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Wednesday, 26 April 2017

EFFECT OF LAND DEGRADATION ON INCOME GENERATING ACTIVITIES OF FARMERS IN

Author
J.O. Oladeji

Abstract: Land degradation in south eastern part of Nigeria is becoming widespread because population pressure is increasing, fallow land are unavailable for agricultural activities and even marginal lands are being lost to developmental projects. The problem of land degradation emanated from increase soil erosion, vegetation degradation and hydrological changes leading to loss of land productivity necessitates this study. One hundred and eighty crop and livestock farmers were sampled from a list of 1800 obtained from seven villages randomly selected from Agricultural Development Programme Zones. Instrument used in data gathering was interview schedule. Majority of the respondents are literate and have multiple income generating activities. Crop farming, collection of forest products and goat rearing were the most negatively affected income generating activities. Sex, age, educational level and household size have significant relationship with farmer’s involvement in income generating activities. Significant differences exist in farmers’ income generating activities before and after land degradation. Indigenous practices adopted in controlling land degradation do not have significant relationship with farmers’ involvement in income generating activities. Government, non-governmental organizations and community leaders should intensify efforts at educating farmers on the need for use of environmentally friendly farming system.
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Estimating land degradation risk for agriculture in Italy using an indirect approach

Author
Luca Salvati and Margherita Carlucci
Ecological Economics, 2010, vol. 69, issue 3, 511-518

Abstract: This paper illustrates a two-step procedure for measuring land degradation (LD) risk in agriculture. The procedure estimated the potential costs of LD from a standard index of land sensitivity to degradation (ESAI) by calculating, over 784 local districts covering the entire Italian territory, a 'depletion factor' in relation to the agricultural value added. The procedure was based on changes in the ESAI (1990-2000) and ancillary variables (i.e., per capita value added, share of agriculture in the total production, and agricultural profitability). On average, the estimated costs of LD in Italy amounted to nearly 0.5% of the agricultural value added (which corresponded to 12[euro]/ha of cultivated surface). These figures are comparable to those presented in the literature for regions with similar environmental conditions. This paper contains descriptions of the assumptions under which the proposed scheme works and comments on their empirical plausibility.
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Another View of Development, Ecological Degradation, and North-South Trade

Author
Mario Giampietro and Kozo Mayumi (kozo.mayumi@gmail.com)
Review of Social Economy, 1998, vol. 56, issue 1, pages 20-36

Abstract: Based on N. Georgescu-Roegen's bioeconomic paradigm, this paper reconsiders the neoclassical economic paradigm which endorses continuous global economic growth through stimulated trade. We suggest that, in view of sustainability, it is fundamental to acknowledge: (1) the importance of preserving the identity and integrity of economic systems in different regions of the world through enlarging as much as possible self-sufficiency and equity assessed at national and regional levels; and (2) the importance of including respect for biospheric equilibria as one criterion to be used to regulate world economic activity and trade. We examine differences and similarities of the past and present patterns of ecological degradation. We also present two types of efficiency to assess technological changes and the drive toward unsustainability. Then we discuss an entropy-based theory of North-South trade issues and three points for promotion of sustainability. Finally, we show that the true origin of currentecological crisis lies in a deep change in the perception of the relation between humans and nature that affects the mode of technological development of modern society.
Keywords: development; efficiency; Jevons's paradox; North-South trade; ecological degradation; bioeconomics (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 1998
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Thermal degradation of ethanolic biodiesel: Physicochemical and thermal properties evaluation

Author
Wellington Costa Silva, Maria Priscila Pessanha Castro, Victor Haber Perez, Francisco A. Machado, Leonardo Mota and Marcelo Silva Sthel
Energy, 2016, vol. 114, issue C, pages 1093-1099

Abstract: The aim of this paper was to study the thermal degradation of soybean biodiesel attained by ethanolic route. The soybean biodiesel samples were subjected to heating treatment at 150 °C for 24 h in a closed oven under controlled atmosphere. During the experiments, samples were withdrawn at intervals of 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 24 h for physicochemical and thermophysical properties analysis. The biodiesel degradation was validated by Thermogravimetric analysis since their profiles for control and treated biodiesel were different. Also, 1H NMR confirmed this result due to a significant reduction at the signals related to the 1H located near to the double bonds in the unsaturated ethyl esters in agreement with an iodine index reduction and viscosity increase observed during degradation. Nevertheless, degraded biodiesel, under study conditions, preserved its thermophysical properties. These results may be relevant to qualify the produced biodiesel quality and collect physicochemical and thermophysical data important for applications in combustion studies including project of fuel injection systems.
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Exploring marginal and degraded lands for biomass and bioenergy production: An Indian scenario

Author
Sheikh Adil Edrisi and P.C. Abhilash
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2016, vol. 54, issue C, pages 1537-1551

Abstract: Globally, the share of renewable energy is limited to 19% of the total energy consumption. Out of which, 9.3% is shared by traditional biomass. In India, the installed capacity of energy production from biomass is estimated as 12.8% of the total renewables. Although this scenario is at par with the global level, even this share of bioenergy production is not sufficient to meet the present and future energy demands of India. Therefore, there is an immediate need to maximize the bioenergy production in India. Apart from the reduced emission rate than the fossil fuels, bioenergy has also immense potential to mitigate various environmental issues and therefore the biofuel cultivation has been considered as an additional opportunity for land restoration. However, the land availability for bioenergy production is very limited since there is a growing demand to produce more food to feed the rapidly growing population. Therefore, the arable lands cannot be considered for bioenrgy production. Hence we propose that the sustainable intensification of bioenergy production from degraded land is a viable option because the wise and judicious utilization of marginal and degraded lands can play a vital role in solving the conflict between food and fuel production and offer a sustainable solution to meet out the energy requirement of the society. In this backdrop, the present article is aimed to explore the prospects and promises of bioenergy production from the marginal and degraded lands of India. Since India has around 39.24 million hectares of wastelands, sustainable utilization of such land would provide multipurpose benefits such as biomass and bioenergy production, soil carbon sequestration and regaining ecosystem services.
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Analysis of Drivers and Agents of Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Masito Forests, Kigoma, Tanzania

Author
John Francis Kessy, Edwin Nsokko, Abiud Kaswamila and Freddy Kimaro
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International Journal of Asian Social Science, 2016, vol. 6, issue 2, pages 93-107

Abstract: A study to assess the direct and indirect drivers and agents of deforestation and forest degradation was carried out in Masito forests in Kigoma Region. Several methodologies were deployed including review of key literature, focused group discussions, household level interviews and review of ?smart phones? database of disturbance incidences in the forests. Results revealed that despite forest protection measures taken by the government and other actors for purposes of REDD+ carbon trade, deforestation and forest degradation are problems that are being experienced in the study area. Evidence of deforestation and degradation were provided through change detection data, forest disturbance incidences and community perception on the drivers of deforestation and degradation. The main drivers of deforestation and degradation were characterized to fall into direct drivers and indirect drivers. The demand for land and forests resources was responsible for a number of direct drivers. Indirect drivers were perceived to entail underlying causes of deforestation and degradation forming a complex interaction of socio-economic, political, cultural and technological variables that cause deforestation and degradation. Characterization of the main agents of deforestation and degradation revealed that human actors in various capacities and functions have served as agents. The assessment of leakage risks revealed that the risk of shifting destructive activities to non-REDD+ project villages was mitigated. In order to address the drivers and sustaining the REDD+, the study recommends the need to address forest tenure; provision of alternatives to the agents of deforestation and degradation, extension support to non-REDD+ villages for capacity building in forest protection; and ensuring that the process of REDD+ piloting is finalized to the level that communities finally sell carbon to get tangible benefits.
Keywords: Carbon trade; Deforestation; Degradation; Drivers; Masito forests; Smart phones; Tanzania. (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2016
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Monitoring and recovery of the soil biota in conditions of the degradation processes intensification in the Republic of Moldova

Author
Irina Senicovscaia

Abstract: Statistical parameters, criteria and scales of the soil biota stability to the natural and anthropogenic impact in the Republic of Moldova has been developed. The modifications of the biological properties of soils as a result of their long-term arable use and the impacts of erosion processes have been established. The zones of homeostasis (natural stability) of the biota of different soils have been determined for the first time at the national level. The current status of biota of arable soils is characterized by the significant reduction in comparison with soil’s standards that are in conditions of natural ecosystems and with the level of the 1960s. The scales of soil biological indicators for the evaluation of the degree of chernozemsʼ degradation and its environmental certifications have been developed. The application of no-tillage technology on the soils of the Republic of Moldova has been discussed.
Keywords: Soil biota; degradation; natural stability; recovery; quality standards (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q15 Q24 Q57 R14 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
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Date: 2015-11-20
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Published in Agricultural Economics and Rural Development - Realities and Perspectives for Romania ISSN 2285–6803 ISSN-L 2285–6803.6(2015): pp. 134-141
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The economics of land degradation and technological change: a case study in Vietnam

Author
Helena Clayton and Donna C. Brennan

Abstract: This paper explores the economics of land degradation in the rice-shrimp system in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam. A bioeconomic NPV model was developed to evaluate and compare the long-term benefits of alternative production choices and farm technologies. There is an alternative rice-shrimp technology emerging in Vietnam that does not have the same land degrading impacts as the 'traditional' system, however the high capital outlay and risk associated with such technology presents its own problems. In the paper the economic incentives for adoption of the non-land degrading rice-shrimp technology are explored. Conclusions are drawn with regard to the opportunity cost of land degradation and technological change. Some conclusions are also provided on the policy implications arising from the results presented.
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The Effect of Two Types of Biochars on the Efficacy, Emission, Degradation, and Adsorption of the Fumigant Methyl Isothiocyanate

Author
Wensheng Fang (fws0128@163.com), Aocheng Cao (caoac@vip.sina.com), Dongdong Yan (13260176634@163.com), Dawei Han (hdw690464867@163.com), Bin Huang (huangb1992@163.com), Jun Li (2008evening@163.com), Xiaoman Liu (lxiaoman163@163.com), Meixia Guo (guomeixia@126.com) and Qiuxia Wang (qxwang@ippcaas.cn)
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Energies, 2016, vol. 10, issue 1, 1-13

Abstract: Biochar (BC) is increasingly applied in agriculture; however, due to its adsorption and degradation properties, biochar may also affect the efficacy of fumigant in amended soil. Our research is intended to study the effects of two types of biochars (BC-1 and BC-2) on the efficacy and emission of methyl isothiocyanate (MITC) in biochar amendment soil. Both types of biochars can significantly reduce MITC emission losses, but, at the same time, decrease the concentration of MITC in the soil. The efficacy of MITC for controlling soil-borne pests ( Meloidogyne spp., Fusarium spp. Phytophthora spp., Abutilon theophrasti and Digitaria sanguinalis ) was reduced when the biochar (BC-1 and BC-2) was applied at a rate of higher than 1% and 0.5% (on a weight basis) (on a weight basis), respectively. However, increased doses of dazomet (DZ) were able to offset decreases in the efficacy of MITC in soils amended with biochars. Biochars with strong adsorption capacity (such as BC-1) substantially reduced MITC degradation rate by 6.2 times, and increased by 4.1 times following amendment with biochar with high degradability (e.g., BC-2), compared to soil without biochar amendment. This is due to the adsorption and degradation of biochar that reduces MITC emission losses and pest control.
Keywords: biochar; methyl isothiocyanate (MITC); dazomet; degradation; adsorption (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q4 Q40 Q41 Q42 Q43 Q47 Q48 Q49 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2016
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Influence of degradation processes on environmental and economic efficiency of agricultural enterprises

Author
Ye.V. Butenko and R.A. Kharytonenko
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Balanced Nature Using, 2016, vol. 6, issue 4, pages 36-41

Abstract: This paper deals with analysis of degradation processes manifestation on the territory of Ukraine as a washout of the soil fertile layer, reduction of organic and mineral fertilizers and short supply balance of humus in the soil. The author has calculated annual losses when using marginal and degraded soils by the main forms of agricultural enterprises, which are not reimbursed by obtained harvest
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Fasting for Runners

Author BY   ANDREA CESPEDES  Food is fuel, especially for serious runners who need a lot of energy. It may seem counterintuiti...