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Thursday, 27 April 2017

Joint venture research and development activity: an analysis of the international biotechnology industry

Author
Malika Richards and Donna Marie De Carolis
Journal of International Management, 2003, vol. 9, issue 1, pages 33-49

Abstract: The research question we investigate is under what conditions will joint ventures engage in research and development (R&D) activity within the context of a global, high-technology environment. To explore this question, we examine the collective impact of initial conditions that influence the presence of R&D activity among joint ventures (JVs) formed in the global biotechnology industry. Our investigation is driven by two streams of research in joint ventures: transaction costs and initial conditions. Specifically, we examine whether business relatedness, cultural relatedness, country risk, and prior joint venture experience are related to R&D activity in joint ventures. Our results show that cultural relatedness and country risk factors do matter when it comes to R&D activity in biotechnology joint ventures. On the other hand, business similarities and prior JV experience between the parents do not seem to be as important as one might expect.
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The Perceived Value-added of Venture Capital Investors. Evidence from Finnish Biotechnology Industry

Author
Mari Maunula

Abstract: This study focuses on the non-financial value-added of venture capital investors (VCs) as perceived by the CEOs of Finnish biotechnology companies. It pays attention to differences in the value-added between informal venture capitalists, private sector venture capitalists and public sector venture capital organizations. In addition, this study pays attention to value-adding mechanisms which venture capitalists use in developing their portfolio companies and factors which influence the perceived value-added. In general, venture capitalists in Finnish biotechnology companies were found to be rather active hands-on investors, especially in terms of frequent contacts. In addition, their non-financial support was in most cases perceived as important for the success of the Finnish biotechnology companies. The VCs provide value-added indirectly through screening and signaling, and directly through monitoring and providing non-financial support in variety of business areas, for example, in strategic planning and in obtaining additional financing. The value-adding of the VCs was found not to be merely vested in the VCs role in the investeeŽs board of directors, as the VCs were found rather often to be in contact with their investee companies outside the board meetings. The value-adding profile of each VC type was found to differ somewhat from one another. Of all VC types, informal VCs were perceived to provide value-added the most and were the most active in other respects. The public sector VCs stood out as most active providers of indirect value-added through signaling, while private sector VCs were characterized by being actively involved in implementing proper corporate governance. As predicted, the perceived value-added was found to be greater when the relationship with between the CEO and the lead VC was close and there were no tensions inside the investee company resulting from the involvement of VC. The results showed also that short experience of the CEO in investee companyŽs industry increased the perceived value-added.
Keywords: venture capital; biotechnology (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: G24 L65 M13 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
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Date: 2006
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Economic Implications of Intellectual Property Rights for the Biotechnology Sector: A Comparative Analysis of the European-Japanese Situations

Author
Bernard Gilroy, Wolfgang Brandes and Tobias Volpert

Abstract: Under the assumption of similar general legal environments, the following analysis suggests that a strategy of confidential secrecy in R&D is less significant for Japanese enterprises. Founded upon this difference the amount of patent induced information disclosure effects for Japan is not as essential as it is for Europe. Consequently, the blockade effect in Japan is comparatively dominant, i.e. in Japan the negative aspects of patent protection effect the system more immediately. Thus, one might argue that less patent protection is more fruitful for Japan. Given this analysis, the current endeavours of the USA, the European Union and Japan to harmonize patent legislation for the biotechnology sector appears to be flawed.
Keywords: Patent; biotechnology; international harmonization (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: L0 F0 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2003-05
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Economic Implications of Intellectual Property Rights for the Biotechnology Sector: A Comparative Analysis of the European-Japanese Situations

Author
Bernard Gilroy, Wolfgang Brandes and Tobias Vollpert

Abstract: Under the assumption of similar general legal environments, the following analysis suggests that a strategy of confidential secrecy in R&D is less significant for Japanese enterprises. Founded upon this difference the amount of patent induced information disclosure effects for Japan is not as essential as it is for Europe. Consequently, the blockade effect in Japan is comparatively dominant, i.e. in Japan the negative aspects of patent protection effect the system more immediately. Thus, one might argue that less patent protection is more fruitful for Japan. Given this analysis, the current endeavours of the USA, the European Union and Japan to harmonize patent legislation for the biotechnology sector appears to be flawed.
Keywords: Patent; biotechnology; international harmonization (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: L0 F0 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2003-05
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Dynamics of Public Policy-Making in Malaysia: The Formulation of National Biotechnology Policy

Author
Ravi Mahalingam (mitopower@yahoo.com)
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REVISTA ADMINISTRATIE SI MANAGEMENT PUBLIC, 2012, vol. 2012, issue 19, pages 53-61

Abstract: Biotechnology is one of the major technologies of the twenty-first century and in fact is the fastest growing sectors in the world. It is a fascinating field that has been identified as the next engine of growth for Malaysia, one that will deliver economic gains through research and development, creation of entrepreneurial opportunities for industrial growth, improvement of food security, health and environmental sustainability. Realizing the important contributions of biotechnology to the country, this paper seeks to examine the policymaking process of National Biotechnology Policy, which is aimed to provide a structured guideline in developing the industry. The major findings of this paper can be classified into two. Firstly, policymakers in the developing countries like Malaysia often assume central roles in initiating, shaping and pursuing public policies. Secondly, a well mobilized policy consultants and policy network is important in ensuring a successful public policy development.
Keywords: biotechnology; National Biotechnology Policy; policy consultants; public policy development (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: L38 L65 L78 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2012
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Academic entrepreneurship in UK biotechnology firms

Author
Calin Gurau

Abstract: Purpose - The purpose of this study is to attempt to provide an insight into the individual aspects of academic entrepreneurship, defining a series of entrepreneurial profiles and investigating the challenges associated with each specific role as well as their impact on firm's performance. Design/methodology/approach - The presented findings are based on the analysis of secondary and primary data. First, a series of articles and reports regarding academic entrepreneurship have been accessed in order to define the research framework. Second, primary data were collected through semi-structured interviews conducted with 26 academic entrepreneurs working in UK biotech firms. Findings - The analysis of data revealed that academics choose mainly three forms of academic entrepreneurship: founder-manager of an entrepreneurial firm; project manager in an existing firm; or scientific advisor to the board of directors of one or several firms. In each of these three situations, the personal responsibilities, the level of implication and the performance impact of the academic entrepreneur are different. Research implications/limitations - Findings demonstrate a direct relation between the specific responsibilities associated with the three types of academic entrepreneurship and the scientific/research performance of the investigated firms. Unfortunately, the small sample does not permit generalizations at industry or national level. Future studies should, on one hand, increase the field of investigation, in order to develop reliable measurements of academic entrepreneurship performance; and, on the other hand, collect additional qualitative information using a case study approach. Practical implications - The findings may provide useful information for academic entrepreneurs working in the biotech sector, regarding the specific challenges and positioning of each entrepreneurial role, allowing them to take better professional decisions. Originality/value - The study enriches the existing literature on academic entrepreneurship, expanding the definition and the profile of entrepreneurial roles to include also intrapreneurship activities in medium-size or larger organizations.
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The Role of the South African Government in Developing the Biotechnology Industry – from Biotechnology Regional Innovation Centres to the Technology Innovation Agency

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Abstract: Biotechnology has been identified as one of the key sectors for future economic growth in many countries, with South Africa being no exception. Consequently, the South African government introduced the National Biotechnology Strategy (NBS) in 2001 whilst trying to modernize the government’s biotech institutions and methods to develop the biotechnology industry given a changing political and technical environment. An important product of the NBS was the establishment of Biotechnology Regional Innovation Centres (BRICs) in 2002, which aimed to develop and commercialise the biotechnology industry. This was followed by the establishment of the Technology Innovation Agency (the TIA) in 2008. The latter institute’s aims are to develop South Africa’s ability in transferring a larger percentage of local research and development (R&D) into commercial products and services. This paper will explore and highlight recent changes in the role of the South African government in its attempts to support and develop the biotechnology industry firstly via BRICs and thereafter the TIA.
Keywords: Biotechnology; Biotechnology Regional Innovation Centres (BRICs); TIA; South Africa (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: L6 L65 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
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Date: 2012
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Patent Landscape for Nanotechnology

Author
Alexey Streletskiy (alexey.streletskiy@rusnano.com), Vladimir Zabavnikov (email.to.vladimir@gmail.com), Emil Aslanov (easlanov@sk.ru) and Dmitriy Kotlov (dkotlov@sk.ru)
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Foresight-Russia, 2015, vol. 9, issue 3, pages 40-53

Abstract: This paper investigates the methodological aspects of nanotechnology patent landscaping. The authors suggest that nanotechnologies take precedence over other technological trends, an assertion that is confirmed by current assessments and forecasts regarding the size of the nanotechnology product market. In this paper the authors analyse patent activity within the Russian Federation and globally by building a patent map of nanotechnology and the associated field of metallurgy. Using this as a basis, a new methodological approach is posited to search for nanotechnology solutions using key words and relevant interdisciplinary terms. The practical significance of these methodological approaches is confirmed by the activities of the Fund for Infrastructure and Educational Programmes (FIEP). The FIEP helps in determining the thematic scope of newly developed educational programmes, finding potential developers working on a common intellectual and material basis for the educational process, and selecting potentially interested partner companies to ensure observance of the programmes’ structure and quality to manufacturing requirements and the needs of the labour market.
Keywords: nanotechnology; metallurgy; patent landscape; patent mapping; index IPC; nanotechnological terms (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O31 O34 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2015
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Technological Landscape and Collaborations in Hybrid Vehicles Industry

Author
Marisela Rodriguez (marisrod@itesm.mx) and Francisco Paredes (franciscoparedesleon@gmail.com)
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Foresight-Russia, 2015, vol. 9, issue 2, pages 6-21

Abstract: The main purpose of this paper is to develop a patent study on hybrid vehicles as an initial approach to identify the patent density in this field and the collaborative efforts of organizations with the highest patent activity, including strategic partners and more recent patents. The present paper presents the technological landscape of hybrid vehicles by means of a methodology that integrates collaborative systems engineering with patent analysis. Its major contributions lie in the methodology employed and insights obtained. We obtained and analyzed a total of 40,023 patents from 2000 to 2014. The research was developed through two stages. Stage one identified the main emphasis of research and the top patent companies. Furthermore, we analysed collaborations efforts. Results show that patent activity mainly focuses on control and electric vehicle propulsion, as well as on control systems especially adapted for hybrid vehicles. The analysis indicates that the company with the highest patent activity also has a strong focus on collaborative technology development. Toyota stands out for having the highest patenting rate and a diversity of collaboration agreements, particularly for Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Technologies. The second stage included determining the research focus according to the type of hybrid vehicle, the predominant alternative energy sources, and the recent patents of top companies according to the most frequent alternative source of energy. The insights obtained indicate that research on parallel hybrid vehicle predominates, followed by series-hybrid and series-parallel hybrid type. Turning to alternative sources of energy, there is extensive research on hydrogen, followed by solar energy. Toyota and Hyundai occupy the leading positions; we also identified their recent inventions in this arena. This paper contributes to the ongoing research on hybrid vehicles. The outcomes of this study aim to support the strategic decision-making processes by stakeholders involved in the automotive sector.
Keywords: patent analysis; hybrid vehicles; collaborative research; hybrid electric vehicles (HEV); green car technology (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O33 O38 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2015
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Social Embeddedness of Technology: Prospective Research Areas

Author
Mariya Dobryakova (mdobryakova@hse.ru) and Zoya Kotelnikova (kotelnikova@hse.ru)
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Foresight-Russia, 2015, vol. 9, issue 1, pages 6-19

Abstract: Strategic documents that reflect future S&T priorities are often formulated without sufficiently taking into account the social context of S&T developments. The paper discusses the capabilities of social sciences for a deeper contextual analysis when setting priorities and, consequently, for helping to make the diffusion of advanced technologies more efficient. The methodological basis of the analysis is the concept of the social construction of technology (SCOT). The list of critical technologies of the Russian Federation serves as an illustrative example of a strategic document defining S&T priorities. The authors point out developments with the highest potential for social embeddedness, which could be fully used only if coupled with an understanding of related social matters. These developments are divided into four groups (clusters): biomedicine and health, energy, environment, and transport. We identify for each cluster the social groups that would be affected by the relevant technologies, the potential for conflicts of interest and for formats of interaction. The paper proposes prospective areas of sociological research, allowing a deeper understanding of the real context in which new technologies might be developed and implemented, and thus may help optimize efforts for the diffusion of these technologies. We conclude that many prospective technologies, which by nature belong to the 'physical' world, would be more efficient if their implementation, and possibly also development, were accompanied (and in some cases preceded) by the outputs of relevant social science and humanities studies. In this sense, we propose the use of the 'social embeddedness of technology' concept. We argue that this is an important factor affecting the success of technology implementation, and sometimes, technology configuration.
Keywords: social construction of technology (SCOT); diffusion of innovation; social embeddedness; social sciences; humanities; prospective research areas (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O32 O33 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2015
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Fasting for Runners

Author BY   ANDREA CESPEDES  Food is fuel, especially for serious runners who need a lot of energy. It may seem counterintuiti...