ANALYSIS OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS DISTINGUISHER FOR AGARWOOD QUALITIES

Author

Pasaribu, Totok K. Waluyo, Gustan Pari

Abstract

Gaharu (Agarwood) is described as a fragrant-smelling wood that is usually derived from the trunk of the genus Aquilaria and Gyrinops (both of  the family Thymelaeaceae), which have been infected by a particular disease.  Based on Indonesian National Standard, agarwood can be classified into various grades, i.e. gubal gaharu, kemedangan and serbuk gaharu.  The grading system is based on the color, weight and odor.  It seems that such a grading is too subjective for agarwood classification.  Therefore, to minimize the subjectivity, more objective agarwood grading is required, which incorporates its chemical composition and resin content.  This research was conducted focusing on the analysis of  the particular grade of  agarwood  originating from West Sumatra.  The different types of  agarwood qualities are: kemedangan C, teri C, kacangan  C and super AB.  Initially, the obtained agarwood samples were grounded to powder, extracted on a Soxhlet extractor using various organic solvents (i.e. n-hexane, acetone, and methanol).  The agarwood-acetone extracts were analyzed using GC-MS to determine its chemical composition.  The results showed a positive, linier relationship in which the resin yield increased with the increase in agarwood quality grades. GC-MS analysis revealed that several sesquiterpene groups can be found in kemedangan C, teri C, kacangan C and super AB qualities. It is interesting that aromadendrene could be identified or found in all agarwood quality grades. Therefore, it is presumed that the aromadendrene compounds can act as an effective chemical distinguisher for agarwood, whereby the greater the aromadendrene content, the better is the agarwood grade.

Keywords

agarwood; extraction; resin yield; chemical component

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References

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Badan Standardisasi Nasional. (2011). Agarwood Indonesian National Standard SNI 7631:2011 (SNI.01-5009.1-1999) (in Bahasa Indonesia). Indonesia: Badan Standardisasi Nasional.

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Pasaribu, G., Waluyo, T.K., & Pari, G. (2013). Analisys of chemical compound in some of agarwood quality by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Journal of Forest Product Research, 31(3), 181–185.

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Waluyo, T.K., & Anwar, F. (2012). Chemical component identification of four agarwood grades: Kacangan A. Teri B. Kamedangan A and Kamedangan B. Journal of Forest Product Research, 30(4), 291–300.

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/ijfr.2015.2.1.1-7

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PHOTOSYNTHETIC RESPONSES OF Eucalyptus nitens Maiden AT INITIAL STAGES OF ROOT-ROT INFECTION

Author

Luciasih Agustini, Chris Beadle, Karen Barry, Caroline Mohammed

Abstract

Root-rots are known to be latent diseases that may be present in plants for an extended period without any noticeable expression of  symptoms above ground. Photosynthetic responses of Eucalyptus nitens saplings artificially inoculated with the root-rot pathogen, Armillaria luteobubalina were examined to characterize the initial stages of  root-rot infection. This paper studies three photosynthetic parameters, i.e. photosystem II yield (F_v/F_m), chlorophyll content and photosynthetic capacity (A_max) for two strains of  A. luteobubalina over a seven-month period. Root systems were either wounded or left intact before inoculation. A significant difference was observed in the F_v/F_m ratio between the uninoculated control and inoculated saplings. Photosystem II yield was considered the most sensitive parameter for the early detection of  root-rot disease. Chlorophyll content and A_max decreased for all trees, including controls, during the period of  the experiment, and most likely reflected host responses to seasonal change rather than treatment effects. Fungal re-isolations from symptomatic roots of  inoculated trees confirmed the presence of  A. luteobubalina. Findings from this preliminary trial indicated that there were detectable physiological changes associated with early infection of  root-rot. However, to detect more widespread physiological changes an experiment  of  longer duration is needed.

Keywords

Eucalyptus nitens; artificial inoculation; chlorophyll content; photosynthetic rate; photosystem II yield; root disease

Full Text:

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References

Agustini, L. (2010). Signs and symptoms of root rot in Eucalyptus pellita plantations in Indonesia (Thesis). University of Tasmania. Retrieved from http://ecite.utas.edu.au/rmdb/ecite/q/ecite_view_author/21767

Baron, C., & Zambryski, P.C. (1995). The plant response in pathogenesis, symbiosis and wounding: variation on a common theme? Annual Review of Genetics, 29, 107–129.

Barry, K.M., Stone, C., & Mohammed, C.L. (2008). Crown-scale evaluation of spectral indices for defoliated and discolouredeucalypts. Int. J. Remote Sens, 29, 47–69.

Battaglia, M., Beadleand, C., & Loughhead, S. (1996). Photosynthetic temperature responses of Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus nitens. Tree Physiology, 29, 81–89.

Baumgartner, K., & Rizzo, D.M. (2006). Relative resistance of grapevine rootstocks to Armillaria root disease. Journal of Ecology & Viticulture, 57, 408–414.

Beadle, C. (2000). Physiology of eucalypts in relation to disease. In P.J. Keane, G.A. Kile, P.D. Podge, & B.N. Browns (Eds.), Diseases and Pathogens of Eucalyptus (pp. 61–70). Collingwood: CSIRO Publishing.

Berger, S., Papadopoulos, M., Schreiber, U., Kaiser, W., & Roitsch, T. (2004). Complex regulation of gene expression, photosynthesis and sugar level by pathogen infection in tomato. Physiologia Plantarum, 122, 419–428.

Berger, S., Sinha, A.K., & Roitsch, T. (2007). Plant physiology meets phytopathology: plant primary metabolism and plant-pathogen interaction. Journal of Experimental Botany, 58, 4019–4026.

Boardman, N.K. (1977). Comparative photosynthesis of sun and shade plants. Annual Review of Plant Physiology, 28, 355–377.

Bonfig, K.B., Schreiber, U., Gabler, A., Roitsch, T., & Berger, S. (2006). Infection with virulent and avirulent P. syringae strains differentially affects photosynthesis and sink metabolism in Arabidobsis leaves. Planta, 225, 2006, 1–12. doi:10.1007/s00425-006-0303-3.

Brown, N.A., Antoniw, J., & Hammond-Kosack, K.Z. (2012). The predicted secretome of the plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum: A refined comparative analysis. PLos ONE, 7, 4, e33731. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033731.

Chou, H., Bundock, N., Rolfe, S., & Scholes, J. (2000). Infection of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves with Albugo candida (white blister rust) causes a reprogramming of host metabolism. Mol. Plant Pathol, 1, 99–113.

Close, D.C., & Beadle, C.L. (2003). Chillingdependent photoinhibition, nutrition and growth analysis of Eucalyptus nitens seedlings during establishment. Tree Physiology, 23, 217–226.

Davidson, N.J., Battaglia, M., & Close, D.C. (2004). Photosynthetic responses to overnight frost in Eucalyptus nitens and E. globulus. Trees, 18, 245–252.

DeJong, T.M., & Doyle, J.F. (1985). Seasonal relationships between leaf nitrogen content (photosynthetic capacity) and leaf canopy light exposure in peach (Prunus persica). Plant, Cell and Environment, 8, 701–706.

Dowson, C.G., Rayner, A.D.M., & Boddy, L. (1988). The form and outcome of mycelial interactionsinvolving cord-forming decomposer basidiomycetes in homogeneous and heterogeneous environments. New Phytologist, 109, 423–432.

Dubey, R. (1997). Photosynthesis in plants under stressful condition. In M. Pessarakli (Ed.), Handbook of photosynthesis (p. 1027). New York: Marcel-Dekker Inc.

Epron, D., Dreyer, E., & Breda, N. (1992). Photosynthesis of oak trees (Quercus petraea (Matt) Liebl.) during drought stress under field condition: Diurnal course of net CO assimilation and photochemical efficiency of photosystem II. Plant, Cell and Environment, 15, 809–820.

Eyles, A., Bonello, P., Ganley, R., & Mohammed, C. (2010). Induced resistance to pests and pathogens in trees. New Phytologist, 185, 893– 908.

Farid, A.M., Lee, S.S., Maziah, Z., Rosli, H., & Norwati, M. (2006). Root rot in tree species other than Acacia. In K. Potter, A. Rimbawanto, & C. Beadle (Eds.), Heart rot and root rot in tropical Acacia plantations. Proceedings of a workshop held in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 7-9 February 2006 (ACIAR Proceedings No. 124) (pp. 60–66).

Gamon, J. A., & Pearcy, R.W. (1989). Leaf movement, stress avoidance and photosynthesis in Vitis californica. Oecologia, 79, 475–481.

Goicoechea, N., Aguirreolea, J., Cenoz, S., & Garcia-Mina, J. M. (2001). Gas exchange and flowering in Verticillium-wilted pepper plants. J. Phytopatho, 149, 281–286.

Groom, Q.J., & Baker, N. R. (1992). Analysis of light-induced depression of photosynthesis in leaves of wheat crop during the winter. Plant Physiology, 100, 1217–1223.

Guest, D., & Brown, J. (1997). Infection process. In J. F. Brown & H. J. Olsen (Eds.), Plant pathogens and plant diseases (pp. 245–262). Armidale, Australia: University of New England.

Gunthardt-Goerg, M.S., & Vollenweider, P. (2007). Linking stress with macroscopic and microscopic leaf response in trees: New diagnostic perspectives. Environmental Pollution, 147, 467–488.

Hadfield, J.S., Goheen, D.J., Filip, G.M., Schmitt, C.L., & Harvey, R.D. (1986). Root diseases in Oregon and Washington conifers (R6FPM-250-86). Washington D.C.: USDA Forest Service, PNW Region.

Harrington, T.C. (1986). Growth decline of windexposed red spruce and balsam fir in the White Mountains. Canadian Journal of ForestResearch, 16, 232–238.

Havaux, M. (1992). Stress tolerance of photosystem II in vivo: antagonistic effects of water, heat and photoinhibition stresses. Plant Physiology, 100, 424–432.

He, J., Chee, C.W., & Goh, C.J. (1996). Photoinhibition of Heliconia under natural tropical condition: The importance of leaf orientation for light interception and leaf temperature. Plant, Cell and Environment, 19, 1238–1248.

Lichtenthaler, H.K., & Buschmann, C. (2001). Chlorophylls and carotenoids. Measurements and characterisation by UV-VIS. Current Protocols in Food Analytical Chemistry (pp.F4.3.1–F4.3.8). Madison: John Wiley & Sons.

Lopes, D.B., & Berger, R.D. (2001). The effects of rust and anthracnose on the photosynthetic competence of diseased bean leaves.Phytopathology, 91, 212–220.

Luyssaert, S., Raitio, H., Vervaeke, P., Mertens, J., & Lust, N. (2002). Sampling procedure for the foliar analysis of deciduous trees. J. Environ. Monit, 4, 858–864.

Mansilla, J.P., Aguin, O., & Sainz, M.J. (2001). A fast method for production of Armillaria inoculum. Mycologia. Mycologia, 93, 612–615. Martin, I., Alonso, N., Lopez, M.C., Prieto, M.,

Cadahia, C., & Eymar, E. (2007). Estimation of leaf, root, and sap Nitrogen status using the SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter for ornamental shrubs. Communication in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 38, 1785–1803.

Meyer, S., Saccardt, A.K., Rizza, F., & Genty., B. (2001). Inhibition of photosynthesis by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum in bean determined by chlorophyll fluorescence imaging. Plant Cell Environ., 24, 947–955.

Mohammed, C., Rimbawanto, A., & Page, D. (2014). Management of basidiomycete root and stem-rot diseases in oil palm, rubber and tropical hardwood plantation crops. For. Pathol, In press.

Morrison, D.J., Williams, R. E., & Whitney, R.D. (1991). Infection, disease development, diagnosis, and detection. In C. G. Shawn III & G. . Kile (Eds.), Armillaria root disease (Agricultural Handbook No.691) (pp. 62–75). Washington D.C.: USDA Forest Service.

Mutava, R. N. (2009). Charachterization of grain sorghum for physiological and yield traits associated with drought tolerance (thesis). Kansas State University, USA.

Omdal, D. W., Shaw III, C. G., & Jacobi, W. R. (2004). Symptom expression in conifers infected with Armillaria ostoyae and Heterobasidion annosum. Can. J. For. Res., 34, 1210–1219.

Ottander, C., Campbell, D., & Oquis, G. (2004). Seasonal changes in photosystem II organisation and pigment composition in Pinus sylvestris. Plant, Cell and Environment, 197, 176–183.

Pinkard, E.A., & Mohammed., C.L. (2006). Photosynthesis of Eucalyptus globulus with Mycosphaerella leaf disease. New Phytologist, 170, 119–127.

Rizzo, D.M., & Harrington, T.C. (1988). Root movement and root damage of red spruce and balsam fir on subalpine sites in the White Mountains, New Hampshire. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 18, 991–1001.

Robert, C., Bancal, M., Nicolas, P., & Lannou, C.B.N. (2004). Analysis and modelling of effects of leaf rust and Septoria tritici blotch on wheat growth. Journal of Experimental Botany, 55, 1079–1094.

Rodriguez-Moreno, L., Pineda, M., Soukupova, J., Macho, A.P., Beuzon, C.R., Baron, M., & Ramos, C. (2007). Early detection of bean infection by Pseudomonas syringae in asymtomatic leaf areas using chlorophyll fluorescence imaging. Photosynth. Res. doi:10.1007/s11120-007-9278-6.

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/ijfr.2015.2.1.9-20

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PHOTOSYNTHETIC RESPONSES OF Eucalyptus nitens Maiden AT INITIAL STAGES OF ROOT-ROT INFECTION

Author

Mohammed

Abstract

Root-rots are known to be latent diseases that may be present in plants for an extended period without any noticeable expression of  symptoms above ground. Photosynthetic responses of Eucalyptus nitens saplings artificially inoculated with the root-rot pathogen, Armillaria luteobubalina were examined to characterize the initial stages of  root-rot infection. This paper studies three photosynthetic parameters, i.e. photosystem II yield (F_v/F_m), chlorophyll content and photosynthetic capacity (A_max) for two strains of  A. luteobubalina over a seven-month period. Root systems were either wounded or left intact before inoculation. A significant difference was observed in the F_v/F_m ratio between the uninoculated control and inoculated saplings. Photosystem II yield was considered the most sensitive parameter for the early detection of  root-rot disease. Chlorophyll content and A_max decreased for all trees, including controls, during the period of  the experiment, and most likely reflected host responses to seasonal change rather than treatment effects. Fungal re-isolations from symptomatic roots of  inoculated trees confirmed the presence of  A. luteobubalina. Findings from this preliminary trial indicated that there were detectable physiological changes associated with early infection of  root-rot. However, to detect more widespread physiological changes an experiment  of  longer duration is needed.

Keywords

Eucalyptus nitens; artificial inoculation; chlorophyll content; photosynthetic rate; photosystem II yield; root disease

Full Text:

PDF

References

Agustini, L. (2010). Signs and symptoms of root rot in Eucalyptus pellita plantations in Indonesia (Thesis). University of Tasmania. Retrieved from http://ecite.utas.edu.au/rmdb/ecite/q/ecite_view_author/21767

Baron, C., & Zambryski, P.C. (1995). The plant response in pathogenesis, symbiosis and wounding: variation on a common theme? Annual Review of Genetics, 29, 107–129.

Barry, K.M., Stone, C., & Mohammed, C.L. (2008). Crown-scale evaluation of spectral indices for defoliated and discolouredeucalypts. Int. J. Remote Sens, 29, 47–69.

Battaglia, M., Beadleand, C., & Loughhead, S. (1996). Photosynthetic temperature responses of Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus nitens. Tree Physiology, 29, 81–89.

Baumgartner, K., & Rizzo, D.M. (2006). Relative resistance of grapevine rootstocks to Armillaria root disease. Journal of Ecology & Viticulture, 57, 408–414.

Beadle, C. (2000). Physiology of eucalypts in relation to disease. In P.J. Keane, G.A. Kile, P.D. Podge, & B.N. Browns (Eds.), Diseases and Pathogens of Eucalyptus (pp. 61–70). Collingwood: CSIRO Publishing.

Berger, S., Papadopoulos, M., Schreiber, U., Kaiser, W., & Roitsch, T. (2004). Complex regulation of gene expression, photosynthesis and sugar level by pathogen infection in tomato. Physiologia Plantarum, 122, 419–428.

Berger, S., Sinha, A.K., & Roitsch, T. (2007). Plant physiology meets phytopathology: plant primary metabolism and plant-pathogen interaction. Journal of Experimental Botany, 58, 4019–4026.

Boardman, N.K. (1977). Comparative photosynthesis of sun and shade plants. Annual Review of Plant Physiology, 28, 355–377.

Bonfig, K.B., Schreiber, U., Gabler, A., Roitsch, T., & Berger, S. (2006). Infection with virulent and avirulent P. syringae strains differentially affects photosynthesis and sink metabolism in Arabidobsis leaves. Planta, 225, 2006, 1–12. doi:10.1007/s00425-006-0303-3.

Brown, N.A., Antoniw, J., & Hammond-Kosack, K.Z. (2012). The predicted secretome of the plant pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum: A refined comparative analysis. PLos ONE, 7, 4, e33731. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033731.

Chou, H., Bundock, N., Rolfe, S., & Scholes, J. (2000). Infection of Arabidopsis thaliana leaves with Albugo candida (white blister rust) causes a reprogramming of host metabolism. Mol. Plant Pathol, 1, 99–113.

Close, D.C., & Beadle, C.L. (2003). Chillingdependent photoinhibition, nutrition and growth analysis of Eucalyptus nitens seedlings during establishment. Tree Physiology, 23, 217–226.

Davidson, N.J., Battaglia, M., & Close, D.C. (2004). Photosynthetic responses to overnight frost in Eucalyptus nitens and E. globulus. Trees, 18, 245–252.

DeJong, T.M., & Doyle, J.F. (1985). Seasonal relationships between leaf nitrogen content (photosynthetic capacity) and leaf canopy light exposure in peach (Prunus persica). Plant, Cell and Environment, 8, 701–706.

Dowson, C.G., Rayner, A.D.M., & Boddy, L. (1988). The form and outcome of mycelial interactionsinvolving cord-forming decomposer basidiomycetes in homogeneous and heterogeneous environments. New Phytologist, 109, 423–432.

Dubey, R. (1997). Photosynthesis in plants under stressful condition. In M. Pessarakli (Ed.), Handbook of photosynthesis (p. 1027). New York: Marcel-Dekker Inc.

Epron, D., Dreyer, E., & Breda, N. (1992). Photosynthesis of oak trees (Quercus petraea (Matt) Liebl.) during drought stress under field condition: Diurnal course of net CO assimilation and photochemical efficiency of photosystem II. Plant, Cell and Environment, 15, 809–820.

Eyles, A., Bonello, P., Ganley, R., & Mohammed, C. (2010). Induced resistance to pests and pathogens in trees. New Phytologist, 185, 893– 908.

Farid, A.M., Lee, S.S., Maziah, Z., Rosli, H., & Norwati, M. (2006). Root rot in tree species other than Acacia. In K. Potter, A. Rimbawanto, & C. Beadle (Eds.), Heart rot and root rot in tropical Acacia plantations. Proceedings of a workshop held in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 7-9 February 2006 (ACIAR Proceedings No. 124) (pp. 60–66).

Gamon, J. A., & Pearcy, R.W. (1989). Leaf movement, stress avoidance and photosynthesis in Vitis californica. Oecologia, 79, 475–481.

Goicoechea, N., Aguirreolea, J., Cenoz, S., & Garcia-Mina, J. M. (2001). Gas exchange and flowering in Verticillium-wilted pepper plants. J. Phytopatho, 149, 281–286.

Groom, Q.J., & Baker, N. R. (1992). Analysis of light-induced depression of photosynthesis in leaves of wheat crop during the winter. Plant Physiology, 100, 1217–1223.

Guest, D., & Brown, J. (1997). Infection process. In J. F. Brown & H. J. Olsen (Eds.), Plant pathogens and plant diseases (pp. 245–262). Armidale, Australia: University of New England.

Gunthardt-Goerg, M.S., & Vollenweider, P. (2007). Linking stress with macroscopic and microscopic leaf response in trees: New diagnostic perspectives. Environmental Pollution, 147, 467–488.

Hadfield, J.S., Goheen, D.J., Filip, G.M., Schmitt, C.L., & Harvey, R.D. (1986). Root diseases in Oregon and Washington conifers (R6FPM-250-86). Washington D.C.: USDA Forest Service, PNW Region.

Harrington, T.C. (1986). Growth decline of windexposed red spruce and balsam fir in the White Mountains. Canadian Journal of ForestResearch, 16, 232–238.

Havaux, M. (1992). Stress tolerance of photosystem II in vivo: antagonistic effects of water, heat and photoinhibition stresses. Plant Physiology, 100, 424–432.

He, J., Chee, C.W., & Goh, C.J. (1996). Photoinhibition of Heliconia under natural tropical condition: The importance of leaf orientation for light interception and leaf temperature. Plant, Cell and Environment, 19, 1238–1248.

Lichtenthaler, H.K., & Buschmann, C. (2001). Chlorophylls and carotenoids. Measurements and characterisation by UV-VIS. Current Protocols in Food Analytical Chemistry (pp.F4.3.1–F4.3.8). Madison: John Wiley & Sons.

Lopes, D.B., & Berger, R.D. (2001). The effects of rust and anthracnose on the photosynthetic competence of diseased bean leaves.Phytopathology, 91, 212–220.

Luyssaert, S., Raitio, H., Vervaeke, P., Mertens, J., & Lust, N. (2002). Sampling procedure for the foliar analysis of deciduous trees. J. Environ. Monit, 4, 858–864.

Mansilla, J.P., Aguin, O., & Sainz, M.J. (2001). A fast method for production of Armillaria inoculum. Mycologia. Mycologia, 93, 612–615. Martin, I., Alonso, N., Lopez, M.C., Prieto, M.,

Cadahia, C., & Eymar, E. (2007). Estimation of leaf, root, and sap Nitrogen status using the SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter for ornamental shrubs. Communication in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, 38, 1785–1803.

Meyer, S., Saccardt, A.K., Rizza, F., & Genty., B. (2001). Inhibition of photosynthesis by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum in bean determined by chlorophyll fluorescence imaging. Plant Cell Environ., 24, 947–955.

Mohammed, C., Rimbawanto, A., & Page, D. (2014). Management of basidiomycete root and stem-rot diseases in oil palm, rubber and tropical hardwood plantation crops. For. Pathol, In press.

Morrison, D.J., Williams, R. E., & Whitney, R.D. (1991). Infection, disease development, diagnosis, and detection. In C. G. Shawn III & G. . Kile (Eds.), Armillaria root disease (Agricultural Handbook No.691) (pp. 62–75). Washington D.C.: USDA Forest Service.

Mutava, R. N. (2009). Charachterization of grain sorghum for physiological and yield traits associated with drought tolerance (thesis). Kansas State University, USA.

Omdal, D. W., Shaw III, C. G., & Jacobi, W. R. (2004). Symptom expression in conifers infected with Armillaria ostoyae and Heterobasidion annosum. Can. J. For. Res., 34, 1210–1219.

Ottander, C., Campbell, D., & Oquis, G. (2004). Seasonal changes in photosystem II organisation and pigment composition in Pinus sylvestris. Plant, Cell and Environment, 197, 176–183.

Pinkard, E.A., & Mohammed., C.L. (2006). Photosynthesis of Eucalyptus globulus with Mycosphaerella leaf disease. New Phytologist, 170, 119–127.

Rizzo, D.M., & Harrington, T.C. (1988). Root movement and root damage of red spruce and balsam fir on subalpine sites in the White Mountains, New Hampshire. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 18, 991–1001.

Robert, C., Bancal, M., Nicolas, P., & Lannou, C.B.N. (2004). Analysis and modelling of effects of leaf rust and Septoria tritici blotch on wheat growth. Journal of Experimental Botany, 55, 1079–1094.

Rodriguez-Moreno, L., Pineda, M., Soukupova, J., Macho, A.P., Beuzon, C.R., Baron, M., & Ramos, C. (2007). Early detection of bean infection by Pseudomonas syringae in asymtomatic leaf areas using chlorophyll fluorescence imaging. Photosynth. Res. doi:10.1007/s11120-007-9278-6.

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/ijfr.2015.2.1.9-20

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DIVERSITY OF PLANT COMMUNITIES IN SECONDARY SUCCESSION OF IMPERATA GRASSLANDS IN SAMBOJA LESTARI, EAST KALIMANTAN, INDONESIA

Author

Yassir

Abstract

Regeneration of  Imperata grassland areas is becoming increasingly important, both to create new secondary forest and to recover the original biodiversity. The diversity of  plant communities in secondary succession of  Imperata grasslands was studied using 45 subplots of  9 linear transects (10 m x 100 m). Data was collected and all stems over 10 cm dbh were identified, the Importance Values Index (IVI) for all trees were calculated, saplings and seedlings were counted  and analysed, and soil samples were taken and analysed. Results showed that  after more than 10 years of  regeneration, 65 families were encountered consisting of  164 species, which were dominated by Vernonia arborea Buch.-Ham, Vitex pinnataL., Macaranga gigantea (Reichb.f. & Zoll.) Muell.Arg., Symplocos crassipes C.B. Clarke, Artocarpus odoratissimus Miq., and Bridelia glauca Blume. The effects of  regeneration, from Imperata grassland to secondary forest, on soil were the strongest in the A-horizon where an increase in carbon, N content, and pH were observed. Our result shows that Imperata grasslands appear to be permanent because of  frequent fires and human interferences and so far few efforts have been made to promote sustainable rehabilitation. If  protected from fire and other disturbances, such as shifting cultivation, Imperata grassland will grow and develop into secondary forest.

Keywords

Imperata grasslands; Importance Values Index; regeneration; secondary succession

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/ijfr.2014.1.2.139-149

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VARIATION IN BIOFUEL POTENTIAL OF TWELVE CALOPYLLUM INOPHYLLUM POPULATIONS IN INDONESIA

Author

Hendrati, Eritrina Windyarini, Trimaria Hasnah

Abstract

The global energy crisis has raises demand for biofuel prices. It has driven the world to enhance environmentally-friendly renewable-energy (biofuel) production. Oil from the seeds of Calophyllum inophyllum (nyamplung) which can be harvested up to 50 years, is one of  such potential biofuel source. Methods for biofuel production from nyamplung seeds have been developed at an industrial scale by cooperative in Cilacap (Java) and Energy Self-Sufficient Villages (Desa Mandiri Energi) in Banyuwangi, Purworejo, Kebumen, Ujung Kulon (Java) and Selayar (South Sulawesi). However, there is only a limited-information available on biofuel potential, in term of  productivity and quality, from nyamplung populations. This paper reports the variations in biofuel potential among 12 populations in Indonesia (6 from Java, 6 outside Java). The oil was extracted using a combination of  vertical hot press (VHP) and screw press expeller (SPE) methods, followed by degumming to make refined oil, and esterification-transesterification to turn it into biodiesel. The result show great variation of  biofuel content among the population. Oil production percentage varies from 37-48.5% (VHP) and 50-58% (SPE) crude oil, 36-48% (VHP) and 40-53% (SPE) refined oil, and 1733% (SPE) for biodiesel. Seed resin content is responsible for most of the variation after degumming. DNA analysis shows genetic variation among populations ranges from intermediate within Java to high ouside Java and is intermediate within populations. Information about biofuel content and potential of  populations and genetic variation between and within population are important factors for establishment of  geneticallyimproved seed-sources for biofuel production from nyamplung.

Keywords

Biofuel; crude oil; genetic-variation; nyanplung (Calophyllum inophyllum)

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/ijfr.2014.1.2.127-138

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THE EFFECT OF SILVICULTURAL TREATMENT ON STAND GROWTH OF LOGGED-OVER FOREST IN SOUTH PAPUA

Author

Kuswandi

Abstract

Forest stand structure could be used as one of  the variables in deciding the possibility to harvest forest product. On logged-over forests, data and information over stand structure could become the basis for decision making for harvesting. To measure and analyze yield on logged-over forest, each forest management unit (IUPHHK) is obligated to establish Permanent Sample Plots (PSPs) for monitoring the growth and yield of  the managed stand. In some of  the plots, maintenances and thinning treatments are applied while other plots are not treated.  The results, after several years of  observations, showed that there was a difference in stand structure (tree number) of  each diameter class both in plots with treatment and without treatment. The rate of  in-growth, up-growth and mortality varied between plots without and with treatment in each diameter class and length of  time after harvesting. The average diameter increment of  trees in the stands of  the untreated plots was higher (0.60 cm yr^-1) compared to the treated plots (0.55 cm yr^-1).

Keywords

Structure of stands; logged; natural forests; increment

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/ijfr.2014.1.2.117-126

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EFFECT OF SAPPAN WOOD (Caesalpinnia sappan L) EXTRACT ON BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL IN WHITE RATS

Author

Gunawan Trisandi Pasaribu, Sofnie Sofnie, Efrida Basri

Abstract

Sappan wood or kayu secang (Caesalpinia sappan L.) was reported of having medicinal properties, such as natural antioxidant, relieve vomiting of blood, and mix of ingredients for malaria drugs. The research was conducted to study the influence of ethanol extract from sappan wood on blood glucose level of white rats. The study of the blood glucose level in rats was carried out by using glucose tolerance method. It was measured by Refloluxs (Accutrend GC) with Chloropropamide 50 mg/200 g BW (Body weight) as positive control. The ethanol extracts were used in various concentrations 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg/200 g BW per-oral and was observed every hour, beginning one hour before to 7 hours after the extract being administered. The results showed that treatment of ethanol extract of sappan wood by administer doses gave remarkable effect on the blood glucose level in white rat. It reduced the glucose level in the blood compared to the negative and positive control. Treatment of dose 30 mg/200 g BW gave similar effect to positive controls, while a dose of 50 mg/200 g BW gave lower blood glucose level (93 mg/dl) than the positive controls.

Keywords

Sappan wood; ethanol extract; blood glucose level; white rat

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/ijfr.2014.1.2.109-115

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Research and Development Prospects for Faba Bean; Report of a Workshop Held in Melbourne, Australia, 25-29 March 1994

Author

Anonymous and Steven Lack

No 113826, Technical Reports from  Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research

Keywords: Crop Production/Industries (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 1994
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Styrax tonkinensis: Taxonomy, ecology, silviculture and uses

Author

Khongsak Pinyopusarerk

No 113825, Technical Reports from  Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research

Keywords: Crop Production/Industries (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 1994
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Production of Fine Wool in Northern China: Effect of Nutrition and Helminth Infections

Author

Anonymous, D.W. Peter, David G. Masters and David A. Petch

No 113824, Technical Reports from  Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research

Keywords: Livestock Production/Industries (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 1995
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