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Tuesday 14 March 2017

Deforestation and Property Rights in Viet Nam: The Role of Fuelwood Harvesting A Role Playing Exercise in Economic Analysis

Author
Nancy Olewiler (olewiler@sfu.ca)
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Abstract: Forest cover in Viet Nam decreased by more than 35% since the 1950s. As much as 75% of the forest cover has been removed in some northern areas. Despite government sponsored reforestation programs, deforestation continues, especially when property rights to the forest are not secure and where the inhabitants are poor. The prime cause of deforestation is fuelwood collection, accounting for 60% of the loss in forest cover. Historically, the government owned the forests, but due to the difficulty of monitoring and enforcing property rights, households have often viewed the forest as an open access resource. More recently, the Forest Inspectorate (FI) has allocated use rights to some forest land to households. With these use rights comes specific managerial responsibilities that have an impact on the costs of harvesting the fuelwood. The managerial responsibilities include protecting their lands from unlawful use and investing in their continued supply of forest products. On these lands, forest cover is beginning to rise again. However, the FI has been unable to allocate all forest land. The remaining tracts of land continue to be treated as an open access resource with deforestation continuing. A major problem in Viet Nam is that while households control access to specific forest lands and can presumably manage them efficiently, no community control over the open access forest exists. Moreover, in many regions, the open access forests, while accessible to everyone in the community for harvesting, generate insufficient value to warrant the management or protection of any investment in the lands by households or the community. Households are reluctant to supply labor for resource protection because even though a contract with the FI provides some compensation, it is too small an amount to provide an effective economic incentive to engage in sustainable forestry management. There may be a number of reasons why this is the case. For example, the open access lands may be farther from the community and prices of fuelwood too low to make it desirable for households to request use rights. From society's point of view it is inefficient to leave forest lands as open access. The forest lands yield not only fuelwood and other timber products, but also provide a number of nontimber benefits in the form of ecosystem protection (e.g., erosion control, water purification, ecosystem diversity, wildlife habitat, other fruit and vegetable products). A second issue concerns income distribution. If poor households are dependent on open access forest lands for their livelihood, the government will want to ensure the forest resource is protected to help sustain these households.

Keywords: deforestation (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2004-01, Revised 2004-01
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Land inequality and deforestationin the Brazilian Amazon

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Abstract: The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the relationship between land inequality and deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. Therefore, it is developed an occupational choice model where an individual decides whether to become a farmer in an already established place or to move in search of economic opportunities and land to clear at the agricultural frontier. This model provides theoretical predictions that are tested empirically. Based on data from 515 municipalities, this paper estimates a Tobit model in order to test the theoretical predictions. Basically, it has been shown that there is little statistical evidence to support the existence of a direct relationship between land inequality and deforestation. Nevertheless, when one takes into account the effects of land inequality on deforestationthrough its interaction with credit and land reform policies, it can be shown that the pattern of land distribution, indeed, plays a role for deforestation. There is a positive relationship between credit and deforestation in more unequal places. Furthermore, this paper provides evidence that land reform in more unequal municipalities reduces deforestation. Hence, it is clear that there is a role for government to increase social welfare and reduce deforestation rates.

Keywords: deforestationland inequalityAmazon (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q23 Q24 Q15 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2012-07, Revised 2012-12
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Journal Article: Land inequality and deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon (2017) Downloads
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Corruption and Deforestation: A Differential Game Model

Author
Cassandro Mendes (cassandromendes@hotmail.com), Sabino Porto Juniorand Fabricio Tourruc?o
Business and Economic Research, 2016, vol. 6, issue 1, pages 481-491

Abstract: Deforestation is a global issue and recently has been given much attention by governments and international institutions. The present paper aims to present a simple theoretical model on the relationship between corruption and deforestation. To model such relationship, we used differential games. Our model suggests that corruption increases deforestation. Moreover, the salary paid in the public sector may be an important tool to fight deforestation in development countries.
Keywords: DeforestationCorruptionDifferential game (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: R00 Z0 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2016
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Deforestation and multinational companies: a conceptual note

Author
Kumba Digdowiseiso

Abstract: Trade liberalization and worldwide economic integration have brought not only an increase in wealth but also in transnational threats. Environmental devastation caused by commercial activities of multinational corporations (MNCs) is one of such threats. While almost all countries have environmental laws designed from pollution, the rules differ per country. Yet, only in the context of legally binding regulatory measures should multinationals be compelled to conduct business in an environmentally friendly manner
Keywords: DeforestationMNCsRegulationCountries(search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q23 Q28 O50 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
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Date: 2010-04-08
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Development without Deforestation

Author
Carlos Ferreira de Abreu Castro (ipc@ipc-undp.org) and Guilherme Lambais (gbrlambais@gmail.com)
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Abstract: The conservation projects managed by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Brazil are underpinned by a strong element of inclusive local development, consisting of innovative initiatives regarding the sustainable use of biodiversity. There are many examples of projects in Mangrove, Caatinga and Cerrado areas, which conciliate the production of goods and environmental services with the generation of jobs, income and an increase in life quality. It is always an enormous challenge to assure opportunities to the most vulnerable populations living in areas characterised by a great expansion of agricultural commodities production and cattle ranching, while respecting peoples livelihoods and protecting the environment. (?)
Keywords: DevelopmentDeforestation (search for similar items in EconPapers)
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Date: 2014-08
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Published by UNDP - International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth , 2014, pages 1-40
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FEATURES AND COSTS OF HORSERADISH CULTIVATION IN MOLDOVA

Author
Danaia Betivu (brts.ince@gmail.com) and Ion Vaselascu
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Abstract: Horseradish is grown from antiquity for medical purposes. Use of horseradish in the food began in the Middle Ages, in Europe. Emigration of Europeans on the North American continent have led to growing horseradish for commercial purposes, and today being a profitable business for some countries such as the USA, Austria, Hungary, etc. In Moldova, although used in the food industry as feedstock for sauces, preserves and spice, the horseradish is grown in small quantities only in households. This article aims to highlighting the features and costs of horseradish cultivationin commercial purposes in the Republic of Moldova.
Keywords: horseradishhorseradish cultivationproduction costsvariable costsmarket pricesfixed costs (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2014
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On Greece, the economic crisis and ethical cultivation

Author
Zoe Pittaki
International Journal of Pluralism and Economics Education, 2011, vol. 2, issue 2, pages 223-226
Abstract: This paper uses the current economic crisis to highlight the importance of ethical cultivation in the educational process relating – not exclusively – to economists' vocation. To do this, the author borrowed ideas from ancient Greek philosophy, as well as some very recent real-life examples.
Keywords: economic crisiseconomics educationethical cultivationGreeceancient Greek philosophyfinancial crisisethics. (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2011
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Curbing coca cultivation in Colombia — A framed field experiment

Author
Marcela Ibanez and Peter Martinsson
Journal of Public Economics, 2013, vol. 105, issue C, pages 1-10

Abstract: This paper investigates the efficiency of carrot and stick policies to reduce investment in coca cultivation in rural Colombia. To measure behavioral responses to anti-drug policies, we conducted a framed field experiment with farmers living in one of the most important coca growing areas. Our experimental design allows identifying heterogeneous producer types and measuring their behavioral response to carrots and sticks. We provide an example on how knowledge on distribution types can be used to design an optimal anti-drug policy. We find that about one third of the farmers have moral costs that are high enough to deter them from investing in coca and hence, would require no external incentives. Yet destroying coca completely is prohibitively costly for two fifths of the participants who would require an extremely high compensation or risk of eradication.
Keywords: Coca cultivationColombiaExperimentCarrots and sticksAnti-drug policy (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: C91 C93 D62 K42 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2013
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Monitoring nutrient accumulation and leaching in plastic greenhouse cultivation

Author
Eun-Mi HongJin-Yong ChoiWon-Ho NamMoon-Seong Kang and Jeong-Ryeol Jang
Agricultural Water Management, 2014, vol. 146, issue C, pages 11-23

Abstract: Plastic greenhouse cultivation is expanding in Korea due to increasing demand for value-added agricultural products. Potential pollutant accumulate in the root zone and may leach downward by irrigation water, causing soil and groundwater contamination. A nutrient management plan is needed to reduce the nutrient load from plastic greenhouse cultivation, although few studies have examined nutrient leaching and accumulation in the soil layers. In this study, soil, soil water, irrigation water, and weather conditions were monitored in the twice-a-year cultivation of cucumber and tomato in a plastic greenhouse for 2 years. Soil and soil water samples were analyzed every two weeks to investigate the level of nutrient accumulation and the nutrient leaching characteristics. Excessive fertilization caused nutrient accumulation in the root zone and the leaching of nutrients into the lower soil profile. The amount of phosphorus that accumulated on the soil particles of the root zone, however, did not significantly leach out with soil water movement. The electrical conductivity (EC) and NO3–N of the soil water gradually increased from the root zone to the lower zone and the NO3–N average concentration in the 150cm soil layer was nearly equal to the maximum concentration of the fertigation water. The amount of percolation was 476.3mm (56% of the irrigation water) in the cropping period for first cucumber cultivation (CP-C#1), 241.8mm (53% of the irrigation water) in the cropping period for second cucumber cultivation (CP-C#2), 346.6mm (42% of the irrigation water) in the cropping period for first tomato cultivation (CP-T#1), and 348.1mm (51% of the irrigation water) which in the cropping period for second tomato cultivation (CP-T#2). The total NO3–N losses through leaching from the lower zone (60 to 150cm soil layer) to deeper soil were 137.4kgNha−1 in the CP-C#1, 195.9kgNha−1 in the CP-C#2, 758.6kgNha−1 in the CP-T#1, and 54.7Nha−1 in the CP-T#2. A significant amount of nutrients were not utilized for crop growth but instead leached in accordance with the movement of the soil water. The results of this study can serve as a baseline for the long-term monitoring of greenhouse nutrient loads and can be used in the design of new guidelines to reduce nutrient loads from plastic greenhouse cultivation.
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Design and optimization of artificial cultivation units for algae production

Author
Soumya Yadala and Selen Cremaschi
Energy, 2014, vol. 78, issue C, pages 23-39

Abstract: This paper focuses on finding the optimum design of artificial cultivation units for biomass production depending on geographical location and kind of algal species selected for growth. Here, the optimum is defined as the design that yields the lowest net present sink for the lifetime of the cultivation unit. Models are developed for tubular, column, and flat plate photobioreactors by considering diurnal pattern of sunlight and temperature fluctuations. As part of the case study, algae growth is modeled for 10 years in each cultivation unit using two species and four locations, resulting in twenty-four optimization problems. Each optimization model is implemented in GAMS 23.6.5 and the solution is obtained using CONOPT (version 3.14W) solver. The results indicate that algae species with higher oil content requires smaller reactor volume to produce the desired amount of biomass. The results also reveal that the geographical location with higher incident solar irradiance may not necessarily be the optimal location for algae culturing because higher irradiance may lead to cell damage, and hence, lower growth rates. Among the options considered in the case study, the design of tubular photobioreactor for culturing Phaeodactylum tricornutum at Hyderabad, India yields the minimum net present sink.
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Constraints faced by the farmers in commercial cultivation of vegetables

Author
J.C. Pandit and N.C. Basak

Abstract: The study was conducted to determine the constraints faced by the farmers in commercial cultivation of vegetables and to explore relationship between the selected characteristics of the farmers and constraints faced by them. Data were collected through personal interview from 142 randomly selected respondents out of 1422 vegetable growers of the three villages viz. Panchpara, Bagan and Rampur, under Trishal Upazila of Mymensingh district during January to March 2011. In terms of overall constraints the highest portion (83.30%) of the respondents faced medium constraint. Based on constraint facing index (CEI), low price of vegetables during harvesting ranked first followed by lack of quality seed and high wages of labourer. Among the ten selected characteristics, level of education, family size, farm size, extension media contact, knowledge on vegetable production and cosmopoliteness showed significant negative correlation and family subsistence pressure showed significant positive correlation with farmers’ constraints in commercial cultivation of vegetables. Stepwise multiple regressions showed that extension media contact, cosmopoliteness and knowledge on vegetable production had greater influence on farmers’ constraints.
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Technological impact on energy consumption in rainfed soybean cultivation in Madhya Pradesh

Author
Dipankar DeR. S. Singh and Hukum Chandra
Applied Energy, 2001, vol. 70, issue 3, pages 193-213

Abstract: Madhya Pradesh is a state located in the central part of India, and grows 73% of soybean produced in India. In five villages located in various agro climatic regions of the state, 275 farmers cultivated soybean during 1997-1999, of which 239 farms had practiced rainfed cultivation. A total of 188 rainfed farms had used a combination of bullock and tractor power (mixed farming), constituting 67.6% of the farms surveyed. The energy consumption patterns of these farms were studied and a linear programming technique applied to determine optimal energy resource allocation for maximum yield obtainable under business-as-usual and improved cultivation practices. The results indicated that 40.2% additional yield over average yield (achieved by the farmers under study) of 1089 kg/ha can be obtained without major change in energy use pattern under business-as-usual cultivation practice. With the use of improved cultivation practices, a yield of 2274 kg/ha can be obtained through investment of 8118 MJ/ha. Adoption of the improved cultivation practice would improve energy productivity to 0.30 kg/MJ as compared to 0.179 kg/MJ presently achieved by the farmers.
Keywords: EnergyproductivityOptimalyieldImprovedcultivationpractices(search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2001
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The Potential Viability of BiomassEthanol as a Renewable Fuel

Author
Lanier Nalley and Darren Hudson (darren.hudson@ttu.edu)
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Abstract: Much attention has been paid to alternative fuel sources of late. Ethanol has been a politically popular alternative fuel additive and has recently been pushed to the forefront as a leading replacement to MTBE as an oxygenate. This paper examines the potential markets for ethanol, including biomass ethanol, and discusses the strengths and weaknesses of different oxygenate products. We find that the market for ethanol is tenuous and dependent on government support at this time. Biomass ethanol is more expensive to produce, but does have the advantage of being able to be produced near petroleum refineries, thus reducing transport costs, compared to other sources of ethanol.
Keywords: biomassethanol (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: D1 D2 D3 D4 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
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Date: 2004-12-08
Note: Type of Document - pdf; pages: 28
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Exploitation of a BiomassConfronted with the Threat of Collapse

Author
E.S. Amundsen and T. Bjorndal

Abstract: This paper examines how to harvest a biomassexposed to a potential collapse at an uncertain date. A specific recovery effect is identified which may be positive or negative. In general, the effect on the optimal biomass is indeterminate and depends upon the failure rate, the expected collapse, and the function relating the extent of the collapse to the size of the precollapse shock.
Keywords: ENVIRONMENTBIOMASS (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q20 Q22 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 1999
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Modeling of biomass gasification: A review

Author
Dipal Baruah and D.C. Baruah
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2014, vol. 39, issue C, pages 806-815

Abstract: Biomass is being considered seriously as a source of energy generation worldwide. Among the various routes available for biomass based energy generation, biomass gasification is one of the most important routes that are being studied extensively. Biomass gasification is a thermo-chemical conversion process of biomassmaterials within a reactor. Number of inter-related parameters concerning the type of fuel, the reactor design and operating parameters effect the functioning of the gasifier. Understanding of this working principle is essential for the end user. The end user may be an individual who is interested in the output of the gasifier or the reactor manufacturer who is interested to develop the most optimum design or a planner who is in requirement of a gasifier which will give the best performance for a specific fuel type. Research and development both in the experimental and computational aspect of gasification has been numerous. Computational modeling tools are advantageous in many situations due to their capability of allowing the user to find the optimum conditions for a given reactor without going in for actual experimentation which is both time consuming and expensive. The modeling works of gasification process requires a systematic logical analysis in order to efficiently disseminate the embedded information. An attempt has been made in this study to categorise the recent modeling works based on certain specific criteria such as type of gasifier, feedstock, modeling considerations and evaluated parameters. Comparative assessments are made of the modeling techniques and output for each category of the models. The information is anticipated to be useful for researchers, end users as well as planners.
Keywords: BiomassGasificationModelingReview (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2014
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