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Thursday, 23 February 2017

The SWOT model's utility in evaluating energy technology: Illustrative application of a modified version to assess the sawdust cookstove's sustainability in Sub-Saharan Africa

Author
Ambe J. Njoh
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017, vol. 69, issue C, pages 313-323

Abstract: This paper tackles two main tasks. First, it reviews the use of the Strengths-Weaknesses-Opportunities-Threats (SWOT) model in the energy sector. The review sheds light on the utility of the SWOT model in this sector. It reveals that the model, which is borrowed from the business world, has been employed only rarely and with little modification in the energy sector. Second, it develops and proposes a modified version of the model for use in assessing energy technologies in developing regions. The modified version contains two main variants, the one, qualitative and the other, quantitative. The qualitative variant is successfully employed here for illustrative purposes, to assess the sustainability of the sawdust cookstove as a cooking device in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The quantitative variant requires data that can be elicited through questionnaires and/or interview schedules administered to energy sector stakeholders, policymakers and/or energy experts. Both variants have potential use for technology developers, researchers and policymakers in the energy policy field in SSA in particular and developing regions in general.

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Power to Gas projects review: Lab, pilot and demo plants for storing renewable energy and CO2

Author
Manuel Bailera, Pilar Lisbona, Luis M. Romeo and Sergio Espatolero
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017, vol. 69, issue C, pages 292-312

Abstract: Power to Gas (PtG) processes have appeared in the last years as a long-term solution for renewable electricity surplus storage through methane production. These promising techniques will play a significant role in the future energy storage scenario since it addresses two crucial issues: electrical grid stability in scenarios with high share of renewable sources and decarbonisation of high energy density fuels for transportation. There is a large number of pathways for the transformation of energy from renewable sources into gaseous or liquid fuels through the combination with residual carbon dioxide. The high energy density of these synthetic fuels allows a share of the original renewable energy to be stored in the long-term. The first objective of this review is to thoroughly gather and classify all these energy storage techniques to define in a clear manner the framework which includes the Power to Gas technologies. Once the boundaries of these PtG processes have been evidenced, the second objective of the work is to detail worldwide existing projects which deal with this technology. Basic information such as main objectives, location and launching date is presented together with a qualitative description of the plant, technical data, budget and project partners. A timeline has been built for every project to be able of tracking the evolution of research lines of different companies and institutions.

Keywords: Power-to-Gas; Energy storage; Carbon capture; SNG (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2017
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Renewable and non-renewable energy-growth-emissions linkages: Review of emerging trends with policy implications

Author
Adeolu O. Adewuyi and Olabanji B. Awodumi
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017, vol. 69, issue C, pages 275-291

Abstract: This study is an extension of the previous studies which focused mainly on energy-growth nexus but fails to consider the carbon emission implication of this relationship. The methodology of the study permits a comprehensive and comparative analysis of existing studies on (renewable and non-renewable) energy-growth-emission nexus in order to draw some implications for policy and research. The survey revealed the extent of the spread of studies across issues, time and geographical space (countries and regions). It also disclosed the range of methodological approaches adopted to analyse the issues over time and the frequency of their use. It unravelled the varied findings across countries and regions given the diverse methods employed and specific features of the economies analysed. Arising from the literature survey, this study highlights the existing gaps in the literature and new direction for policy and research. The general policy implication of the findings of this study is that pollution effect of energy-growth nexus should be taken into consideration in policy formulation for sustainable development. Further, the design of regional and global policies should recognise the fact that energy-growth-emission linkages varied across countries even in the same region. Some new direction for research on renewable and non-renewable energy-growth-emission linkages pointed out in this survey includes the following. Future research on energy-growth nexus without considering the pollution impact may not contribute so much to the literature. Studies should investigate the substitution/complementary effects of the energy varieties on growth-emission nexus, while new methodological contributions are imperative.

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A review of vanadium electrolytes for vanadium redox flow batteries

Author
Chanyong Choi, Soohyun Kim, Riyul Kim, Yunsuk Choi, Soowhan Kim, Ho-young Jung, Jung Hoon Yang and Hee-Tak Kim
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017, vol. 69, issue C, pages 263-274

Abstract: There is increasing interest in vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) for large scale-energy storage systems. Vanadium electrolytes which function as both the electrolyte and active material are highly important in terms of cost and performance. Although vanadium electrolyte technologies have notably evolved during the last few decades, they should be improved further towards higher vanadium solubility, stability and electrochemical performance for the design of energy-dense, reliable and cost-effective VRFBs. This timely review summarizes the vanadium electrolyte technologies including their synthesis, electrochemical performances, thermal stabilities, and spectroscopic characterizations and highlights the current issues in VRFB electrolyte development. The challenges that must be confronted to further develop vanadium electrolytes may stimulate more researchers to push them forward.

Keywords: Vanadium redox flow battery; Vanadium electrolyte; Solubility; Stability; Electrochemical analysis (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2017
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Power flow analysis in islanded Micro-Grids via modeling different operational modes of DGs: A review and a new approach

Author
Mohammad H. Moradi, Vahid Bahrami Foroutan and Mohammad Abedini
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017, vol. 69, issue C, pages 248-262

Abstract: In an islanded Micro-Grid (MG), the use of conventional power flow analysis is not effective as the voltage of slack bus and the frequency of the MG are assumed to be constant. Such assumption fails to consider the real characteristics of the islanded MG as all DGs are involved in providing the demand of active and reactive power as well as maintaining the frequency of the MG. In this paper, a review of power flow methods in power system is shown. Furthermore a novel algorithm, named GPSO-GM (Guaranteed convergence Particle Swarm Optimization with Gaussian Mutation), for the power flow analysis problem in an islanded MG is proposed. The problem is modeled without any slack bus by considering steady state frequency as one of the power flow variables. To model different control modes of DGs, such as droop, PV and PQ, in an islanded MG, a new formula for power flow equations is developed. PSO is adopted to minimize the mismatch of total active and reactive power. Two operators, mutation and guaranteed convergence, are added to PSO in order to help in finding an optimal solution and to assist in increasing the speed of the proposed algorithm as well as the accuracy of the results.

Keywords: MG; Load flow; GPSO-GM; DG; Renewable energy; Droop controller (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2017
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India's on-grid solar power development: Historical transitions, present status and future driving forces

Author
Enayat A. Moallemi, Lu Aye, John M. Webb, Fjalar J. de Haan and Biju A. George
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017, vol. 69, issue C, pages 239-247

Abstract: India with a fast growing demand for electricity and increasing consideration to emissions reduction is investing strongly in renewable electricity generation. Among renewables, the Central and State Governments have set aspirational targets for on-grid solar electricity and legislated several supporting policies to realise these targets. As a result of the favourable political environment, the development of on-grid solar, in terms of the rate of growth in installed capacity, has been increasing in the recent years, and it is expected to continue in the future. This paper aims to investigate the impact of historical transitions of India's electricity sector on the ongoing development of on-grid solar electricity and to explore the prospect of solar sector development in the future. First of all, we investigate how the historical transformation of governmental intervention's approach intertwined with the gradual shift of the source of generation has paved the way for the current achievements in on-grid solar electricity. Second, we envision the future challenges and opportunities for the development of solar sector by looking ahead and discussing the continuity of government's support and the prospective competitions between different sources. We conclude the paper with some required steps to be taken in order to secure the achievement of the targets in solar electricity in the future.

Keywords: On-grid solar electricity; Sustainability transitions; Renewable electricity; India (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2017
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CO2 emissions reduction in road transport sector in Tunisia

Author
Besma Talbi
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017, vol. 69, issue C, pages 232-238

Abstract: This study examines the impact of energy consumption of fuel, intensity energy of road transport, economic growth, urbanization and fuel rate on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Tunisia. The investigation is made using the Vector Autoregressive (VAR) model. It analyses the influencing factors of the changes in CO2 emissions from Tunisian transport sector during the period of 1980–2014. The results show that energy efficiency and fuel rate play a dominant role in reducing CO2 emissions. Our empirical results confirm the hypothesis of Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) which suggests that economic development follows an inverted U-shaped pattern in relation to CO2 emissions in Tunisia. These findings are important for the relevant authorities in Tunisia in developing appropriate energy policy and planning for the transport sector.

Keywords: Transport sector; Carbon dioxide emissions; Vector autoregressive model; Tunisia (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2017
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Forecasting new and renewable energy supply through a bottom-up approach: The case of South Korea

Author
Chul-Yong Lee and Sung-Yoon Huh
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017, vol. 69, issue C, pages 207-217

Abstract: This paper introduces the forecasting model for a new and renewable energy supply utilized in the Fourth Basic Plan for New and Renewable Energy of South Korea in 2014 and presents the estimated results. The Korean government formulated a plan for raising the new and renewable energy deployment rate to 11% by 2035, and this paper presents the development of the corresponding plan. The proposed model essentially uses a bottom-up method to reflect the characteristics of each renewable source. In addition, a competitive diffusion model, a logistic growth model, a linear regression model, and data from government planning and companies’ planned projects are used. The forecasts are classified and presented by renewable source and output type (i.e., electricity, heat, and transportation fuels). The results show that Korean new and renewable energy production will reach about 37 million tonnes of oil equivalent by 2035. In addition, the renewable electricity sector has become mainstream since the 2012 implementation of Renewable Portfolio Standard policy, and is expected to account for 60% of total new and renewable energy supply in 2035. Furthermore, wind, solar photovoltaic, and bioenergy are projected to replace current waste-oriented sources.

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Market dynamics, innovation, and transition in China's solar photovoltaic (PV) industry: A critical review

Author
Hongyang Zou, Huibin Du, Jingzheng Ren, Benjamin K. Sovacool, Yongjie Zhang and Guozhu Mao
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017, vol. 69, issue C, pages 197-206

Abstract: China's photovoltaic (PV) industry has undergone dramatic development in recent years and is now the global market leader in terms of newly added capacity. However, market diffusion and adoption in China is not ideal. This paper examines the blocking and inducement mechanisms of China's PV industry development from the perspective of technological innovation. By incorporating a Technological Innovation System (TIS) approach, the analysis performed here complements the previous literature, which has not grounded itself in a theoretical framework. In addition, to determine the current market dynamics, we closely examine market concentration trends as well as the vertical and horizontal integration of upstream and downstream actors (74.8% and 36.3%). The results of applying the TIS framework reveal that poor connectivity in networks, unaligned competitive entities and a lack of market supervision obstruct the development of China's PV industry. Therefore, we maintain that inducement mechanisms are required to instigate learning-by-doing capacities, which may help overcome blocking mechanisms and offset functional innovation deficiencies. In addition, policy implications are proposed for promoting the development of the PV industry in China.

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Sensitivity and reliability models of a PV system connected to grid

Author
Nikita Gupta, Rachana Garg and Parmod Kumar
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017, vol. 69, issue C, pages 188-196

Abstract: With growing environmental concerns over the climate change risks associated with power generation using fossil fuels, solar power generation has emerged as one of the most rapidly growing renewable sources of electricity in the world. In recent technological advancements for improving the performance of PV system, efficiency improvement of solar PV cell and power converter stage has become a critical area of interest for researchers. Sensitivity and reliability studies of a system are important tools to evaluate the performance of the system. In this paper, sensitivity and reliability models of a grid-connected PV system are developed. Analytical relations of first order sensitivity are developed for PV cell and DC-DC converter. Further, reliability models are developed for individual components and for different configurations of PV system using Pareto analysis and logic gate representations. The main reference for electronic component reliability evaluation is MIL-HDBK-217 military handbook and MTBF calculator software by ALD. The developed models can be applied to any PV system to have a better insight.

Keywords: Photovoltaic (PV) system; Sensitivity; Reliability; MTBF; Failure rate; Redundancy (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2017
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Fasting for Runners

Author BY   ANDREA CESPEDES  Food is fuel, especially for serious runners who need a lot of energy. It may seem counterintuiti...