Published Date 24 November 2015, Vol.316:62–77,doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.08.005
Author
Hai Dinh Le a,b,,,
Carl Smith b
John Herbohn b,c
aVietnam Forestry University, Xuan Mai, Chuong My, Hanoi, Viet Nam
bSchool of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
cTropical Forests and People Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, Qld 4556, Australia
Received 30 January 2015. Revised 3 August 2015. Accepted 4 August 2015. Available online 27 August 2015.
Highlights
Previous research has only documented independent effects of drivers on reforestation success.
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Tested non-additive interactions of reforestation success drivers were found up to 90% of total.
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Understanding non-additive interactions are needed for reforestation policy and planning.
Abstract
Reforestation is an expensive undertaking. It is a long-term, complex, and trans-disciplinary process and it involves uncertainties and changing conditions. There is also a complex array of drivers (including biophysical, technical, socio-economic, institutional, and management drivers) that affect reforestation success. Previous research has documented the independent effects of biophysical and technical, environmental and socio-economic drivers on reforestation success. However, research over the last decade has revealed that the outcome of multiple factor interactions is commonly non-additive (i.e. synergies and antagonisms). Therefore, in order to provide better decision support for reforestation planning and policy setting it is necessary to understand the interactive effects that drivers have on reforestation success. To understand these interactive effects, we developed a Bayesian network model based on data collected from 43 reforestation projects on Leyte Island, the Philippines. Non-additive interactions among reforestation success drivers (i.e. synergies and antagonisms) were found to account for up to 90% of interactions tested. This result suggests an urgent need to account for these non-additive interactions in reforestation policy and planning in order to avoid unanticipated outcomes, wasted effort and missed opportunities.
Published Date July 2016, Vol.54:499–507,doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.03.012 Author
Ajay Singh ,
Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
Received 26 September 2015. Revised 15 February 2016. Accepted 7 March 2016. Available online 21 March 2016.
Abstract
Rise in groundwater level followed by waterlogging and secondary salinisation has become a serious problem in canal irrigated areas of arid and semiarid regions of the world. A wide range of solutions could be considered to address the problems. But the effectiveness of all the solutions and their combinations cannot be verified with on-farm experiments. Simulation models by way of their predictive capability are often the only viable means of providing input to policy decisions. To combat the problem, the computer based simulation model, SaltMod was applied in a waterlogged area of northwest India in which over 500,000 ha has already waterlogged resulting in reduced crop yield and abandonment of agricultural lands. After successful calibration and validation, several alternative management policies were studied for their long-term impacts on groundwater levels and salinities. The alternative policies revealed that the groundwater levels in the study area would continue to rise in the long-run under the existing conditions. Thus, suitable water management strategies such as changes in cropping patterns with reduced rice area, reduced canal water use, increased groundwater use, and canal lining are suggested to bring the groundwater level down to a safe depth and to prevent further rising of the groundwater level.
Keywords
Management policies
Resources problems
Improved agricultural practices
Salinization
Irrigated agriculture
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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026483771400252X
Tropical Forests and People Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Queensland 4556, Australia
Received 6 March 2015. Revised 30 October 2015. Accepted 22 January 2016. Available online 22 February 2016.
Highlights
We use social theory developed by Pierre Bourdieu to explain community forestry group power relationships.
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Unequal power relationships lead to poor governance, resulting in either symbolic or physical violence.
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Either response causes Philippine government timber harvesting and reforestation policies to fail.
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We conclude that the successful community forestry is contingent on equitable power sharing with local people.
Abstract
This paper examines the impact of unequal power relationships on the governance of community forestry groups (CFGs) in the Philippines. Devolution of power has long been considered to be a ‘magic bullet’ in the governance of CFGs. However, poor governance which involves unequal power relationships between state agencies, forest user groups and rural people, produces unequal access in decision-making, sharing of authority and responsibility. This engenders local resistance from those who feel excluded and marginalised in the process. Drawing on Bourdieu’s notion of ‘symbolic violence’, we examine how unequal power relationships between State and local agencies have facilitated destruction of mature and newly planted timber plantations. Studies of a harvesting and a reforestation project found that the adverse effects of poor governance occurred at two tiers, first at an upper level between the government and CFGs, and second, at a lower level between CFG’s and local people. Poor governance at upper levels has triggered both symbolic and physical violence on and from people who remained marginal to the benefits of harvesting and reforestation. We conclude that a key requirement for sustainable community-managed forests is to expand benefit sharing to non-CFG local people. Our findings highlight the importance of lower-tier levels of governance within CFGs and between CFGs and local people.
