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Saturday, 8 April 2017

The use of a scaffolding model to increase interaction and

Author
Carsten Smith Olsen and Anita Monty

Abstract: In recent years, KVL has been involved in developing and implementing distance learning in its tropical forestry teaching programme. This paper reports on experiences with using Gilly Salmon’s five-stage scaffolding model with the particular aim of increasing student participation in computer mediated conferencing in order to promote joint knowledge construction and increase learning. The model is briefly introduced as are the two courses used as a case. Emphasis is on describing considerations behind the move from theory to practice, the experiences gained at each stage of the model, student behaviour, and the changed role of the teacher. It is concluded that teaching based on the model did result in high degrees of student participation and interaction with indications of higher than usual student grades.
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Scandinavian Forest Economics: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Scandinavian Society of Forest Economics is currently edited by May
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Superficial citizens and sophisticated consumers: what questions

Author
Colin Price

Abstract: Stated preference surveys have been criticised for many biases and uncertainties, including whether the “product” valued is seen symbolically or as means to “moral satisfaction”. Recently, criticism has focused on their propensity to elicit consumer valuations, in a context where citizen values are deemed more appropriate. Thus surveys have been conducted which explicitly elicit citizen values. Often these emulate the format of a referendum. It is not clear that in a referendum people would vote other than for their own best interest. Nevertheless, reflecting in citizen mode is likely to restructure people’s values. A genuinely selfless citizen would promote “the best good of all”, which is largely an aggregate of individual values, with some ill-defined communitarian supplement. Understood in these senses, values revealed from citizen-format questionnaires may better represent consumer values than consumerformat questionnaires do: they legitimise the profession of individual values, and reduce problems of protest votes and of confusion between “willingness to pay” and “willingness to play” (the valuation game).
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Scandinavian Forest Economics: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Scandinavian Society of Forest Economics is currently edited by May
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Creaming: a fast track to continuous cover forests?

Author
Colin Price and Martin Price

Abstract: The premises for designing economic transformation to continuous cover forests might be: early revenue is preferable to delayed revenue; big trees make more money than mediumsized trees; fast growth may bring quality penalties; small trees cost money to remove; there is an opportunity cost in felling trees not at optimal rotation; in the temperate/boreal zone regeneration may need a large canopy gap; planting more trees costs more money; the long period of transformation is a bad thing if the target system is more profitable than the existing one. Early revenue is obtainable by premature clear felling, at lesser cost than by transformation,. Removing the largest trees from an even-aged crop gives net revenues early; minimises deviation from optimal felling size; provides gaps large enough for some but not excessive regeneration. Successive removal of the largest trees creates fully diverse size structure quickly. Subsequent fellings will also be of high value trees. Both the resulting forest, and the process of transformation, could be more profitable than alternative treatments. Preliminary results of time study and stand modelling support this provisional conclusion.
Keywords: Environmental Economics and Policy; Land Economics/Use (search for similar items in EconPapers)
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http://purl.umn.edu/198608 (application/pdf)
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Scandinavian Forest Economics: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Scandinavian Society of Forest Economics is currently edited by May
More articles in Scandinavian Forest Economics: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Scandinavian Society of Forest Economics from  Scandinavian Society of Forest Economics Contact information at EDIRC.
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http://econpapers.repec.org/article/agsssfesf/198608.htm
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Buying certification: pigs in pokes, warm glows, and unexploded

Author
Colin Price

Abstract: Creating markets is becoming a popular way of treating forest products that were once routinely regarded as externalities. Following this philosophy, a certification premium might be regarded as a valuation of the environmental (and possibly social) benefits of growing timber sustainably and in an environmentally friendly manner. However, the free-rider problem, the multiplicity of interpretations of sustainability, and profound ignorance of the relationship between certified products bought and environmental benefits achieved, all make it unlikely that the premium (if it exists) reflects anything other than a degree of moral satisfaction achieved by purchasing certified timber. Whether even this is to be regarded as an addition to welfare is debatable. However, a certification premium might be paid as a way of “acting rightly”. This justifies a proper and direct evaluation of the externalities, and of the costs required to avoid them.
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Carbon credits and the forest sector

Author

Guillaume Pajot
Scandinavian Forest Economics: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Scandinavian Society of Forest Economics, 8-11, issue 41
Abstract: In the context of Kyoto Protocol, forests can be used to create carbon credits. Contrary to the energetic sector where emissions reductions are considered as definitive, managing forests to mitigate climate change has been crticised because of the risks of reversibility. Biological carbon sinks are said to be non permanent. So, how can we compare carbon emissions reductions to carbon sequestration by sinks? What is the value of the carbon credits issued from forestry? In this study, we consider the debate surrounding carbon credits attribution. As a first step, we recall methods that have been suggested. Results of a case study dealing with a forest located in southwestern France are presented in the second part of the paper. In a final discussion, we wonder about financial impact of different geopolitical strategies.
Keywords: Biological sinks; sequestration non permanence; carbon sinks valuation.; Environmental Economics and Policy; Land Economics/Use (search for similar items in EconPapers)
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Scandinavian Forest Economics: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Scandinavian Society of Forest Economics is currently edited by May
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Towards national ownership in forestry sector development? possibilities and constrains of forestry sector support

Author
Irmeli Mustalahti, Tomi Tuomasjukka and Anniina Kostilainen

Abstract: The current international development co-operation aims to build sector wide approach programmes (SWAPs), programme based co-operation through budget support and joint financing arrangements with other donors in order to enhance recipient governments’ ownership. In this paper we aim to clarify the shift from project approach towards SWAPs in forestry sector. We argue that forestry SWAPs can take place in countries where there are clear sector policies and development strategies for forestry, government and donor’s commitment to support the forestry sector and willingness to harmonise the donor support. It is important to acknowledge that to develop SWAPs in the forestry sector is a long-term process that is related to other reforms and policy changes in each specific country. The whole process of developing a SWAP is complicated and highly dependent on the development of the quality of government systems and an adequate institutional capacity of forestry sector. Also, we have recognised that there is an emerging understanding among the stakeholders that the key factors influencing to the management of forests lay outside of the forest sector. The complexity of the forest sector, and rural development in general, need to be tackled and supported in different ways. The current paper gives examples of Finnish supported forestry development programmes and the purpose of the paper is to discuss the possibilities and barriers of the allocation of the support to forest sector under the partner countries’ own national development frameworks for forestry.
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Scandinavian Forest Economics: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Scandinavian Society of Forest Economics is currently edited by May
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A game theory approach to the Iranian forest industry raw material market

Author

Abstract: Dynamic game theory is applied to analyze the timber market in northern Iran as a duopsony. The Nash equilibrium and the dynamic properties of the system based on marginal adjustments are determined. When timber is sold, the different mills use mixed strategies to give sealed bids. It is found that the decision probability combination of the different mills follow a special form of attractor and that centers should be expected to appear in unconstrained games. Since the probabilities of different strategies are always found in the interval [0,1], the boundaries of the feasible set are sometimes binding constraints. Then, the attractor becomes a constrained probability orbit. In the studied game, the probability that the Nash equilibrium will be reached is almost zero. The dynamic properties of timber prices derived via the duopsony game model are found also in the real empirical price series from the north of Iran.
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Acceptability of operations, corporate responsibility, sustainability, or what? - the many faces of responsibility within the global pulp and paper industry

Author
Mirja Mikkila

Abstract: This work summarises the essential findings of the empirical analysis of responsibility within the Scandinavian-based pulp and paper industry that was studied by quantitative and qualitative methods, employing the acceptability of operations as an indicator. The data were gathered at four mills of the case company, Stora Enso Oyj, located in four countries, China, Finland, Germany and Portugal, by interviewing the internal and external stakeholders. The interview material gave a number of definitions of the acceptability of operations and allowed a few dominant regional characteristics to be extracted. The main elements of acceptability for the Chinese were loyalty, distribution of welfare and cultural diversity, while the Finnish stakeholders emphasised profitability, sustainability and communication, the Germans socioeconomics, the solid waste problem and global forest operations and the Portuguese case showed the importance of technical competitiveness, quality of the products and land use. The results showed that the acceptability elements covered issues beyond the traditional dimensions of corporate social responsibility. This demonstrated that the traditional concepts of corporate social responsibility, or corporate responsibility, are not adequate when dealing with the operations of a global company.
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Locating feasible routes from kvartals to the nearest road in the Novgorod region of Russia

Author
Bruce Michie, Kaija Saramaki and Ari Pussinen

Abstract: One of the biggest challenges in dealing with the accessibility of forests in the Novgorod Region of Russia is the large numbers of rivers, lakes and bogs. Combined with the long distances from forests to the nearest road these obstacles make it difficult to locate feasible routes and calculate feasible hauling distance from kvartals (management units) to the road. The goal of this study is to develop a method for finding feasible routes to as many kvartals as possible and then to use the length of these feasible routes as a general measure of the accessibility of forest land in the Novgorod Region of Russia.
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Scandinavian Forest Economics: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Scandinavian Society of Forest Economics is currently edited by May
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Optimal conversion of European beech – models and preliminary results

Author
Henrik Meilby and Peter Tarp

Abstract: In this study we analyse economic aspects of conversion of even-aged beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) stands to near-natural, uneven-aged forests. Growth is modelled using a matrix approach based on a new distance-independent individual tree growth model developed for beech in Denmark. The analyses include characteristics of optimal conversion strategies and their consequences for cash flow, liquidation value, steady-state diameter distributions and longterm harvest policies. We also examine effects of factors such as discount rate, cost structure, prices, site quality, recruitment, and initial state of the stand on optimal conversion strategy and long-term development of the forest. Here we present the applied models and a few preliminary results.
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Scandinavian Forest Economics: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Scandinavian Society of Forest Economics is currently edited by May
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Series data maintained by AgEcon Search (aesearch@umn.edu).

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Fasting for Runners

Author BY   ANDREA CESPEDES  Food is fuel, especially for serious runners who need a lot of energy. It may seem counterintuiti...