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Tuesday 2 May 2017

LAND USE CHANGE, CARBON, AND BIOENERGY RECONSIDERED

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Roger Sedjo (sedjo@rff.org), Brent Sohngen (sohngen.1@osu.edu) and Anne Riddle
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Climate Change Economics (CCE), 2015, vol. 06, issue 01, pages 1550002-1-1550002-14

Abstract: Many environmentalists are concerned that renewable bioenergy, such as corn or wood ethanol will not reduce carbon emissions but will deplete forests. Using a general stylized forest sector management model, our study examines the economic potential of traditional industrial forests and supplemental dedicated fuelwood plantations to produce biomass on submarginal lands not suitable for most crop agriculture. The study finds that forests can economically produce large levels of biofuel without compromising crop production, thereby avoiding price pressures that lead to cropland conversion and carbon emissions.
Keywords: Biomassforestsfuelwoodland useland conversionethanol biomassbioenergycarbon emissionsfeedstockSearchinger Hypothesisclimate changeQ1Q16Q23Q24Q42Q54 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2015
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Carbon Sequestration in Forests and Soils

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Annual Review of Resource Economics, 2012, vol. 4, issue 1, 127-144

Abstract: Forests can play a large role in climate change through the sequestration or emission of carbon, an important greenhouse gas; through biological growth, which can increase forest stocks; or through deforestation, which can increase carbon emissions. Carbon is captured not only in tree biomass but also in forest soils. Forest management and public policy can strongly influence the sequestration process. Economic policies can provide incentives for both forest expansion and contraction. Systems that provide prices for carbon sequestration or taxes for emissions can have important effects on emission and sequestration levels. Issues involve carbon additionality, permanence, and leakage. Forest measurement, monitoring, and verification also provide serious challenges. Various economic models are used to estimate the effects of various economic policies on forest carbon stocks. Estimates from the literature of some actual and potential levels of forest carbon are presented.
Keywords: climate changeGHGsdeforestationbiomasspolicypermanenceforest management (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2012
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Forests in climate policy: technical, institutional and economic issues in measurement and monitoring

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Exchange rates and the competitiveness of the United States timber sector in a global economy

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Forest Policy and Economics, 2008, vol. 10, issue 3, pages 108-116
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Carbon Sequestration in Global Forests Under Different Carbon Price Regimes

Author
Brent Sohngen and Roger Sedjo
Authors registered in the RePEc Author Service: Brent Sohngen and Roger A. Sedjo (sedjo@rff.org)
The Energy Journal, 2006, vol. Multi-Greenhouse Gas Mitigation and Climate Policy, issue Special Issue #3, pages 109-126

Abstract: This paper examines the potential role of carbon sequestration in forests under a range of exogenously chosen carbon price paths. The price paths were chosen to simulate several different climate change policies. The results indicate that global sequestration could range from 48Ð147 Pg C by 2105 for carbon prices ranging from $100 to more than $800 per t C by the end of the century. The timing of sequestration is found to be sensitive to the assumed carbon price path. Low initial carbon prices ($10 - $20 per t C in 2010) followed by rapid price increases, as might occur if policy makers try to stabilize future concentrations, suggest little, if any, sequestration during the next 20 years (-0.2 to 4.5 Pg C). If policy makers develop policies that support higher initial carbon prices, ranging from $75 to $100 per t C, 17 to 23 Pg C could be sequestered in forests over the next 20 years. Overall, our results indicate that forestry is not an efficient stopgap measure for long-term policy goals, but that it is instead an important long-term partner with other mitigation options.
JEL-codes: F0 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2006
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Economics of Forestry and Rural Development

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American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 2003, vol. 85, issue 1, pages 286-287
Date: 2003
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Wood materials used as a means to reduce greenhouse gases (GHGs): An examination of wooden utility poles

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Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 2002, vol. 7, issue 2, pages 191-200
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A GLOBAL MODEL OF CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON TIMBER MARKETS

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Abstract: Several papers have now estimated the impact of climate change on national timber markets, but few studies have measured impacts globally. Further, the literature on impacts has focused heavily on changes in productivity and has not integrated movements of biomes as well. Here, a dynamic model of ecological change and economic change is developed to capture the impact of climate change on world timber markets. Climate change is predicted to increase global timber production as producers in low-mid latitude forests react quickly with more productive short-rotation plantations, driving down timber prices. Producers in mid-high latitude forests, in contrast, are likely to be hurt by the lower prices, dieback, and slower productivity increases because of long-rotation species. Consumers in all regions benefit from the lower prices, and the overall impacts of climate change in timber markets are expected to be beneficial, increasing welfare in those markets from 2% to 8%.
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Forest Management, Conservation, and Global Timber Markets

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American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 1999, vol. 81, issue 1, 1-13

Abstract: This article develops a global timber market model which captures how timber supply reacts to future predicted increases in the demand for timber. Higher future demand is expected to increase prices, increase investments in regeneration, increase establishment of plantations, and expand output. Dynamic market responses imply a greater reliance on plantations in productive regions, allowing large areas of natural forest in low-valued regions to remain largely intact. Sensitivity analysis suggests that price, harvest, and management are most sensitive to the rate of demand increase, the interest rate, the cost of plantations, and access costs of natural forests. Two forest conservation strategies are examined which predict the system-wide implications of forest conservation in Europe and North America. The policies indicate that whereas set asides can induce net conservation, harvests increase elsewhere, particularly in natural forests. Copyright 1999, Oxford University Press.
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The economics of forest-based biomass supply

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Energy Policy, 1997, vol. 25, issue 6, pages 559-566
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The economics of managing carbon via forestry: Assessment of existing studies

Author
Roger Sedjo (sedjo@rff.org), Joe WisniewskiAlaric Sample and John Kinsman
Environmental & Resource Economics, 1995, vol. 6, issue 2, pages 139-165

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to assess the existing studies on the economics of using forests as a means of mitigating atmospheric carbon build-up. This assessment addresses conceptual and empirical issues and provides a basis for a comprehensive and cost efficient forest management strategy. Critical needs and opportunities for future research are identified. Copyright Kluwer Academic Publishers 1995
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Managing Tropical Forests: Reflections on the Rent Distribution Discussion

Author
William F. Hyde and Roger Sedjo (sedjo@rff.org)
Land Economics, 1992, vol. 68, issue 3, pages 343-350

Abstract: Commercial forest extraction is one component of the tropical deforestation issue. Discussions about commercial extraction focus on choices among alternate rents and royalties. These discussions often confuse measures of short- and long-run efficiency and equate distributive issues with efficiency. They also overlook (1) potential lump sum charges, (2) administrative costs, and (3) previous public forestry agency experience. This paper develops a simple analytical construct for clarifying these issues and examines each in turn.
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Effects of an Export Embargo on Related Goods: Logs and Lumber

Author
A. Clark Wiseman and Roger Sedjo (sedjo@rff.org)
American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 1981, vol. 63, issue 3, pages 423-429

Abstract: This paper extends and applies the Marshallian derived demand model in the context of international trade. The model is utilized to derive estimates of the market equilibrium, net welfare, and welfare incidence effects of a hypothetical embargo of softwood log exports from the Pacific Coast region of the United States. The approach is potentially applicable to the analysis of various restrictions on primary products exports which may be instituted to maintain the viability of domestic processing industries.
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Land Use: Forest, Agriculture, and Biodiversity Competition

Author
Roger Sedjo (sedjo@rff.org) and R. David Simpson
Chapter 59 in Handbook of Agricultural Economics, 2007, vol. 3, pp 2979-3007 from Elsevier

Abstract: Since at least the time of von Thunen's contributions to the subject, economists have been interested in explaining land use in the hinterlands. This interest has grown with increasing societal demands on remaining forested areas and concern for the nonmarket resources generated by such habitats. However, the situation is not nearly as dire as one might expect based on the more alarming pronouncements. Despite both economic and population growth, forest areas in much of the developed world have been increasing, not declining. Improvements in growing and processing technology, in combination with increased concern for forest resources, have enabled increases in productivity that have largely offset growth in demand. While the record has not been quite as good in the developing countries, productivity growth and a slowing in the rate of population increase are also reducing pressures on forests in poorer nations. While these trends are promising, concern remains with the decline in natural habitats, particularly in moist tropical forests, where biological diversity is most concentrated. Biologists and conservation advocates have advanced a number of arguments both that "biodiversity" is imperiled as forests are felled and that the values of the services generated by such systems justify their preservation. While often plausible, these arguments remain largely unproved. It seems unlikely that prospects for commercializing the products and services of forest ecosystems will prove sufficient to motivate their conservation on a large scale. Other instruments for conservation must, then, be employed if areas under intense pressure for conversion are to be preserved.
Keywords: FarmersFarm Production and Farm Markets (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q1 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2007
ISBN: 0-444-51873-8
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Carbon Neutrality and Bioenergy: A Zero-Sum Game?

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Abstract: Biomass, a renewable energy source, has been viewed as “carbon neutral”—that is, its use as energy is presumed not to release net carbon dioxide. However, this assumption of carbon neutrality has recently been challenged. In 2010 two letters were sent to the Congress by eminent scientists examining the merits—or demerits—of biomass for climate change mitigation. The first, from about 90 scientists (to Nancy Pelosi and Harry Reid, from W.H. Schlesinger et al. May 17, 2010), questioned the treatment of all biomass energy as carbon neutral, arguing that it could undermine legislative emissions reduction goals. The second letter, submitted by more than 100 forest scientists (to Barbara Boxer et al. from Bruce Lippke et al. July 20, 2010), expressed concern over equating biogenic carbon emissions with fossil fuel emissions, as is contemplated in the Environmental Protection Agency’s Tailoring Rule. It argued that an approach focused on smokestack emissions, independent of the feedstocks, would encourage further fossil fuel energy production, to the long-term detriment of the atmosphere. This paper attempts to clarify and, to the extent possible, resolve these differences.
Keywords: carbon neutralitybiomasswood biomassbioenergycarbon dioxidefeedstockenergyalternative fuelrational expectations (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q2 Q23 Q4 Q42 Q5 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
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Date: 2011-04-07
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Comparative Life Cycle Assessments: Carbon Neutrality and Wood Biomass Energy

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Abstract: Biomass energy is expected to play a major role in the substitution of renewable energy sources for fossil fuels over the next several decades. The US Energy Information Administration (EIA 2012) forecasts increases in the share of biomass in US energy production from 8 percent in 2009 to 15 percent by 2035. The general view has been that carbon emitted into the atmosphere from biological materials is carbon neutral—part of a closed loop whereby plant regrowth simply recaptures the carbon emissions associated with the energy produced. Recently this view has been challenged, and the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is considering regulations to be applied to biomass energy carbon emissions. A basic approach for analyses of environmental impacts has been the use of life cycle assessment (LCA), a methodology for assessing and measuring the environmental impact of a product over its lifetime—from raw material extraction through materials processing, manufacture, distribution, use, repair and maintenance, and disposal or recycling. However, LCA approaches vary, and the results of alternative methodologies often differ (Helin et al. 2012). This study investigates and compares the implications of these alternative approaches for emissions from wood biomass energy, the carbon footprint, and also highlights the differences in LCA environmental impacts.
Keywords: life cycle assessmentcarbon neutralitybiomassbioenergycarbon dioxideenergyrational expectations (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q2 Q23 Q4 Q54 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
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Date: 2013-04-25
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Spatial collocation and venture capital in the US biotechnology industry

Author
Christos KolympirisNicholas Kalaitzandonakes and Douglas Miller
Research Policy, 2011, vol. 40, issue 9, pages 1188-1199

Abstract: Biotechnology firms operate in a high-risk and high-reward environment and are in a constant race to secure venture capital (VC) funds. Previous contributions to the literature show that the VC firms tend to invest locally in order to monitor their investments and to provide operating assistance to their target firms. Further, biotechnology is a knowledge-based industry that tends to exhibit spatial clusters, and the firms in such industries may collocate to benefit from gaining access to local markets for specialized inputs (e.g., skilled researchers) and from local knowledge spillovers and network externalities. If such gains exist, we expect that the collocated firms should exhibit positively correlated performance, including in their ability to attract venture capital funds. The purpose of this paper is to empirically measure the strength and spatial extent of the relationships among the amount of funds raised by proximate biotechnology firms. We model these relationships with a spatial autoregression (SAR) model, and we control for characteristics of the biotechnology firms and the VC firms that provide their funds as well as site-specific factors. Based on our fitted SAR model, we find that the amount of venture capital raised by a particular biotechnology firm is significantly influenced by the number of VC firms and the VC funding levels raised by biotechnology firms located within a 10-mile radius, but these relationships are not statistically significant beyond this range.
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Fasting for Runners

Author BY   ANDREA CESPEDES  Food is fuel, especially for serious runners who need a lot of energy. It may seem counterintuiti...