Blog List

Thursday 24 November 2016

Growth recovery of young hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) subsequent to late weeding

Published Date
Volume 19, Issue 6pp 514–522

Original Article
DOI: 10.1007/s10310-014-0450-5

Cite this article as: 
Hirata, R., Ito, S., Araki, M.G. et al. J For Res (2014) 19: 514. doi:10.1007/s10310-014-0450-5

Author
  • Ryoko Hirata
  • Satoshi Ito
  • Masatake G. Araki
  • Yasushi Mitsuda
  • Masahiro Takagi
Abstract

The effects of late weeding treatment on the growth of young hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) during the sixth growing season after planting were examined. Furthermore, the contribution toward hinoki growth recovery of crown productivity (NAR) and biomass allocation to crown (CAR) were determined. In the late weeding plot, no decline in height growth was observed subsequent to weeding, and growth in diameter at breast height (DBH) and crown projection area (CPA) began to recover subsequent to weeding; however, DBH and CPA were reduced and experienced a 1- to 1.5-year growth delay compared to values associated with the weeding plot at the end of the second year subsequent to weeding. Relative growth rate (RGR) and NAR in the late weeding plot recovered and possessed similar values to those of the weeding plot in the second year subsequent to weeding. CAR values of the late weeding plot were similar to those of the weeding plot both before and after weeding. These results suggested that the recovery of NAR rather than that of CAR was primarily responsible for the recovery of RGR. The present study demonstrated that hinoki were able to quickly acclimate to an environment dramatically altered by late weeding and recover growth rate within a short period of time. The present study also showed that delays in crown expansion associated with late weeding may have impeded subsequent matter production. Therefore, it was concluded that late weeding treatments should be employed only when the associated delays in growth are taken into account.

References 

  1. Evans GC (1972) The quantitative analysis of plant growth. Blackwell, OxfordGoogle Scholar
  2. Forestry Agency (2013) Annual report on trends in forests and forestry. Zenrinkyo, Tokyo (in Japanese)
  3. Fukata H (2006) Investigation on influence which intense thinning management gives to growth of remaining tree and forest environment in planted Hinoki cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa Endl.) forest. Bull Kochi Pref For Technol Cent 31:24–91 (in Japanese)Google Scholar
  4. Han Q, Kabeya D, Saito S, Araki MG, Kawasaki T, Migita C, Chiba Y (2013) Thinning alters crown dynamics and biomass increment within aboveground tissues in young stands of Chamaecyparis obtusa. J For Res. doi:10.1007/s10310-013-0405-2Google Scholar
  5. Hirata R, Ito S, Yamagawa H, Shigenaga H, Takagi M (2012) Influence of a non-weeding treatment on the early growth of planted Hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) trees. J Jpn For Soc 94:135–141 (in Japanese with English summary)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. Kawanabe S, Shidei T (1968) Ecological studies on the influence of light intensity upon the growth and development of forest trees (III): effect of shading on the growth of some coniferous seedlings. Bull Kyoto Univ For 40:111–121 (in Japanese with English summary)Google Scholar
  7. Kinjou T, Teraoka Y, Ashihara S, Inokura Y, Yamagawa H (2012) The growth of planting trees under different weeding frequencies in Kagoshima Pref, Japan. Kyushu J For Res 65:24–27 (in Japanese)Google Scholar
  8. Morikawa Y, Hattori S, Kiyono Y (1986) Transpiration of a 31-year-old Chamaecyparis obtusa Endl. stand before and after thinning. Tree Physiol 2:105–114PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. Muramoto Y, Ito S, Nogami K (1998) Edge tree decline of hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusaEndlicher) mature stands after typhoon damages. Jpn J For Environ 40:27–32 (in Japanese with English summary)Google Scholar
  10. R Core Team (2012) R: a language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, ISBN 3-900051-07-0. http://www.R-project.org/
  11. Sakura T, Numata M (1980) Community dynamics of young stands of Sugi, Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D.DON) (I): a comparison between weeded and non-weeded plots during the five years after clear cutting. J Jpn For Soc 62:371–380 (in Japanese with English summary)Google Scholar
  12. Sato D (1983) Ikurin. Buneido, Tokyo (in Japanese)Google Scholar
  13. Shidei T, Akai T, Saito H, Kawahara T (1974) Hinoki-rin. Chikyu-sha, Tokyo (in Japanese)Google Scholar
  14. Shinozaki K, Yoda K, Hozumi K, Kira T (1964) A quantitative analysis of plant form: the pipe model theory I. Basic analyses. Jpn J Ecol 4:97–105Google Scholar
  15. Tanaka T, Matsumoto Y, Shigenaga H, Uemura A (1994) Specific leaf area, photosynthetic capacity, and chlorophyll content of current year leaves in under-storied Chamaecyparis obtusa ENDL. of a multi-storied forest. Jpn J For Environ 36:22–30 (in Japanese with English summary)Google Scholar
  16. Tange T, Suzuki M, Kasuya S, Kasuya I (1991) Photosynthetic activity and growth of Cryptomeria japonica and Chamaecyparis obtusa seedlings before and after release from shaded conditions. J Jpn For Soc 73:288–292 (in Japanese with English summary)Google Scholar
  17. Tsutsumi T (1994) Zouringaku. Buneido, Tokyo (in Japanese)Google Scholar
  18. Yukutake K, Yoshimoto A (2006) Timber demand/supply analysis of East Asian timber trade––trade among eight Japanese regions, China, Korea. Scand For Econ 41:429–440Google Scholar

For further details log on website :
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10310-014-0468-8

Functions of Chisan dams in large-scale granular mass-flow experiments on Sakurajima volcano pumiceous clasts

Published Date
Volume 19, Issue 6pp 493–500

Original Article
DOI: 10.1007/s10310-014

Cite this article as: 
Okada, Y. J For Res (2014) 19: 493. doi:10.1007/s10310-014-0443-4

Author
Abstract

We investigated the fundamental behaviour of Chisan (check) dams in response to the presence or absence of impounded sediment with different levels of saturation. Large-scale model flume experiments were conducted by use of a model Chisan dam that had been backfilled with pumiceous clasts taken from the Sakurajima volcano in Kagoshima prefecture, Japan. In these experiments, the miniature dam was situated midway down the flume under different backfill sediment conditions and the basal pore-fluid pressure, normal flow depth, and impact load of the granular mass were carefully monitored. Saturated sediment with a volume of 0.6 m3 was released along the slope of the flume segment at 30° and excess pore-fluid pressure was generated, corresponding to a sediment velocity of approximately 4.8 m s−1. Direct collision of the sediment with the Chisan dam meant the peak impact loads of granular mass against the back surface of the dam exceeded 157 N in experiments without backfill sediment but were as low as 32.1 N in experiments with sediment. Accordingly, placing the backfill sediment substantially reduced peak impact loads. The sediment captured by the Chisan dams was also calculated. For experiments using saturated backfill sediment, the dam captured only 35 % of the material, indicating that most of the granular mass passed over the dam. However, in experiments without backfill sediment or with unsaturated backfill sediment, over 90 % was captured. Although Chisan dams with unsaturated backfill sediment lacked pocket space, almost equivalent granular masses were trapped in these experiments. On the basis of these results, we suggest that Chisan dams with unsaturated backfill sediment could effectively counter debris flow, reducing sediment loads along the streams draining Sakurajima volcano.

References 

  1. Cruden DM, Varnes DJ (1996) Landslide types and processes. In: Turner AK, Schuster RL (eds) Landslides, investigation and mitigation: special report 247. Transportation Research Board National Research Council, Washington DC, pp 501–516Google Scholar
  2. Gonda Y (2009) Function of a debris flow brake. Int J Eros Control Eng 2:15–21CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  3. Horii N, Toyosawa Y, Tamate S, Hashizume H (2002) Experimental study on flow characteristics of debris flow. Spec Res Rep Ind Saf Inst 25:17–23 (in Japanese with English abstract)Google Scholar
  4. Hübl J, Suda J, Proske D, Kaitna R, Scheidl C (2009) Debris flow impact estimation. In: Proceedings of International Symposium on Water Management and Hydraulic Engineering, pp 137–148
  5. Ishikawa N, Inoue R, Beppu M, Hasegawa Y, Mizuyama T (2008) Experimental approach on measurement of impulsive fluid force using debris flow model. In: Proceedings of INTERPRAEVENT, pp 343–354
  6. Ishikawa N, Inoue R, Beppu M, Hasegawa Y, Mizuyama T (2010) Dynamic load characteristics of debris flow model using different gravel size distribution. In: Proceedings of INTERPRAEVENT, pp 207–216
  7. Iverson RM (1997) The physics of debris flow. Rev Geophys 35:245–296CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. Kagawa T (1978) On the similitude in model vibration tests of earth-structures. Proc Jpn Soc Civil Eng 275:69–77CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. Mizuyama T (2008) Structural countermeasures for debris flow disasters. Int J Eros Control Eng 1:38–43CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. Okada Y, Ochiai H (2008) Flow characteristics of 2-phase granular mass flows from model flume tests. Eng Geol 97:1–14CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. The Japanese Geotechnical Society (2000) Method and guideline for soil tests. The Japanese Geotechnical Society, Tokyo (in Japanese)Google Scholar
  12. The Nihon Chisan Chisui Kyokai (2009) A Guideline for Chisan (slope conservation) technical standards (general rules and slope conservation). Shinwa Printing Co Ltd., TokyoGoogle Scholar

For further details log on website :
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10310-014-0468-8

Effects of mating on the termination of aggregation by the oak borer, Platypus quercivorus (Murayama) (Curculionidae: Platypodinae) during host colonization

Published Date
Volume 19, Issue 6, pp 523–528

Original Article
DOI: 10.1007/s10310-014-0446-1

Cite this article as: 
Ueda, A. & Kobayashi, M. J For Res (2014) 19: 523. doi:10.1007/s10310-014-0446-1

Author
Abstract

We conducted a field experiment to determine whether logs bored by male Platypus quercivorus beetle were less attractive to conspecifics after beetles had mated. Bored (with male beetles) and unbored logs were placed in a beetle-infested forest and enclosed within a cage. For half of the bored logs, female beetles were released to mate with the male beetles. Log attractiveness was determined by assessing the number of beetles captured on adhesive paper placed on each cage enclosing the log. On the logs on which female beetles were released, the number of beetles captured decreased distinctly after release, and did not differ from the number captured on the unbored logs. In contrast, the number of beetles captured on logs with only unpaired males was higher than the number captured on the unbored logs. This result confirms that the attractiveness of logs bored by male P. quercivorus beetles declines after mating occurs. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence for the relaxation of aggregation pheromone following mating for beetles in the subfamily Platypodinae.

References 

  1. Birgersson G, Schlyter F, Löfqvist J, Bergström G (1984) Quantitative variation of pheromone components in the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus from different attack phases. J Chem Ecol 10:1029–1055PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. Byers JA (1981) Effect of mating on terminating aggregation during host colonization in the bark beetle, Ips paraconfusus. J Chem Ecol 7:1135–1147PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  3. Byers JA, Wood DL, Craig J, Hendry LB (1984) Attractive and inhibitory pheromones produced in the bark beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis, during host colonization: regulation of inter- and intraspecific competition. J Chem Ecol 10:861–877PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. Elliott EW, Lanier GN, Simone JB (1975) Termination of aggregation by the European elm bark beetle, Scolytus multistriatus. J Chem Ecol 1:283–289CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. Gore WE, Pearce GT, Lanier GN, Simone JB, Silverstein RM, Peacock JW, Cuthbert RA (1977) Aggregation attractant of the European elm bark beetle, Scolytus multistriatusproduction of individual components and related aggregation behavior. J Chem Ecol 3:429–446CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. Holsten ED, Shea PJ, Borys RR (2003) MCH released in a novel pheromone dispenser prevents spruce beetle, Dendroctonus ruffipennis (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), attacks in south-central Alaska. J Econ Entomol 96:31–34PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. Ito S, Yamada T (1998) Distribution and spread of the mass mortality of oak trees. J Jpn For Soc 80:229–232 (in Japanese)Google Scholar
  8. Ito S, Kubono T, Sahashi N, Yamada T (1998) Associated fungi with the mass mortality of oak trees. J Jpn For Soc 80:170–175 (in Japanese with English abstract)Google Scholar
  9. Kim J, Lee S-G, Shin S-C, Kwon Y-D, Park I-K (2009) Male-produced aggregation pheromone blend in Platypus koryoensis. J Agric Food Chem 57:1406–1412PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. Kinuura H (2002) Relative dominance of the mold fungus, Raffaelea sp., in the mycangium and proventrisulus in relation to adult stages of the oak platypodid beetle, Platypus quercivorus (Coleoptera; Platypodidae). J For Res 7:7–12CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. Kitajima H, Goto H (2004) Rearing technique for the oak platypodid beetle, Platypus quercivorus (Murayama) (Coleoptera: Platypodidae), on soaked logs of deciduous oak tree, Quercus serrata Thunb. ex Murray. Appl Entomol Zool 39:7–13CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. Kobayashi M, Ueda A (2001) Infestation of Platypus quercivorus (Murayama) (Coleoptera: Platypodidae) at newly damaged forest by the beetle (II) Investigation in Wachi and Keihoku, Kyoto Prefecture. Appl For Sci 10(2):79–84 (in Japanese with English abstract)Google Scholar
  13. Kobayashi M, Ueda A (2003) Observation of mass attack and artificial reproduction in Platypus quercivorus (Murayama) (Coleoptera: Platypodidae). Jpn J Appl Entomol Zool 47:53–60 (in Japanese with English abstract)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. Kobayashi M, Ueda A (2005) Wilt disease of Fagaceae tress caused by Platypus quercivorus(Murayama) (Coleoptera: Platypodidae) and the associated fungus: Aim is to clarify the damage factor. J Jpn For Soc 87:435–450 (in Japanese with English abstract)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. Kobayashi M, Ueda A, Takahata Y (2001) Inducing infection of oak logs by a pathogenic fungus carried by Platypus quercivorus (Murayama) (Coleoptera: Platypodidae). J For Res 6:153–156CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. Kubono T, Ito S (2002) Raffaelea quercivora sp. nov. associated with mass mortality of Japanese oak, and the ambrosia beetle (Platypus quercivorus). Mycoscience 43:255–260CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  17. Leufvén A, Birgersson G (1986) Quantitative variation of different monoterpenes around galleries of Ips typographus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) attacking Norway spruce. Can J Bot 65:1038–1044CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. Lindgren BS, McGregor MD, Oakes RD, Meyer HE (1988) Effect of MCH and baited Lindgren traps on Douglas-fir beetle attacks on felled trees. J Appl Ent 105:289–294CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. Madrid F, Vité JP, Renwick JAA (1972) Evidence of aggregation pheromones in the ambrosia beetle Platypus flavicornis (F.). Z ang Ent 72:73–79CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. McGregor MD, Furniss MM, Oakes RD, Gibson KE, Meyer HE (1984) MCH pheromone for preventing Douglas-fir beetle infestation in windthrown trees. J For 82:613–616Google Scholar
  21. Milligan RH (1982a) Platypus pinhole borer affects sprinkler storage of logs in New Zealand. N Z J For 27:236–241Google Scholar
  22. Milligan RH (1982b) Evidence for an aggregation pheromone in Platypus apicalis(Coleoptera: Platypodidae), In: Galbreath RA (ed.) Insect pheromones and their application. Entomology Division Report 2. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Auckland, pp 37–50
  23. Milligan RH, Ytsma G (1988) Pheromone dissemination by male Platypus apicalis White and P. gracilis Broun (Col., Platypodidae). J Appl Ent 106:113–118CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. Nijholt WW (1970) The effect of mating and the presence of the males ambrosia beetle, Trypodendron lineatum on “secondary” attraction. Can Ent 102:894–897CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. Nijholt WW (1973) The effect of male Trypodendron lineatum (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) on the response of field populations to secondary attraction. Can Ent 105:583–590CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  26. R Core Team (2013) R: a language and environmental for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. http://www.R-project.org/. Accessed 18 Oct 2013
  27. Renwick JAA, Vité JP (1971) Systems of chemical communication in Dendroctonus. Contrib Boyce Thompson Inst 24:283–292Google Scholar
  28. Richerson JV, Payne TL (1979) Effects of bark beetle inhibitors on landing and attack behavior of the southern pine beetle and beetle associates. Environ Entomol 8:360–364Google Scholar
  29. Ross DW, Daterman GE (1994) Reduction of Douglas-fir beetle infestation of high-risk stands by antiaggregation and aggregation pheromones. Can J For Res 24:2184–2190CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  30. Ross DW, Daterman GE (1995) Efficiency of an antiaggregation pheromone for reducing Douglas-fir beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), infestation in high risk stands. Can Ent 127:805–811CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  31. Ross DW, Daterman GE, Gibson KE (2002) Elution rate and spacing of antiaggregation pheromone dispensers for protecting live trees from Dendroctonus pseudotsugae(Coleoptera: Scolytidae). J Econ Entomol 95:778–781PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. Rudinsky JA, Morgean ME, Libbey LM, Putnam TB (1973) Antiaggregative-rivalry pheromone of the mountain pine beetle and s new arrestant of the southern pine beetle. Environ Entomol 3:90–98Google Scholar
  33. SAS Institute (1998) StatView for PowerPC Version 5.0. SAS Institute, Cary, North Carolina
  34. Sasakawa M, Sasakawa T (1981) Stridulatory organs of the minute pine bark beetle, Cryphalus fulvus Niijima (Coleoptera, Scolytidae), and role of male sounds in the aggregation behavior. Kontyû 49:461–469Google Scholar
  35. Schlyter F, Birgersson G, Leufvén A (1989) Inhibition of attraction to aggregation pheromone by verbenone and ipsenol: Density regulation mechanisms in bark beetle Ips typographus. J Chem Ecol 15:2263–2277PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. Stock AJ, Borden JH (1983) Secondary attraction in the western balsam bark beetle, Dryocoetes confuses (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Can Ent 115:539–550CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  37. Stock AJ, Borden JH, Pratt TL, Pierce HD Jr, Johnston BD (1990) Endo-brevicomin: an antiaggregation pheromone for the western balsam bark beetle, Dryocoetes confuses Swaine (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Can Ent 122:935–940CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. Tokoro M, Kobayashi M, Saito S, Kinuura H, Nakashima T, Shoda-Kagaya E, Kashiwagi T, Tebayashi S, Kim C, Mori K (2007) Novel aggregation pheromone, (1S,4R)-p-menth-2-en-1-ol, of the ambrosia beetle, Platypus quercivorus (Coleoptera: Platypodidae). Bul FFPRI 6:49–57Google Scholar
  39. Ueda A, Kobayashi M (2001a) Seasonal change of number of Platypus quercivorus(Murayama) and P. calamus Blandford (Coleoptera: Platypodidae) landing on living trees. J Jpn For Soc 83:77–83 (in Japanese with English abstract)Google Scholar
  40. Ueda A, Kobayashi M (2001b) Aggregation of Platypus quercivorus (Murayama) (Coleoptera: Platypodidae) at oak logs bored by males of the species. J For Res 6:173–179CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  41. Ueda A, Kobayashi M (2003) Landing of Platypus quercivorus (Murayama) (Coleoptera: Platypodidae) on oak logs bored by male beetles with different densities. Appl For Sci 12:137–142 (in Japanese with English abstract)Google Scholar
  42. Ueda A, Kobayashi M (2004) Long-term attractiveness of autoclaved oak logs bored by male Platypus quercivorus (Murayama) (Coleoptera: Platypodidae) to male and female beetles. Bul FFPRI 3:99–107Google Scholar
  43. Ueda A, Kobayashi M (2005) Attraction of Platypus quercivorus (Murayama) (Coleoptera: Platypodidae) on logs bored by silent males. Bul FFPRI 4:39–44Google Scholar
  44. Ytsma G (1986) Inducing attack by male Platypus (Col., Platypodidae) on wood billets in the laboratory. J Appl Ent 102:210–212CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  45. Ytsma G (1989) Colonization of southern beech by Platypus caviceps (Coleoptera: Platypodidae). J Chem Ecol 15:1171–1176PubMedCrossRefGoogle Scholar
  46. Zang Q-H (2003) Interruption of aggregation pheromone in Ips typographus (L.) (Col. Scolytidae) by non-host bark volatiles. Agric For Entomol 5:145–153CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  47. Zang Q-H, Schlyter F (2003) Redundancy, synergism, and active inhibitory range of non-host volatiles in reducing pheromone attraction in European spruce bark beetle Ips typographus. Oikos 101:299–310CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  48. Zang Q-H, Liu GT, Schlyter F, Birgersson P, Valeur P (2001) Olfactory responses of Ips duplicatus from inner Mongolia, China to nonhost leaf and bark volatiles. J Chem Ecol 27:995–1009CrossRefGoogle Scholar

For further details log on website :
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10310-014-0468-8

Advantages and Disadvantages of Fasting for Runners

Author BY   ANDREA CESPEDES  Food is fuel, especially for serious runners who need a lot of energy. It may seem counterintuiti...