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Thursday 14 July 2016

ENDEMISM

This article is about the ecological meaning of "endemic". For the epidemiological meaning, see Endemic (epidemiology).
The orange-breasted sunbird (Nectarinia violacea) is exclusively found in fynbos vegetation.
Bicolored Frog (Clinotarsus curtipes) is endemic to the Western ghats of India
Endemism is the ecological state of a species being unique to a defined geographic location, such as an island, nation, country or other defined zone, or habitat type; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsewhere. The extreme opposite of endemism is cosmopolitan distribution. An alternative term for a species that is endemic is precinctive, which applies to species (and subspecific categories) that are restricted to a defined geographical area.
The word endemic is from New Latinendēmicus, from Greek ενδήμος, endēmos, "native." Endēmos is formed of en meaning "in," and dēmos meaning "the people."[1] The term, precinctive, has been suggested by some scientists,[a] and was first used in botany by MacCaughey in 1917. It is the equivalent of "endemism".[2] Precinction was perhaps first used by Frank and McCoy.[3][4] Precinctiveseems to have been coined by David Sharp of the Hawaiian fauna in 1900:[5] "I use the word precinctive in the sense of 'confined to the area under discussion' … 'precinctive forms' means those forms that are confined to the area specified." That definition excludes artificial confinement of examples by humans in far-off botanical gardens or zoological parks.

Overview

Physical, climatic, and biological factors can contribute to endemism. The orange-breasted sunbird is exclusively found in the fynbos vegetation zone of southwestern South Africa. The glacier bear is found only in limited places in Southeast Alaska. Political factors can play a part if a species is protected, or actively hunted, in one jurisdiction but not another.[citation needed]
There are two subcategories of endemism: paleoendemism and neoendemism. Paleoendemism refers to species that were formerly widespread but are now restricted to a smaller area. Neoendemism refers to species that have recently arisen, such as through divergence and reproductive isolation or through hybridization and polyploidy in plants.
Endemic types or species are especially likely to develop on geographically and biologically isolated areas such as islands and remote island groups, such as Hawaii, the Galápagos Islands, and Socotra; they can equally develop in biologically isolated areas such as the highlands of Ethiopia, or large bodies of water far from other lakes, like Lake Baikal.
Endemics can easily become endangered or extinct if their restricted habitat changes, particularly--but not only--due to human actions, including the introduction of new organisms. There were millions of both Bermuda petrels and "Bermuda cedars" (actually junipers) in Bermuda when it was settled at the start of the seventeenth century. By the end of the century, the petrels were thought extinct. Cedars, already ravaged by centuries of shipbuilding, were driven nearly to extinction in the twentieth century by the introduction of a parasite. Bermuda petrels and cedars are now rare, as are other species endemic to Bermuda.

Threats to highly endemistic regions

Principal causes of habitat degradation and loss in highly endemistic ecosystems include agriculture, urban growth, surface mining, mineral extraction, logging operations[6][7] and slash-and-burn agriculture.

References

  1. ^ "Endemic"Reference.com. Retrieved 6 december 2014.
  2. ^ MacCaughey, Vaughaun 1917. A survey of the Hawaiian land flora. Botanical Gazette 64: 89-114 [see p. 92]. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2469367
  3. ^ Frank, J.H. and McCoy, E.D. 1990. Endemics and epidemics of shibboleths and other things causing chaos. Florida Entomologist 73: 1-9. http://journals.fcla.edu/flaent/article/view/58577/56256
  4. ^ Frank, J.H. and McCoy, E.D. 1995. Precinctive insect species in Florida. Florida Entomologist 78: 21-35. [also uses word precinction]. http://journals.fcla.edu/flaent/article/view/74657/72315
  5. ^ Sharp, D. 1900. Coleoptera. I. Coleoptera Phytophaga, p. 91-116 in D. Sharp [ed.]. Fauna Hawaiiensis, Being the Land-Fauna of the Hawaiian Islands. Cambridge Univ. Press; Cambridge, vol. 2 part 3 [see p. 91].
  6. ^ Fred Smiet (1982). Threats to the Spice Islands. Oryx, 16 , pp 323-328 doi:10.1017/S0030605300017774
  7. ^ "Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 5". p. 25–32.

Further Reading



Wikipedia 

List of endemic birds of Borneo

This article is one of a series providing information about endemism among birds in the World's various zoogeographic zones. For an overview of this subject see Endemism in birds.

Patern of Endemism

Borneo has a single endemic family, Pityriaseidae, containing a single species, the Bornean bristlehead.
In addition, there are the following endemic genera (all of which are also monotypic):

Endemics bird areas

Birdlife International has defined the following Endemic Bird Areas (EBAs) in Borneo:
157, Bornean mountains
In addition there are five Secondary Areas. There are two islands groups (the North-east Bornean islands, s097, and the Natuna islands, (s101)) and three areas on Borneo itself, the Sabah lowlands (s098), the Kalimantan lowlands (s099), and the Bornean coastal zone(s100).

List of species

Species endemic to Borneo

The following species are endemic to Borneo, and only found in the Bornean mountains Endemic Bird Area:Emily
The black-browed babbler is endemic to the Kalimantan lowlands Secondary Area.
The white-fronted falconet is endemic to the Sabah lowlands Secondary Area.
The Borneo thrush, a subspecies of the island thrush, is endemic to three mountains in northern Borneo.

Other restricted-range species found on BorneoEdit

The following restricted-range species are found in Borneo only in the Bornean mountains EBA, but are also found in Sumatra:
The Javan white-eye is found in the Bornean Coastal Zone secondary area, and in the Javan coastal zone EBA.
The silvery pigeon is found in the Natuna Islands, and in three other secondary areas off Sumatra.
Grey imperial-pigeon and Mantanani scops-owl are found in the North-east Bornean islandsSecondary area, and also in other EBAs and Secondary Areas in Indonesia and the Philippines.


Wikipedia 

Why Personal Responsibility Is Important for Life Success

Every day you have a choice, and what you do with that choice is what matters most.
Every day you have a choice, and what you do with that choice is what matters most. Photo Credit svetikd/E+/Getty Images
Life is full of choices, and what you make of them determines your entire experience. Sometimes you may swim against the current, and other times you may go with the flow. Recognizing that the outcome of your life is a product of your decisions is what accepting personal responsibility is all about. Weather any storm that may come your way like the captain of a ship, since after all, calm waters never made a skillful sailor.

Two Different Philosophies on How Our Lives Are Shaped

Is your locus of control internal or external?
Is your locus of control internal or external? Photo Credit Stephanie Noritz/DigitalVision/Getty Images
In the “Handbook of the Sociology of Mental Health,” sociology professors Catherine E. Ross and John Mirowsky describe how some people “attribute the events and conditions of their lives to their own actions, while others believe their lives are shaped by forces external to themselves, like luck, chance, fate or powerful others.”
On one end of the spectrum, you have people who hold a creator mindset, while on the other end you have people who hold a victim mindset. One is empowered, and the other is powerless. One believes they have a say in the outcomes and experiences of their lives, while the other believes that regardless of what they do, external forces will dictate their future. Who are you, and more importantly, who do you want to be?

Chance Vs. Choice: What Is Your Personal Philosophy?

Are you the author of your destiny?
Are you the author of your destiny? Photo Credit Thomas Barwick/Stone/Getty Images
Responsibility is a contraction of the words “response” and “ability.” In other words, your ability to respond to your environment. Skip Downing, author of “On Course: Strategies for Creating Success in College and in Life,” defines responsibility as “the ability to respond wisely at each fork in the road, your choices moving you ever closer to your desired outcomes and experiences. The opposite is waiting passively for your fate to be determined by luck or powerful others.”
You can choose to be the creator of your own destiny, seeking solutions, taking action and trying something new when prompted with any stimulus from your environment. Or you can choose to be the victim of your world, blaming, complaining and finding excuses for your choices when prompted with a stimulus from your environment. The former helps you achieves your goals and accept responsibility, while the latter seldom helps you to achieve either.
When blame and guilt come up, recognize that they are ways of evading the difficulties involved in tackling an issue. If you find yourself looking to blame others or yourself, consider thinking in terms of acceptance as opposed to judgment. It’s a very simple distinction but it is powerful because it can help you step back from your conditioned response patterns. Granted you have your way of looking at things, but sometimes you may forget that you are making choices and those choices have consequences that profoundly affect your relationships and your perspective on life.

An Example of How Proactive Personal Responsibility Can Help Avoid Trouble

If there are chances of rain, bring an umbrella.
If there are chances of rain, bring an umbrella. Photo Credit Kelvin Murray/Stone/Getty Images
In this day and age we choose to provide mountains of data and information about ourselves online. In “Law Practice Today,” Avery Blank discusses how tech companies such as Google and Facebook “fulfill their respective missions by helping people answer all sorts of questions and stay connected with family and friends.” However, the product of some noble missions can invite ignoble missions of others. Just like accessibility and openness of information can lead to advances in the information age, it can also lead to the misuse of information you provide, for example to engage in identity theft or fraud.
You are capable of taking some basic steps to accept responsibility and protect yourself to avoid finding yourself in scenarios like these. For example, you can choose to withhold personal information, protect your accounts with proper security measures — such as frequently changing your passwords and using complex characters — and notifying the appropriate party if a breach occurs so the entity can take the necessary steps to remedy it. In security as well as other areas in your life, accepting responsibility pays off.

The Psychological Benefits of Having a Choice

When the train arrives, will you get on it or will it pass you by?
When the train arrives, will you get on it or will it pass you by? Photo Credit Betsie Van der Meer/DigitalVision/Getty Images
Compared to the belief that outcomes are determined by forces external to oneself (also known as determinism), Ross & Mirowsky discuss that if you believe your locus of control lies internally, that belief links you to low levels of psychological distress. Conversely, if you believe that your locus of control is external, that belief associates you with higher levels of psychological distress.
Jennifer Hamady put it this way in “Psychology Today:” “By distancing ourselves from our own potential role in problems, we also disregard the possibility of our place in the solutions, as well as the joy and affinity that come from problem solving effectively together.” Consequently, owning your choices and accepting responsibility increases your self-esteem and elicits positive emotions of empowerment.
Remember that growth is a process, not an event. Be patient and compassionate with yourself as you navigate toward accepting responsibility.

www.livestrong.com

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