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Thursday 23 March 2017

SOIL AND WATER MICROORGANISM DIVERSITY OF MANGROVE FOREST OF TELUK KELUMPANG, SELAT LAUT AND SELAT SEBUKU NATURAL RESERVE

Author
Wawan Halwany, Susy Andriani

Abstract


Mangrove is a unique ecosystem that has complex biotic and abiotic components. Soil and water microorganisms have function as decomposer in mangrove forest ecosystem.  This paper studies the soil and water microorganisms' diversity, their potential, function in ecosystem and their role as environmental parameters in mangrove area of  Teluk Kelumpang, Selat Laut and Selat Sebuku Natural Reserve (Kelautku Natural Reserve).  Data of  soil and water microorganisms were recorded from soil and water samplings then analyzed in the laboratory.  Results show that benthos in Selat Sebuku figure the highest diversity index.  Anadara granosa  is one of  the common benthos found in Selat Sebuku.  In contrary the phytoplankton in Selat Sebuku is the lowest value compared to the other two locations, due to the settlements in the locations and it was suspected that Selat Sebuku has a relatively larger wave exposure than the two other locations.  In addition, input of organic matters from the settlements in Teluk Kelumpang and Selat Laut is also effected  by the growth of   phytoplankton.  Cyanophyta found in Teluk Kelumpang and Selat Laut was genera of  Oscillatoria that showed high tolerance genera to  the environment conditions.

Keywords


diversity; soil and water microorganism; mangrove forest

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References


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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/ijfr.2015.2.2.131-140

For further details log on website :
http://ejournal.forda-mof.org/ejournal-litbang/index.php/IJFR/article/view/1641

DIVERSITY OF BIRDS ACROSS LAND USE AND HABITAT GRADIENTS IN FORESTS, RUBBER AGROFORESTS AND RUBBER PLANTATIONS OF NORTH SUMATRA

Author
Asep Ayat, Hesti L. Tata

Abstract


Birds play a pivotal role in ecosystems, but in disturbed areas their role may be limited due to changes in their habitat.  In Simalungun and Asahan districts, North Sumatra, bird communities were studied in a range of habitats: natural forest, rubber agroforests (RAF), rubber monoculture plantations (RMP) and emplacement areas. The birds were observed using descriptive survey methods by implementing a quick biodiversity survey, with data collected along a 1km transect.  In total, 142 species of birds from 42 families were found in the four habitats. Natural forests held the highest diversity of bird species, followed by rubber agroforests, emplacement areas and rubber plantations, with a Shannon-Wiener index of 4.5, 3.6, 3.6 and 3, respectively. Regarding the IUCN red list species, 12 bird species of near-threatened status and 2 species of vulnerable status were recorded.  Based on CITES categories, one species was listed in the Appendix criteria I, 12 species were classified in Appendix II and 26 bird species were protected under Indonesian regulations. Changes in the structure and composition of vegetation in disturbed forests and cleared land determined the richness of bird species. The different tree compositions in the three habitats of the rubber estate plantations and surrounding areas influenced the number of bird species, their diversity and species composition.

Keywords


ecosystem services; smallholder rubber; species richness; guild types

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References


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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/ijfr.2015.2.2.103-120

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http://ejournal.forda-mof.org/ejournal-litbang/index.php/IJFR/article/view/1666

POPULATION STRUCTURES OF FOUR TREE SPECIES IN LOGGED-OVER TROPICAL FOREST IN SOUTH PAPUA, INDONESIA: AN INTEGRAL PROJECTION MODEL APPROACH

Author
Relawan kuswandi, Agustinus Murdjoko

Abstract


Selective logging has been taking place in Papua for several decades. In contrast, very little is known about the stand structure in post-logged forest.  Hence, this paper investigates stand structures in logged-over area of tropical forest in South Papua. Four species were selected in three one-hectare permanent sample plots (PSPs): Vatica rassak, Syzygium sp, Litsea timoriana and Canarium asperum.  PSPs were located in the forest concession area of  PT. Tunas Sawaerma in Assiki, Boven Digul, in South Papua.  Data sets comprised measurements made in 2005 and 2012 consisting of  species, diameter at breast height (DBH), mortality and number of  tree of  each species.  Integral Projection Models (IPMs) were developed, taking into account mortality, growth, recruitment and fecundity.  Results show the pattern of  stand structures of  the four species were more or less similar, i.e. more individual trees were present in the small diameter classes than in the larger diameter classes.  The general pattern of  the individual distribution of  the four species is the typical reverse-J shape.  Syzygium sp. has a greater number of  individuals in the small diameter classes than the other three species.  Population growth rates (λ) are above one, indicating that the stand structures of  the population dynamics of  the four species are recuperating.  Conclusively, these results suggest that species composition and population structure in these logged-over forests are recovering increasingly.

Keywords


permanent sample plots; population growth rate; succession; harvest activity

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References


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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/ijfr.2015.2.2.93-101

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http://ejournal.forda-mof.org/ejournal-litbang/index.php/IJFR/article/view/1524

SITE INDEX PREDICTION OF SMALLHOLDER PLANTATIONS OF KAYU BAWANG (Disoxylum mollissimum Blume) IN BENGKULU PROVINCE

Author
Hengki Siahaan, Agus Sumadi

Abstract


Kayu bawang (Dysoxylum mollissimum Blume) has been planted almost in all districts of  Bengkulu Province, Indonesia, but yet no study has been conducted to analyze the site quality of  this species. This paper studies the site quality of  Dysoxylum mollissimum Blume of  smallholder plantations by establishing 32 permanent sample plots (PSPs) distributed in six districts of Bengkulu Province and measured periodically from 2006 to 2012. Site quality was determined by phytocentric method which used stand dominant height as a indicator. The result shows that the best model for dominant height growth of  Dysoxylum mollissimum Blume in Bengkulu Province was the Schumacher model expressed  by the equation: Ln Ho = (3.06 + ai) – 2.05/A (R2 = 96.5%, Absolute Mean Residual (AMRES) = 0.82 and Average Percentage Difference (APD) =5.03%). The relevant site equation for this species derived from the dominant height growth model was:  Ln Si = Ln H0 – 2.05 (1/12-1/A) for an index age of  12 years. Based on this equation, the sites were classified into 5 classes having an equal range of  3 m i.e. SI < 16 m; 16 m = SI < 19 m; 19 m = SI <  22 m; 22 m = SI < 25 m; and SI = 25 m: for site classes I, II, III, IV, and V representing from the lowest to the highest productivity respectively. Site class I, the poorest site, was found on the upland areas with an altitude of  > 850 m above sea level on andosol soil type. Adversely, the best site (site class V) was found at lowland areas with an altitude of  < 300 m above sea level and on ultisol soil type.

Keywords


Dysoxylum mollissimum; smallholder plantation; growth; site index

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References


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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/ijfr.2015.2.2.81-92

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GENETIC GAIN AND PROJECTED INCREASE IN STAND VOLUME FROM TWO CYCLES BREEDING PROGRAM OF Acacia mangium

Author

Arif Nirsatmanto, Teguh Setyaji, Sri Sunarti, Dwi Kartikaningtyas

Abstract


Two cycles breeding program of Acacia mangium was practiced by Center for Forest Biotechnology and Tree Improvement Research. Although improved seed from the breeding program have been used in operational plantation, the real amount of gains in productivity was not verified together yet.  This study was aimed to observe realized genetic gain and projected increase in stand volume from the two cycles breeding of A. mangium, and to discuss the implications on plantation productivity and sustainable forestry in Indonesia. Improved seed from first and second-generation seed orchard were tested together with an unimproved seed in genetic gain trial in West Java, with spacing of 3 x 3 m. Measurements were done at three years ages for height, dbh, and stem volume. Realized genetic gain was calculated as the percentage increase of improved seed over the unimproved one. Results of study showed that improved seed performed better growth than the unimproved with realized gain of 5-24% (height), 3-44% (dbh) and 11-90% (stem volume). Improved seed from second-generation outperformed that from the first-generation, with an improvement of 6-16% (height), 3-26% (dbh) and 20-53% (stem volume). Genetic gains increased with increasing ages for height, but it tended to decrease for dbh and stem volume. At given site and silvicultural practices, projected increase in stand volume at 8 years rotation reached 290-325 m3/ha, which is equal to 30-50% of gains. The uses of high genetically improved seed, in combination with intensive silviculture, would provide significant impacts on plantation productivity and sustainable forestry in Indonesia.

Keywords


Acacia mangium; first-generation; second-generation; genetic gain trial; stand volume; realized genetic gain; productivity; sustainable forestry

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/ijfr.2015.2.2.71-79

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A COMPATIBLE ESTIMATION MODEL OF STEM VOLUME AND TAPER FOR Acacia mangium Willd. PLANTATIONS

Author
Haruni Krisnawati

Abstract


This study describes the establishment of  a compatible volume estimation model for Acacia mangium Willd on the basis of  279 felled sample trees collected from the A. mangium plantation stands in South Sumatra, Indonesia. The model comprises of  a total volume model and a stem taper model, which is compatible in the sense of  the total volume obtained by integration of  the taper model being equal to that computed by the total volume model. Several well-known total volume functions were evaluated including constant form factor, combined variable, generalized combine variable, logarithmic, generalized logarithmic and Honer transformed variables. A logarithmic model was determined to be the best and was then used as the basis for deriving the taper model. Appropriate statistical procedures were used in model fitting to account for the problems of  heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation that are associated with the construction of  volume and taper functions. The simultaneous fitting method of  the Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) improved the parameter estimates and goodness-of-fit statistics while ensuring numeric consistency among the component models and reducing the total squared error obtained by an independent fitting method. The developed model can be used to estimate total stem volume, merchantable volume to any merchantability diameter limit at any height, and (possibly) height of  any diameter based on only easily measurable parameters such as diameter at breast height and total tree height for the species analysed.

Keywords


Acacia mangium, Indonesia, compatible volume, taper

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References


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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/ijfr.2016.3.1.49-64

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IMPACTS, PATTERNS, INFLUENCING FACTORS AND POLICIES OF FUELWOOD EXTRACTION IN WAY KAMBAS NATIONAL PARK, INDONESIA

Author
Ari Rakatama

Abstract


Uncontrolled fuelwood extraction from conservation forest of  Way Kambas National Park (WKNP) could threaten the existing forest. This paper studies the way to tackle the forest degradation in WKNP, with less negative impacts to the local people. Study was conducted by analysing existing data and maps of  WKNP in terms of forest degradation, forest inventories, current policies, survey on how fuelwood is extracted, observation on fuelwood gatherers, fuelwood demand, and identification of  further policy options. Results show that the most significant factors influencing the fuelwood extraction activity in WKNP are land ownership, followed  by the distance to forest area, income level, the number of  household members and age of  household head. In the field, the fuelwood utilization is allowed by WKNP Authority, although it is formally forbidden.It was stated that fuelwood extraction in the area should be less than 2.89 ton/ha/year to maintain its sustainability, based on the mean WNKP forest tree annual increment. The fact shows that fuelwood extraction in WKNP reduces of  forest biomass stock (1.06 tons/ha/year) and decreases species diversity index (from 3.05 to 2.45), species evenness index (from 1.06 to 0.91) and old-young tree ratio (from 1.29 to 1). Ecosystem quality reduction is mainly caused by destructive techniques in extracting fuelwood such as slashing, scratching cambium, and cutting trees. Therefore, recommended policy includes legalizing fuelwood extraction with restrictions, providing alternative fuelwood and other biomass energy resources outside WKNP, conducting preventive (establishing checkpoints and increasing patrols) and pre-emptive (educating and campaigning) efforts, collaborating  with other stakeholders, and empowering local economy.

Keywords


fuel-wood; national park; forest extraction; deforestation; rural energy

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References


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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/ijfr.2016.3.1.33-47

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PARENT IDENTIFICATION IN A MULTI LOCATION TRIAL SEED ORCHARD OF ACACIA MANGIUM USING MICROSATELLITE MARKERS

Author
I. L. G. Nurtjahjaningsih

Abstract


Variation of  parent gametes' contribution might affect the growth patterns among offspring produced from seed orchards. This paper studies the mating system statuses and to identify parent trees that produce good growth performance of  offspring in seedling seed orchard of A. mangium. The study was conducted in two seed orchards, i.e. a first generation seedling seed orchard (F1 SSO) of  A. mangium, used as the parent population hereafter and a multi location trial (MLT) as an offspring population. Based on 10 microsatellite markers, mating system in the F1 SSO was under panmictic equilibrium condition. The good growth trees in the MLT originated from various parent genes contribution in the F1 SSO. Several behaviors were observed: a). the best trees in MLT dominantly originated from singlepair trees, between maternal and paternal trees, in F1 SSO; b). a maternal tree was pollinated by two paternal trees; c). a paternal tree pollinated several maternal trees. Flowering synchronization and genetic compatibility among trees might be responsible for these mating system patterns. In order to maximize seeds production, studies on male and female flowers characteristic should be employed to assess flowering synchronization among individual trees in the seed orchard.

Keywords


Parent identification; seedling seed orchard; multi-location trial; microsatellite

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References


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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/ijfr.2016.3.1.19-26

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UTILIZATION OF AREN (Arenga pinnata Merr.) SAWMILLING WASTE FOR EDIBLE MUSHROOM CULTIVATION MEDIA

Author
Djarwanto Djarwanto, Sihati Suprapti

Abstract


Aren (Arenga pinnata Merr.) is a multipurpose tree that can be utilized for palm sugar, alcoholic drinks, beverages and construction wood. The use of  aren sawdust has not been studied intensively. This study examines the utilization of  aren sawdust as cultivation media for edible mushrooms. Aren sawdust was mixed with rice bran, CaCO3, gypsum, fertilizers and distilled water before sterilization in 30 minutes pressurized autoclave at 1210C and 1.5atm. The mixed media was inoculated with pure cultures containing four mushrooms species (Pleurotus flabellatusP. ostreatusP. sajor-caju and Lentinula edodes) and incubated for five weeks to allow mycelium growth producing fruit bodies. The fruit bodies were harvested everyday within four months and examined for its gained mushroom-weight and biological conversion efficiency/BE. The core part of  aren trunk was cut into smaller pieces of  10 cm (width) by 5 cm (thickness), by 120 cm (length). Each core sample was bored from the surface inward, creating holes with a particular distance apart. Each hole was inoculated with pure cultures containing 6 mushroom species (four species above, P. cystidiosus and Auricularia polytricha). The inoculated samples were slanted on bamboo support, and placed in a bamboo hut. Harvesting was carried out everyday after the fruiting body became mature and examined for its gained mushroom weight. Results show that the use of  sawdust supplemented with nutritious material is more likely to improve the mushroom yield than that of  aren sawn-timber core.  In this case, the BE values with aren-sawdust media were 21.97-89.45% (P. flabellatus), 15.36-105.36% (P. ostreatus), 63.88-76.86% (P. sajor-caju), and up to 62.88% (L. edodes). Meanwhile, the yields (gained mushroom weight) with aren sawn-timber media were 210g (P. ostreatus), 368g (P. flabellatus), 331g (P. sajor-caju) and 48g (A. polytricha); however, P. cystidiosus and L. edodes inoculated on aren stem core failed to grow.

Keywords


Aren core, sawdust, mushroom, medium, biological conversion efficiency

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References


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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/ijfr.2016.3.1.9-18

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Fasting for Runners

Author BY   ANDREA CESPEDES  Food is fuel, especially for serious runners who need a lot of energy. It may seem counterintuiti...