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Friday 5 August 2016

The effects of drying methods on extract of Dalbergia cochinchinensis Pierre

Published Date
Volume 74, Issue 5, pp 663-669
First online: 

Title 

The effects of drying methods on extract of Dalbergia cochinchinensis Pierre

  • Author 
  • Tao Jiang
  • Kaifu Li 
  • Honghai Liu
  • Lin Yang

  • Abstract 

  • Dalbergia cochinchinensis Pierre hardwood is widely accepted by consumers as one of the most desirable materials in making furniture and handicrafts for its properties of enriched aroma and sense of touch. The unique characteristics of this wood are attributed to its organic compounds in gum canal and parenchyma cells. However, many valuable organic compounds are not properly protected and retained during the conventional kiln drying. In order to investigate the organic compounds in D. cochinchinensis Pierre and find the favorable drying method which reserves organic compounds, the wood extract was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC–MS) at first. Then the samples were dried to absolute dry state by conventional drying (CD), vacuum drying (VD) and vacuum freeze drying (VFD) respectively, to obtain extract and calculate the yield. Lastly, these extracts from absolute dried wood were also analyzed and compared with each other. Results illustrated that there were some components with obvious medical efficacy existing in D. cochinchinensis Pierre, and VFD outperformed the other two methods in maintaining organic compounds in D. cochinchinensis Pierre.

References

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  21. Yang L, Fang CR, Yu HX, Wang Z, Tang RQ, Chai ZL (2013) Identification of Dalbergia cochinchinenses and Dalbergia retusa by headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Central South Univ For Technol 33:151–156
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For further details log on website :
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00107-016-1041-2

Remedial boron treatment of difficult to access timber in buildings

Published Date
Volume 74, Issue 5, pp 703–710

Title 

Remedial boron treatment of difficult to access timber in buildings

  • Ian Simpson
  • Dave Page

Abstract

The quest to understand remedial treatment for timber framing began following the ‘leaky building crisis’ in New Zealand which came to prominence in late 1990s. Several in situ remedial treatment products are used in New Zealand. However, effectiveness of these treatments is still unclear, particularly in situations where not all faces of the timber can be accessed. This research was conducted to establish whether a ‘double coat brush-on’ or ‘double coat brush-on plus injection treatment between studs’ system would give the most surface coverage and retention of a commonly used remedial treatment chemical, boron. Results showed that in the ‘double coat brush-on’ process, the concealed surfaces were left largely untreated resulting in variable preservative retention between components and relatively low overall preservative retention in the multiple stud units. However, the ‘brush-on plus injection treatment’ application gave much better preservative spread onto concealed surfaces of both vertical and horizontal members. Most samples tested achieved average cross-section boron retention levels of 0.4 % BAE m/m (NZS 3640, H1.2 treatment specification), although the treatment was concentrated in the outer 30 % of the timber, hence not achieving the required full sapwood penetration. Because of the variability associated with the boron injection process, it is recommended that this remediation method should only be used where there is a high degree of confidence that there is no decay present between studs or lintel members. All attempts should be made to remove any decaying timber while repairing leaky buildings.

References

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  3. Cockcroft R, Levy JF (1973) Bibliography on the use of boron compounds in the preservation of wood. J Inst Wood Sci 6:28–37
  4. Cooney R (2009) Timber preservation and remediation of leaky houses. Department of Building and Housing, Wellington
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  6. Dietz NG, Schmidt EL (1987) Boron rods as an on-site remedial treatment for control of decay in wood decks. J Minn Acad Sci 53(2):22–26
  7. Dirol D (1988) Borate diffusion in wood from rods and liquid product application to laminated beams. The International Research Group on Wood Protection, Stockholm, IRG/WP/3482
  8. Grace JK, Yamamoto RT (1994) Simulation of remedial borate treatments intended to reduce attack on Douglas-Fir lumber by the Formosan subterranean termite. J Econ Entomol 87:1547–1554CrossRef
  9. Hazleden DG, Morris PL (1999) Designing for durable wood constructions: the 4 D’S. In: Lacasse MA, Venter DJ (eds). Institute for Research in Construction, Ottawa, pp 734–745
  10. Hunn D, Bond I, Kernohan D (2002) Report of the overview group on the weathertightness of buildings to the building industry authority. Building Industry Authority, Wellington
  11. Kim JW, Lloyd JD (2015) Steam accelerated borate diffusion: optimizing dry tie treatment. The International Research Group on Wood Protection, IRG/WP, Stockholm, pp 15–40713
  12. Lebow S, Lebow P, Halverson S (2010) Penetration of boron from topically applied borates solutions. Forest Prod J 60(1):13–22CrossRef
  13. Lloyd JD, Dickinson DJ, Murphy RJ (1990) The probable mechanisms of action of boric acid and borates as wood preservatives. The International Research Group on Wood Protection, Stockholm, IRG/WP/1450
  14. Morrell JJ, Freitag CM (1995) Effect of wood moisture content on diffusion of boron-based biocides through Douglas-Fir and western hemlock lumber. Forest Prod J 45(3):51–55
  15. NZS 3603 (1993) Timber structures standards. Standards New Zealand, Wellington
  16. NZS 3604 (2011) Timber framed buildings. Standards New Zealand, Wellington
  17. NZS 3640 (2003) Chemical preservation of round and sawn timber. Standards New Zealand, Wellington
  18. Page D, Singh T (2011) Remedial treatment of difficult to access framing timber; comparison of two treatment methods. Scion report for Department of Building and Housing, New Zealand
  19. Price Waterhouse Coopers (2009) Weathertightness estimating—the cost. Department of Building and Housing, Wellington
  20. Robinson KL (1939) A method of determination of small quantities of boron in plant material. Analyst 64:324–328CrossRef
  21. Singh T, Page D, Bennett A (2014a) Effectiveness of on-site remediation treatments for framing timber. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 86:136–141CrossRef
  22. Singh T, Page D, Waals J (2014b) The development of accelerated test methods to evaluate the durability of framing timber. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 94:63–68CrossRef
  23. Stahlhut D (2008) Decay fungi from New Zealand leaky buildings: isolation, identification and preservative resistance. PhD Thesis, The University of Waikato, New Zealand
  24. Wilson WJ (1958) The determination of boron in treated timber. Anal Chim Acta 19:516–519CrossRef

For further details log on website :
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00107-016-1061-y

Anatomical study of short-term thermo-mechanically densified alder wood veneer with low moisture content

Published Date
Volume 74, Issue 5, pp 643–652

Title 

Anatomical study of short-term thermo-mechanically densified alder wood veneer with low moisture content

  • Miroslava Mamoňová
  • Ján Sedliačik
  • Igor Novák

Abstract

The effects of short-term thermo-mechanical (STTM) densification by varying temperature and pressure regimes on the changes in anatomical structure of alder wood (Alnus glutinosaGaertn.) veneers with low moisture content (~5 %) were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of oblique cross and radial sections of non-densified and densified alder veneer were analysed. Veneer sheets were densified using pressure levels of 4, 8 and 12 MPa at three temperatures: 100, 150 and 200 °C for a short time of 4 min. The obtained results show that STTM densification of veneers causes irreversible changes in their morphology. Significant deformation of vessels and fibres and appearance of small spherical-like droplets (condensing compounds of lignin and degradation products of hemicelluloses) on the surface of the cell wall as well as pronounced thermo-mechanical wrinkling accompanied by the formation of axial cracks and rippled surface of the cell wall of the vessels were observed at higher temperatures and pressures. SEM images showed that the cell lumens collapsed and a certain amount of fractures in cell walls developed with increasing densification temperature and pressure. Moreover, densification of veneer with low moisture content at high temperatures and pressures causes a considerable fragility and occurrence of thermal erosion of the cell wall of vessel elements and fibres.

References

  1. Ahmed SA, Moren T, Hagman O, Cloutier A, Fang C-H, Elustondo D (2013) Anatomical properties and process parameters affecting blister/blow formation in densified European aspen and downy birch sapwood boards by thermo-hygro-mechanical compression. J Mater Sci 48:8571–8579CrossRef
  2. Arruda L, Del Menezzi CHS (2013) Effect of thermomechanical treatment on physical properties of wood veneers. Int Wood Prod J 4(4):217–224CrossRef
  3. Aydin I, Colakoglu G (2005) Effects of surface inactivation, high temperature drying and preservative treatment on surface roughness and colour of alder and beech wood. Appl Surf Sci 252:430–440CrossRef
  4. Bekhta PA (2003) Method of the plywood production. Patent of Ukraine, No. 62787A dated 15.12.03. Bulletin No. 12
  5. Bekhta PA, Marutzky R (2007) Reduction of glue consumption in the plywood production by using previously compressed veneer. Holz Roh Werkst 65:87–88CrossRef
  6. Bekhta PA, Hiziroglu S, Shepelyuk O (2009) Properties of plywood manufactured from compressed veneer as building material. Mater Des 30:947–953CrossRef
  7. Bekhta PA, Niemz P, Sedliačik J (2012) Effect of pre-pressing of veneer on the glueability and properties of veneer-based products. Eur J Wood Prod 70:99–106CrossRef
  8. Bekhta P, Proszyk S, Krystofiak T (2014a) Colour in short-term thermo-mechanically densified veneer of various wood species. Eur J Wood Prod 72(6):785–797CrossRef
  9. Bekhta P, Proszyk S, Krystofiak T, Mamonova M, Pinkowski G, Lis B (2014b) Effect of thermomechanical densification on surface roughness of wood veneers. Wood Mater Sci Eng 9(4):233–245CrossRef
  10. Bekhta P, Proszyk S, Lis B, Krystofiak T (2014c) Gloss of thermally densified alder (Alnus glutinosa Gaertn.), beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), birch (Betula verrucosa Ehrh.), and pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood veneers. Eur J Wood Prod 72(6):799–808CrossRef
  11. Buyuksari U, Hiziroglu S, Akkilic H, Ayrilmis N (2012) Mechanical and physical properties of medium density fibreboard panels laminated with thermally compressed veneer. Compos B 43:110–114CrossRef
  12. Candan Z, Korkut S, Unsal O (2013) Effect of thermal modification by hot pressing on performance properties of paulownia wood boards. Ind Crop Prod 45:461–464CrossRef
  13. Cīrule D, Alksne A, Lavnikoviča I, Antons A, Pavlovičs G, Dolacis J (2008) Comparison of the physical properties of grey alder (Alnus incana (L.) Moench) and black alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.) wood in Latvia and elsewhere. Ann WULS SGGW For Wood Technol 63:129–132
  14. Claessens H, Oosterbaan A, Savill P, Rondeux J (2010) A review of the characteristics of black alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.) and their implications for silvicultural practices. Forestry 83(2):163–175CrossRef
  15. Donohoe BS, Decker SR, Tucker MP, Himmel ME, Vinzant TB (2008) Visualizing lignin coalescence and migration through maize cell walls following thermochemical pretreatment. Biotechnol Bioeng 101(5):913–925CrossRefPubMed
  16. Fang C-H, Mariotti N, Cloutier A, Koubaa A, Blanchet P (2012) Densification of wood veneers by compression combined with heat and steam. Eur J Wood Prod 70(1–3):155–163CrossRef
  17. Fengel D, Wegener G (1989) Wood: chemistry, ultrastructure, reactions. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin
  18. Kajba D, Gracan J (2003) EUFORGEN Technical Guidelines for genetic conservation and use for Black Alder (Alnus glutinosa). International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome 4 pp
  19. Kutnar A, Kamke FA, Sernek M (2009) Density profile and morphology of viscoelastic thermal compressed wood. Wood Sci Technol 43:57–68CrossRef
  20. Lacić R, Hasan M, Trajković J, Šefc B, Šafran B, Despot R (2014) Biological durability of oil heat treated alder wood. Drvna Industrija 65(2):143–150CrossRef
  21. Mamoňová M (2013) Wood anatomy. Technical University in Zvolen, Zvolen 123 p
  22. Mamoňová M, Laurová M, Nemčoková V (2002) Analysis of structure of beech wood subjected to hydrothermic treatment. Wood structures and properties ’02. Arbora Publishers, Zvolen, pp 51–55
  23. Navi P, Girardet F (2000) Effects of thermo-hydro-mechanical treatment on the structure and properties of wood. Holzforschung 54(3):287–293CrossRef
  24. Pavlovičs G, Antons A, Alksne A, Lavnikoviča I, Cīrule D, Dolacis J, Daugavietis M, Daugaviete M (2009) Comparison of the anatomical structure elements and physical properties of the wood of different alder species growing in Latvia. Ann WULS SGGW For Wood Technol 69:173–177
  25. Salca EA, Hiziroglu S (2014) Evaluation of hardness and surface quality of different wood species as function of heat treatment. Mater Des 62:416–423CrossRef
  26. Salca E, Cismaru I, Fotin A (2007) Effect of sunlight upon colour stability of alder and cherry veneers. PRO LIGNO 3(4):65–71
  27. Salca EA, Gobakken LR, Gjerdrum P (2015) Progress of discoloration in green, freshly cut veneer sheets of black alder (Alnus glutinosa L.) wood. Wood. Mater Sci Eng 10(2):178–184
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  29. Temiz A, Yildiz UC, Aydin I, Eikenes M, Alfredsen G, Colakoglu G (2005) Surface roughness and color characteristics of wood treated with preservatives after accelerated weathering test. Appl Surf Sci 250:35–42CrossRef
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For further details log on website :
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00107-016-1033-2

Field investigations of selectively treated bamboo species

Published Date
Volume 74, Issue 5, pp 771–773

Title 

Field investigations of selectively treated bamboo species

  • K. K. Pant
  • Santosh Satya
  • S. N. Naik
Abstract

In the present study, eco-friendly treatment of D. strictus bamboo species was performed using traditional water leaching method and smoking and plant extract (neem oil, cedar oil, jatropha cake extract, aqueous extract of leafy biomass of lantana and jatropha leaves). Control samples were damaged up to 60 % within 3 months and completely destroyed within 6 months of exposure to termites. Results of field investigations were found to be in conformity with laboratory findings of earlier investigations. Though, both traditional treatments of bamboo were able to provide protection better than control sample yet full protection in field was not achieved. Copperised neem oil treated bamboo specimens were found to be the most durable samples up to 3 years of exposure to field conditions.

References

  1. Islam MM, Shams MI, Ilias GNM, Hannan M (2009) Protective antifungal effect on mango (Mangifera indica) and rain tree (Albizia saman) wood. Biodeter Bioderg 63:241–243CrossRef
  2. Kaur PJ, Kardam V, Pant KK, Satya S, Naik SN (2013) Scientific investigation of traditional water leaching method for bamboo preservation. Bamboo Sci Cult 26(1):27–32
  3. Kaur PJ, Pant KK, Satya S, Naik SN (2014) Comparison of decay resistance of bamboo treated with plant extracts and oil cakes. Int J Emerg Technol Adv Eng 4(1):582–585
  4. Liese W, Kumar S (2003) Bamboo preservation compendium. Int Netw Bamboo Rattan Beijing China Tech Rep 22:37–106
  5. Venmalar D, Nagaveni HC (2005) Evaluation of copperised cashew nut shell liquid and neem oil as wood, preservatives. 36th Annual Meeting Bangalore, India, 24–28 April 2005, IRG/WP 05-30368

For further details log on website :
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00107-016-1055-9

Advantages and Disadvantages of Fasting for Runners

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