:230–235 (in Japanese)
    7. Ishizaki A, Fukuhara N (1961) Sanmu Ringyo. For Technology 5:40–45 (in Japanese)
    8. Ito K (1974) Pathology of Forest Trees III. Norin Shuppan, Tokyo (in Japanese)
    9. Iwasawa M, Miyuki Y (2011) Fruit bodies formation of stem sap-rot fungus of Japanese cedar in logging residues. Jpn For Soc Cong 122:D36 (in Japanese)
    10. Iwasawa M, Nakagawa S (1995) Resistance of several plus trees of Sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) in Chiba pref. to the canker disease caused by Phellinus punctatus. Trans Ann Mtg Kanto Br Jpn For Soc 47:57–58 (in Japanese)
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    12. Kaneko Y, Shiota A, Suzuki K, Suzuki T, Miyuki Y, Ushio S (2013) The circumstances of infection and distribution of Fomitiporia sp., a causal fungus of Japanese pear dwarf in Chiba Prefecture. Kanto Tosan Pl Prot Soc 60:67–70 (in Japanese)
    13. Kimura KM, Kabeya D, Saito T, Moriguchi Y, Uchiyama K, Migita C, Chiba Y, Tsumura Y (2013a) Effects of genetic and environmental factors on clonal reproduction in old-growth natural populations of Cryptomeria japonica. Forest Ecol Manag 304:10–19CrossRef
    14. Kimura KM, Nakamura C, Hayashibe N, Koyama Y, Tsumura Y (2013b) Genetic diversity and genetic characteristics of Cryptomeria japonica in the Togakushi Okusha shrine forest. J Jpn For Soc 95:173–181 (in Japanese with English summary) CrossRef
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    16. Kondo T, Watanabe A, Hirao T (2005) Relationship s between two Sugi local varieties, Sanbu-sugi and Nyukawa-sugi, and plus trees revealed by SSR markers. Trans Ann Mtg Kanto Br Jpn For Soc 56:139–140 (in Japanese)
    17. Matsubara I, Ishitani E, Fujibayashi N, Nakagawa S (2009) Ratio of outbreak of sap rots caused by Phellinus punctatus in Sanbu-sugi cryptomeria stand under early and hard pruning. Kanto Shinrin Kenkyu 60:215–216 (in Japanese)
    18. Matsui Y, Ieiri R, Moriguchi Y, Matsumoto A, Takahashi M, Tsumura Y (2013) Clone identification of major cutting cultivars in Cryptomeria japonica D. Don and evaluation of their genetic relationship in Kyusyu. J Jpn For Soc 95:220–226 (in Japanese with English summary) CrossRef
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    27. Ota Y, Hattori T, Nakamura H, Terashima Y, Lee SS, Miyuki Y, Sotome K (2014) Taxonomy and phylogenetic position of Fomitiporia torreyae, a causal agent of trunk rot on Sanbu-sugi, a cultivar of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) in Japan. Mycologia 106:66–76CrossRefPubMed
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