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Saturday 14 May 2016

Articles Recent developments in eco-efficient bio-based adhesives for wood bonding: opportunities and issues

Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology

Volume 20, Issue 8, 2006


Special Issue :  Wood Adhesion and Adhesives


Recent developments in eco-efficient bio-based adhesives for wood bonding: opportunities and issues

DOI:
10.1163/156856106777638635
A. Pizzi
pages 829-846
Publishing models and article dates explained
Recent developments and trends in the field of eco-efficient bio-based adhesives are reviewed. Eco-efficient means efficient with regard to both ecological and economical aspects. The recent developments in tannin adhesives without the use of any aldehyde-yielding compounds under the conditions of use, or even without the use of any hardeners, are described. Lignin adhesives are discussed next. Developments in protein adhesives, particularly the recent development in soy protein adhesives, are then addressed. Several new trends in carbohydrate adhesives, namely as modifiers of existing adhesives, by forming degradation compounds such as furanic compounds which can then be used as adhesives building blocks, and directly as wood adhesives, even in the form of liquified wood, are addressed. Unsaturated oil adhesives based on epoxidized unsaturated vegetable oils are also described, as well as an example of cashew nut shell oil modified by a new and inexpensive method of ozonolysis to yield an adhesive by self-condensation of the material. The review addresses last the new process of solid wood welding by mechanical friction without the use of any adhesive, in which the wood interfacial region itself is used as the binder.

For further details log on website :

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1163/156856106777638635?src=recsys

Evaluation of properties of starch-based adhesives and particleboard manufactured from them

Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology

Volume 29, Issue 4, 2015


Evaluation of properties of starch-based adhesives and particleboard manufactured from them

DOI:
10.1080/01694243.2014.987362
Kushairi Mohd SallehaRokiah Hashima*Othman SulaimanaSalim HiziroglubWan Noor Aidawati Wan NadhariaNorani Abd KarimaNadiah Jumhuria & Lily Zuin Ping Anga


pages 319-336
Publishing models and article dates explained
Abstract

The objective of this study was to evaluate some of the mechanical and physical properties of experimental particleboard panels manufactured from rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis) bonded using oil palm starch, wheat starch, and urea formaldehyde (UF) at a density of 0.60 g/cm3. Bending characteristics, internal bond strength, thickness swelling, and water absorptions of the samples were determined based on Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS). Overall mechanical properties for natural binder oil palm starch resulted in higher values than those made from wheat starch. The highest internal-bonding strength (IB) value of 0.41 N/mm2 was determined for the samples made from oil palm starch. Dimensional stability in the form of thickness swelling of the samples made from oil palm starch had higher values, ranging from 4.24 to 22.84% than those manufactured from wheat starch. Natural adhesive showed comparable strength with panels manufactured with UF. Overall results meet the Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS) requirements except for water absorption and thickness swelling of the samples.

For further details log on website :

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01694243.2014.987362#abstract

Aging of wood under long-term storage in a salt environment

SPRINGERLINK

Wood Science and Technology
  • J. Tintner
  • E. Smidt 
  • J. Tieben
  • H. Reschreiter
  • K. Kowarik
  • M. Grabner
10.1007/s00226-016-0830-4

Abstract

Aging of archeological wood in a salt environment was assessed in Hallstatt, Upper Austria, where Bronze Age wooden findings of the archeological salt mining site were compared with recent wood samples from the same site. Three species (Picea abiesAbies alba and Fagus sylvatica) were investigated. Recent samples covered all main geological units within the salt valley. FTIR spectroscopy was used to determine differences in wood chemistry. Principal component analysis was used to display the segregation of the data set according to the different factors and to give a measure of the strength of the effects. Results revealed that deacetylation processes took place at the wood material. The aging process affects wood chemistry significantly stronger than differences in earlywood and latewood. Together these two factors accounted for 80 % of data variability. As a third factor, the tree species segregated the data set. Geological differences in the sampling sites were not mirrored in the FTIR spectra.

Introduction

Organic matter usually undergoes a rapid transformation process in our environment. Depending on the recalcitrance of the molecules, mineralization and humification take place within days to few years after exposure. Several conditions can inhibit these processes and lead to subfossil materials. Dry (deserts), cold (ice, permafrost) and wet (groundwater, lake sediments, bogs and moors) conditions are favorable to keep good preservation, but also salt or some metal oxides can prevent aging processes (Jacomet and Kreuz 1999). Archeological wood samples found in marine sediments are, for example, the wrecks of the Swedish “Wasa” (Rowell and Barbour 1990) sank in 1628 and salvaged in the harbor of Stockholm 1961—the English “Mary Rose”—sank in 1545 and salvaged 1982—or the two Russian frigates St. Mikael and St. Nikolai—sank in 1747 and 1790 and salvaged in the Gulf of Finland (Reunanen et al. 1989, 1990).
The salt mine in Hallstatt, Upper Austria, housed prehistoric mining activities during the Bronze Age (1500–1100 BC) and the Early Iron Age (850–350 BC). Due to a geological disaster, both mines were filled with material. Huge amounts of soil, stones and whole trees liquidated the mining activities. Since that time, all organic material was covered by salt-rich clay. Since the nineteenth century, the prehistoric mines have been studied and therefore excavated. The high amount of organic findings gives reason for the high value of the archeological site of Hallstatt. Very rare insights into prehistoric life are possible due to textiles, wood handicrafts, leather, excrements and other findings, which usually are rotted and decomposed in other sites (Kern et al. 2009; Reschreiter 2013). In the salt environment, microbial activity can be seen as negligible (Sorokin et al. 2013). The good preservation of the findings regarding shape and even colors suggests that no aging process at all has taken place. Among the organic findings in Hallstatt, wood plays a special role due to the high number of wood pieces and the good status of preservation (Grabner et al. 2010). The latter allows dating by dendrochronology. Up to now, no study assessed the chemistry of these wood findings.

Materials and Methods 

Recent and prehistoric wood samples were taken in Hallstatt, Upper Austria. Altogether, 120 wood cores were measured. The heterogeneity of the geological situation in the salt valley of Hallstatt was covered by wood samples of trees grown on all important geological zones which are limestone, depleted Haselgebirge and a mixture of both (Mandl et al. 2012). Haselgebirge is the predominant breccia rock of the salt deposit in Hallstatt, containing mainly chlorides, clay, gypsum and carbonates. Depleted Haselgebirge is the cover material at the top, where rainwater leached mainly chlorides and gypsum. Furthermore, trees from different orographic origin were sampled (650 and about 1000 m asl.).
Only earlywood was measured from Picea abies and Abies alba. Both prehistoric and recent samples of Fagus sylvatica had such narrow tree rings that it was not possible to measure earlywood-like tissue separately. Therefore, 18 samples of prehistoric and recent samples of Picea abies with narrow tree rings were chosen and additionally measured at the whole ring to quantify this effect.
Sixty-eight cores from living Picea abies, 32 from living Abies alba and 20 from living Fagus sylvatica as well as 39 cores from archeological findings were analyzed (Table 1). Recent core samples were taken by random sampling of living trees on the respective geological underground. Cores with 5.5 mm diameter were taken using usual forestry increment borers, dried at room temperature, and polished on one side. Prehistoric samples were taken from inside the archeological mining site with the help of a machine-driven hollow corer. All findings were introduced into the mine either by Bronze Age men as mine timber or during a mass movement together with debris. In both cases, one can be quite sure that wood came locally from the high valley of the salt mine as the transport of huge logs would have been very complicated. Drilling cores with 7 mm diameter were taken, dried at room temperature, and polished on one side. Storage conditions in the mine can be described as follows: The wood was embedded in mass movement material. This material consists of partly depleted Haselgebirge with water contents between 10 and 15 % DM. The wood was stored under wet conditions with a saturated salt solution in its pores. The salt consists of 95 % NaCl. The solution features a pH slightly above 7. Other inorganic compounds play only a subordinate role.
Results and Discussion

All Samples

Spectral regions from 3485 to 2430 cm−1 and from 1838 to 400 cm−1 were included in the analysis as these regions potentially contribute to any separation. Two main effects separated the samples into four sets: age and whether only earlywood or a mixture with latewood was measured. The spectral region from 1118 to 895 cm−1 had a main impact on the separation. This spectral region contains prominent C–O bands of cellulose (Fengel and Ludwig 1991). The intensity of the cellulose band is influenced by the aging process (Fig. 2), but additionally by the tree species. In order to improve the assignment of the PCs to the different effects, the region was therefore excluded from PCA. Figure 1 displays the resulting PCA. PC 1 explains 57 % of data variability and separates the data set into two groups with a clear distance in between which indicates a strong distinguishing effect. These two groups represent the prehistoric samples on the one side and all recent samples on the other side with no exception (Fig. 1a). Therefore, the loadings plot of PC 1 explains differences in the spectra reasoned by age of the sample groups. The loadings plot displays four strong spectral regions influencing PC 1: the OH-stretching region from 3000 to 3300 cm−1 and two comparatively narrow maxima at 1730 and 1235 cm−1 (Fig. 1e). In Fig. 1b, the same scores plot is shown, but the data set is marked according to the type of measurement. The second PC can be assigned to differences in measurement (only earlywood vs. narrow tree rings with a mixture of earlywood and latewood). The PC explains 23 % of data variability. To display this effect more clearly, the prehistoric samples were removed in a second step (Fig. 3). Figure 1c again shows the same scores plot, but in this case arranged according to the tree species. Abies alba (AA) and Picea abies (PA) samples are well mixed. The separation of Fagus sylvatica (FS) samples can be reasoned at least partly by measuring only narrow rings at these samples. Further details are discussed in combination with Fig. 4. Finally, in Fig. 1d, data are arranged according to the sampling site (corresponding to different geological underground). For this factor, no obvious segregation was found.

Only Narrow Rings

Tree species result in different chemical wood composition. Differences in the ratio of lignin/cellulose/hemicelluloses, but also differences in extractives lead to different spectral patterns. To prove the effect of the factor “tree species,” the samples with only earlywood (Picea abies and Abies alba) and the samples with narrow rings (Picea abiesand Fagus sylvatica) were analyzed separately. The softwood species Picea abies and Abies alba were not separated (PCA not shown), but Picea abies and Fagus sylvaticadiffered strongly as displayed in Fig. 4. PC 1 explains 47 % of data variability and mainly segregates the two species. No specimen overlaps the two groups. As displayed in the loadings plot, maxima at 1730 and 1230 cm−1 and minima at 1510 and 1270 cm−1 are mainly responsible for the segregation. Rana et al. (2008)  investigated beech spectra and found (in the region of Fig. 4b) typical peaks at 1730, 1596, 1505, 1462, 1425, 1375, 1330 and 1235 cm−1. Müller et al. (2009) investigated beech and fir samples and found in the softwood the corresponding peaks at 1738 (weaker than in beech), 1505, 1460, 1372, 1320 (as a shoulder from 1350 similar to Fig. 4b) and 1267 cm−1. These results correspond to the result given in Fig. 4c, especially the peaks at 1730, 1270 and 1230 cm−1.

Copyright Information

© The Author(s) 2016
Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://​creativecommons.​org/​licenses/​by/​4.​0/​) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

For further details log on website :

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00226-016-0830-4/fulltext.html

How to Avoid After-Dinner Snacking

"Don't eat after 8 p.m." "Eat dinner by 7 p.m." "No snacking after 9 p.m." There are plenty of variations of the myth that eating at night is especially fattening; however, calories affect your body the same any time of day, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention point out. If you are legitimately, physiologically hungry at night, it's fine to have a small, nutritious snack. If you're eating due to boredom or emotional triggers or if you're snacking on empty calories, it's unhealthy. If it's a problem for you, there are healthy ways to avoid after-dinner snacking.
How to Avoid After-Dinner Snacking
A young woman is snacking. Photo Credit Martinan/iStock/Getty Images.

Step 1

Center your evening meal around a source of high-quality protein -- it's the most filling nutrient in the long run. Make seafood, skinless poultry and soy-based foods and other legumes for your dinner entrees. Eat lean red meat only occasionally, because even though it's high in protein, it also is high in saturated fat, calories and cholesterol.

Step 2

Incorporate dietary fiber into dinner because it's essential to good health and the second most filling nutrient. Include whole grains at dinner, such as brown or wild rice, quinoa, couscous, whole grain pasta and barley. Eat beans, lentils, split peas and other legumes, which are high in fiber and contain protein, with dark green, leafy vegetables, such as spinach, kale, collard greens and mustard greens. Make a salad as an appetizer, and try to eat a few colors of vegetables at your nighttime meal.

Step 3

Balance out dinner with unsaturated fats from oils, nuts and seeds, some fruits and a serving of low-fat or fat-free dairy. Have a sensible dessert, such as reduced-fat yogurt or ice cream with fresh fruit. Balance your evening meal and dessert to get enough of a variety of nutrients so you feel full and can stave off later cravings related to deficiencies.

Step 4

Drink a glass of water or have a cup of tea or decaffeinated coffee when you notice the urge to eat because beverages without calories are still filling, and sometimes thirst is mistaken for hunger.

Step 5

Find ways to occupy your time and attention at night if you tend to snack out of boredom. Avoid fairly mindless activities such as watching television or surfing the Web, which actually may encourage mindless snacking; instead, read or write, do puzzles or find an engaging hobby.

Step 6

Use stress-reducing activities to combat the urge to snack stemming from stress and emotional factors. Take a walk or otherwise get some exercise, listen to soothing music, try yoga or meditation or find other calming activities.

Step 7

Pay attention to personal triggers for after-dinner snacking, such as television, particular smells or certain activities or topics of conversation that prompt the urge to eat. Keep a food diary that details when you get sudden urges to eat and what you eat if you struggle with emotional triggers for eating, and look for patterns and avoid triggers.
www.livestrong.com

How to Get a Flat Stomach in 3 Days

Toned, well-defined abs will take some time to achieve, but that doesn't mean you can't have a flatter belly in just a few days simply by making some diet and lifestyle changes. Remember: This is a temporary solution and should be taken as the jump=start to a more permanent plan to keep your stomach flat and toned.
How to Get a Flat Stomach in 3 Days
How to Get a Flat Stomach in 3 Days Photo Credit Jupiterimages/Photos.com/Getty Images.

Step 1

Eliminate all foods and drinks that can cause bloating. These include carbonated beverages, foods high in fiber (such as beans) and salt. Also, avoid foods that are high in sodium, such as canned products, fast food and boxed dinners. If you are eating out, ask the cook to hold the salt, then season your dish at the table using spices and pepper.

Step 2

Eliminate all carbohydrates. Carbs can cause bloating and water retention. White flour, pastries, cereals and even fruits all contain sugars, which can work against flattening your stomach. While you can't avoid carbs forever, eliminating them for a few days will accelerate the way to a flat tummy.

Step 3

Center your meals on lean protein, with fish, turkey and chicken leading the list. They will fill you up quicker, so you end up eating less, and they cause no bloating. In the long run, proteins can actually help melt belly fat and reduce overall weight.

Step 4

Drink lots of water. If you drink less than the minimum required eight glasses a day, your body will react by retaining as much liquid as possible to keep working properly. This will result in bloating, which shows up first on the face, ankles and belly. Drink enough water, and you will flush it out almost as quickly as it goes in.

Step 5

Consider taking a natural colon cleansing product. Sold at health food stores and pharmacies, these products, usually made up of herbs, accelerate digestion and help you eliminate accumulated feces, which often cause the appearance of an enlarged stomach. Do not take chemical laxatives or stimulant drugs to clean your digestive system without talking to your doctor, as this can lead to dehydration and serious medical complications.
www.livestrong.com

How to Lose Belly Fat Super Fast

When it comes to getting a flat stomach, crunches may help you get developed abs, but you have to burn through the layer of fat first. Losing belly fat fast is achievable by choosing healthy low-calorie foods and regular cardiovascular exercise. A common misconception about losing belly fat includes starvation diets, which causes stress and can increase your belly size. By incorporating quick and intense cardio exercise with a healthy diet, you will see your belly drop in inches.
How to Lose Belly Fat Super Fast
A woman is measuring her waist. Photo Credit Ximagination/iStock/Getty Images.

Short and Intense Exercise

Step 1

Warm up for five minutes on a stationary bike or a treadmill. Exercise at a moderate pace to get your heart rate up and get blood flowing in your muscles. Warming up before exercising decreases your cardiovascular risk and helps prevent muscle-related injury.

Step 2

Increase the intensity of your workout to a vigorous level. Keep up an exertion level of 7 or higher for one minute. As a guide, sprinting is an exertion level of 10 while moderate jogging is about a 5 or 6. High-intensity interval exercise is done by pushing yourself to a sub-maximum level between 80 to 95 percent, according to the American Council on Exercise.

Step 3

Slow down and maintain a moderate pace for two minutes. Moderately jog or cycle to recover from the intense interval of the workout. Continue alternating for 25 to 30 minutes, depending on your fitness level. Perform this exercise two to three times a week to reduce your belly fat.

Controlling Your Eating

Step 1

Create a calorie deficit through your diet. Eating fewer calories than you use makes your body use the fat storage in your belly to provide energy. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends a calorie deficit of 500 to 1,000 calories daily for 1 to 2 pounds in weight loss. To lose belly fat fast, aim for at least a calorie reduction of a 1,000 calories daily.

Step 2

Read nutritional labels to choose healthy food products. Avoid food high in sugar, calories and saturated fat by searching for high percentages on the food labels. Consume a balanced diet of lean protein, nuts, seeds and complex carbs such as vegetables and fruits.

Step 3

Avoid reducing your calorie intake too drastically. Eating too few calories is counterproductive because it slows down your metabolism. The American College of Sports Medicine recommends that your caloric intake never drop below 1,200 calories per day for women and 1,800 calories for men.
www.livestrong.com

Activities for Reading Nutrition Labels

Overview

Understanding nutrition labels on foods is important because it allows you to make healthy food choices. Activities for reading these labels can help you and your family become knowledgeable as to what constitutes a healthy food versus a not-so-healthy one. The nutritional facts label is located on the package for most foods so that you can evaluate and compare food products.
Activities for Reading Nutrition Labels
A man and woman read the nutrition label of a product in a grocery store. Photo Credit Lizalica/iStock/Getty Images.

Comparing Labels

Comparing food labels is an activity you can do alone, but it is also a great way to teach children about them. To learn to compare food labels, you might want to start with cereal labels. Choose two different types of cereal, one that you think is healthy and one that you're sure isn't. Let everyone taking part in the activity look at the two labels and discuss which cereal has more fat, sugar, calories and vitamins. This information will allow you to determine which cereal is a healthier choice. For older children and adults, you can discuss what role fat, calories, sugar, salt, and vitamins and minerals play in a healthy meal plan and why you need more or less of these nutrients in your diets.

Ranking Foods

A food-ranking activity is a way for child and adults to learn what's important on a nutrition label when making healthy food choices. To do this activity, collect six or so different foods with labels. Without looking at the labels, participants should rank the foods in order of what they think is the healthiest down to the least healthy. Once they determine the order, everyone can then analyze the nutrition labels to see if they correctly ranked them. A variation on this activity is to rank the foods on a specific component on the label, such as most calories to least calories or the most vitamin A to the least.

Question and Answer

When your family is learning about nutrition labels, a good way to ensure that they understand the labels is to have a question and answer session. To do this activity, give each person a nutrition label and ask everyone some questions about his label. Ask questions like, "What can you tell me about this food label?" and "How many servings are in the box?" or "How much fat is in two servings?" Each person can show his label to the others while he is answering the questions.
www.livestrong.com

Meals for Single Men

Cooking for one is hard to do, and doing it healthfully makes a daunting task even more difficult. For a single man, trying to find a nutritious, tasty and easy-to-make meal can be tricky. However, by following basic food guidelines and watching out for added fat and salt, you can have healthy and easily prepared meals whenever you need them.
Meals for Single Men
A close-up of a man chopping vegetables in the kitchen. Photo Credit FotoCuisinette/iStock/Getty Images.

Food Chart Breakdown

For an adult man who maintains a healthy, weekly exercise routine of 150 minutes per week of physical activity, a 2,000-calorie-per-day diet is generally considered sufficient. However, if you regularly engage in intense physical activity, you may need to increase your calorie intake accordingly. Aim for a total of 6 ounces of grains and 5 1/2 ounces of lean protein per day. Include at least 2 1/2 cups of vegetables and 2 cups of fruits in your daily diet. Eat no more than 6 teaspoons of added fats and oils per day.

Grains, Vegetables and Fruit

Make half of your total grain serving whole grains, such as brown rice, millet or barley. Vary the type of vegetables you eat to include a mix of dark green, red, orange and starchy vegetables, such as beans, peas and potatoes, each week. Include fresh fruits more often than canned fruits or fruit juice. A balanced meal plan would be one slice of multigrain bread in the morning with butter and a banana, and lunch could be a large, mixed-vegetable salad or a bowl of chunky vegetable soup. For supper, consider brown rice with sauteed mixed vegetables, with a cup of fresh fruit for dessert.

Dairy Products and Proteins

You need a minimum of 3 cups of dairy per day. Include 1-cup servings of yogurt or a 3-ounce serving of cheese three times a day to meet your dairy needs. The U.S. Department of Agriculture recommends consuming fat-free or low-fat milk and milk products instead of whole milk. Include a variety of protein choices such as legumes, nuts and seeds as well as poultry and lean red meats. Twice a week, have seafood be the primary protein source. Building on the same meal plan, include a boiled egg or a serving of low-fat cheese with your lunchtime salad. Adding beans to a vegetable soup or a bean dip with vegetable sticks as a side will also help you meet your protein requirement. For supper, a broiled salmon filet or a baked, skinless chicken breast alongside the brown rice and vegetables will provide the protein you need.

Sodium and Dietary Fiber

The American diet is generally high in sodium and low in dietary fiber, both of which can cause health problems in the long term. The upper limit of sodium per day is 2,300 milligrams for men, and 1,500 milligrams for those who have a history of heart disease, are older than 51 or are African American. To reduce your sodium intake, season your foods with dried herbs and spices, and avoid seasoned salt products and prepared and processed foods. The recommended amount of dietary fiber for men is between 30 and 38 grams per day. Eating enough fruits and vegetables and including more whole grains in your diet will help boost your dietary fiber intake. A diet high in dietary fiber can help prevent and treat constipation, diverticulitis and hemorrhoids.
www.livestrong.com

Oatmeal and Blood Pressure

Oatmeal and Blood Pressure
A diet high in fruits, vegetables, fiber and whole grains helps prevent obesity.Photo Credit Ingrid Heczko/iStock/Getty Images
Eating a diet high in fiber and whole grains helps your body maintain a healthy blood pressure. Oatmeal satisfies both of those dietary requirements. According to the USDA National Nutrient Database, 100 grams of fortified oats has 10 grams of fiber, as well as 352 milligrams of calcium and 359 grams of potassium. In some studies, both calcium and potassium supplementation have effectively lowered blood pressure numbers

Oatmeal Benefits Blood Pressure

Oatmeal and Blood Pressure
Oatmeal can lower your blood pressure. Photo Credit William Berry/iStock/Getty Images
Eating oatmeal can reduce both your systolic and diastolic pressure. A blood pressure reading yields two numbers, such as 120/80. The first number is your systolic pressure, the second number is your diastolic pressure. In a study reported in the April 2002 issue of "The Journal of Family Practice," researchers noted that eating oatmeal can reduce systolic pressure by as much as 7.5 points and diastolic pressure by 5.5 points. Adding oat cereals to your daily diet can reduce your risk of developing high blood pressure and help treat it if you already have the condition, according to the research team.

Fiber and Whole Grains

Oatmeal and Blood Pressure
Eat whole, not refined grains. Photo Credit StephanieFrey/iStock/Getty Images
According to HealthFinder.gov, eating a high fiber diet not only decreases your blood pressure, it also reduces your risk of death from heart disease by 22 percent. Oatmeal is a soluble fiber, which means that it dissolves in water, as opposed to insoluble fiber, which absorbs water. In a study reported in the September 2006 issue of the "Journal of the American Dietetic Association," researchers noted that replacing refined carbohydrates with insoluble and soluble fiber helps reduce blood pressure levels. White rice and white bread are examples of refined carbohydrates. Eating a high-fiber, whole-grain diet also helps you maintain a healthy weight. Obesity is a risk factor for high blood pressure.

Oatmeal and Cholesterol

Oatmeal and Blood Pressure
High cholesterol is a risk factor for developing high blood pressure. Photo Credit Wavebreakmedia Ltd/Wavebreak Media/Getty Images
High cholesterol is a risk factor for developing high blood pressure. Cholesterol clings to your arterial walls, restricting blood flow and increasing your blood pressure. The March 2007 issue of "American Journal of Therapeutics" published study results from the University of Zulia in Venezuela. Researchers found that men who followed the Step II American Heart Association diet for eight weeks and consumed 6 g daily of beta-glucan, the type of fiber in oats, experienced a greater drop in their cholesterol than men who followed the AHA diet alone.

Calcium and Potassium

Oatmeal and Blood Pressure
Calcium supplements help lower blood pressure as well. Photo Credit Elena Elisseeva/iStock/Getty Images
In "Primary Prevention of Hypertension," a report from the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Dr. Paul K. Whelton writes that potassium supplementation helps prevent hypertension, or high blood pressure. Also, to a lesser degree, calcium supplementation helps reduce the blood pressure of anyone who already has hypertension. A daily serving of oatmeal contributes to your total intake of potassium and calcium.

www.livestrong.com

How to Calculate Calories Burned Running With a Jogging Stroller

There's no question that running while pushing a jogging stroller provides a more strenuous workout than running alone. Figuring out exactly how many more calories you're burning while running with the added effort of pushing your child in a stroller, however, is no sweat. A host of calorie calculators, many of them free, are available online so with the click of a button you can easily figure out how much more effective your workouts are with your child in tow.
How to Calculate Calories Burned Running With a Jogging Stroller
A woman jogging with a stroller with a running group. Photo Credit julief514/iStock/Getty Images.

Step 1

Search online for any one of a number of free calorie calculators. Make sure the one you select includes an option for calculating calories burned while jogging and while jogging with a stroller, such as the calculator at HealthStatus.com.

Step 2

Calculate how many calories you burn while running without a jogging stroller. To do this, enter your weight, the number of minutes you run and the approximate speed at which you run. In the case of the calculator at HealthStatus.com, the speed options range from 5 miles per hour for a 12-minute mile to 12 mph for a five-minute mile.

Step 3

Still using your calorie calculator, calculate how many calories you burn pushing a stroller. Be sure to enter the same number of minutes you used when figuring how many calories you burn while running.

Step 4

Add the number of calories you burn while running and the calories you burn while pushing a stroller to determine how many calories you burn while running and pushing a stroller at the same time. For example, according to HealthStatus.com, if you weigh 150 pounds you burn 171 calories running at 6 mph for 15 minutes. Pushing a stroller burns 45 calories for the same 15 minutes, for a total of 216 calories. The HealthStatus.com calculator even adds the two figures for you, so there's no confusion.
www.livestrong.com

Handplane Essentials eBook

THE WOODWORKING DESIGN COLLECTION - ONLY 69 LEFT !

By Christopher Schwarz

Format: eBook 


DIGITAL DOWNLOADS
This download is a PDF file that works on almost all computers equipped with the free Acrobat Reader program. The download is compatible with PCs, Macs and many other computers.

PLEASE NOTE: Because this is a large file, we recommend downloading it to your computer, then transferring it to your eReader rather than downloading directly to your eReader device (and of course, you can also read it on your computer if you don't have an eReader). 
HANDPLANE ESSENTIALS
There is no woodworking tool that's more satisfying, quick and precise to use as a handplane. Planes can process timber in its rough state, bring boards up to a glimmering smoothness, cut rabbets, dados, grooves and other joints, and trim wood with a precision that has yet to be matched by power tools. 
Yet many woodworkers – both beginners and professionals – are intimidated by choosing the right tool, sharpening its cutter and putting it to use. And that's why Christopher Schwarz, the editor of Woodworking Magazine, wrote this book. 
"Handplane Essentials" contains everything you need to choose the right tool for your budget and project, take it out of the box, sharpen it and use it successfully. The chapters in this book have been compiled from more than 10 years of the author's writing on the subject of handplanes in magazines, trade journals and blogs.
This is a sizable book – 312 pages – and is printed on high-quality paper. The hundreds of photos in the book have been sepia-toned, just like the photos in Woodworking Magazine. The book is hardbound, covered in black cloth with a copper embossing and a heavy full-color dust jacket. And – best of all – the book is produced and printed entirely in the United States. Here's what you'll find inside:
The Basics
Learn what the different handplanes are used for. Decode their crazy numbering system so you can focus instead on what each tool does. And figure out what specific planes you need in your shop. 
Sharpening
Learning to hone your cutters to a keen edge is the secret to getting your planes to work. "Handplane Essentials" shows you how to get this done no matter what sort of sharpening system you use now. 
Techniques
Learn how to flatten individual boards, panels and even enormous tabletops with just a few bench planes. Learn to use specialty planes to cut grooves, rabbets and other joints. 
History & Philosophy
If you understand historical practice, you'll be a better handplane user – even if you choose to reject the traditional methods. Learn to pick a well-made old tool based on how it is made. 
Reviews
Find out who makes the best high-quality tool, whether it's a $50 plane from India or a $5,000 plane custom-made by a machinist in Scotland. The author has tried them all.

SKUW3040
Author/Speaker/EditorChristopher Schwarz
File/Trim Size10.875 x 8.25
File TypePDF
FormateBook
ISBN 139781440318665
Number Of Pages312

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