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Wednesday 23 November 2016

Deer Impacts: Primary, Secondary (Interfering Plants), Tertiary (Faciltated Seed Predation)

Research Issue
[image:] Primary, secondary, and tertiary impacts of deer on forest understory communitiesOverabundant white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) herds have been shown to be a key determinant of understory plant species composition in  many parts of eastern North America over the last century.   The primary, direct effect of chronic overbrowsing is the reduction in growth and survival of browse-intolerant plant species which ultimately shifts species composition towards a few highly browse-tolerant or unpalatable species.  Such shifts in plant dominance patterns may secondarily result in altered plant-plant competitive dynamics in forests understories.  Finally, through modification of plant composition and structure, deer overbrowsing may also exert indirect effects on the habitat and foraging patterns of other animal species.

Our Research

Over the past 50 years we have examined deer impacts on forest vegetation. Preliminary research showed the effects of deer overabundance on understory species composition. In the early 1970s, localized studies using exclosures clearly demonstrated that protection from browsing was necessary to regenerate forests in Pennsylvania’s Allegheny Plateau region.  By the 1980’s we moved beyond exclosure approaches to complete a stand-level enclosure study where vegetation development was monitored at 4 different known deer densities in four separate 160 acre sites.  Our current work builds upon these prior efforts by scaling up at to examine deer impacts at the landscape.  Across nearly 74,000 acres in the Kinzua Quality Deer Cooperative, deer population monitoring and extensive vegetation surveys are providing information on how both woody and herbaceous species respond to a systematic drop in deer levels.  Furthermore, we are extending our work to evaluate how deer browsing interacts with other factors (e.g., canopy gaps and fire) to influence vegetation structure.  
Results from this research and other regeneration research conducted by our unit in northwestern PA led to a partnership between the PA DCNR Bureau of Forestry and the US Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) unit to include more detailed regeneration data collection on a subset of plots in Pennsylvania.  The results from these statewide studieshad a substantial influence on statewide forest and deer management policies.

Expected Outcomes

Results from our deer impact work continue to inform private, state, and federal forest resource management agencies, particularly in the specific management treatment sequence necessary to promote sustainable silviculture in the Allegheny region.  Our current work will provide insight into overcoming legacy effects of nearly a century of overbrowsing in the Allegheny region in order to sustain and promote biodiversity.  We will continue to improve our deer population/deer impact techniques including work on indicator plant species.  Finally, we will elucidate how deer impacts interact with other disturbances.

Research Results

Krueger, Lisa M., Peterson, Chris J., Royo, Alejandro, and Carson, Walter P., 2009. Evaluating relationshiops among tree growth rate, shade tolerance, and browse tolerance following disturbance in an eastern deciduous forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 39: 2460 - 2469.
Reitz, S., A. Hille, and S. Stout.  2004.  Silviculture in cooperation with hunters:  The Kinzua Quality Deer Cooperative.   In:  Shepperd, W.D. and L.G. Eskew, compilers.  Silviculture in special places:  Proceedings of the National Silviculture Workshop.  September 8-11, 2003, Granby, Co.  Proceedings RMRS-P-34.  Ft. Collins, CO, USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Station, pp. 110-126.
Horsley, S.B., S.L. Stout, and D.S. DeCalesta.  2003.  White-tailed deer impact on the vegetation dynamics of a northern hardwood forest.  Ecological Applications  13(1): 98-118.
Marquis, D.A.  1981.  Effect of deer browsing on timber production in Allegheny hardwood forests of Northwestern Pennsylvania.  Res. Pap. NE-475.  Broomall, PA:  USDA Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station.  10pp.

Research Participants

Principal Investigators

  • Alejandro A. Royo, USDA Forest Service- Northern Research Station Research Ecologist
  • Susan Stout, USDA Forest Service- Northern Research Station Project Leader/Research Forester

Research Partners

For further information log on website :
http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/sustaining_forests/conserve_enhance/timber/contrasting_silvicultural_systems/

SILVAH - Training Sessions and Computer Software

Research Issue

[image:]  Participants in a SILVAH Training Session conduct a systematic inventory of forest overstory and understory as part of a field exercise in the course. When research results point to needed changes in forest management practice, it is often challenging to communicate those changes in practice to decision-makers and practitioners in land management agencies.  SILVAH, a systematic framework integrating forest stand inventory, assessment, and prescription development supported by  regular training sessions and a computerized decision support system, has proven successful in closing this science delivery gap.

Our Research

Research concerning the effects of silvicultural treatments on stand development, regeneration, and wildlife habitat in mixed oak, Allegheny, and northern hardwood forests is conducted using a similar set of data collections protocols and variables.  This allows us to integrate results into the SILVAH decision framework and computerized decision support system.

Expected Impact

The SILVAH framework has been adopted by many public and private forest management agencies, and many depend upon the decision-support software to analyze inventory data and recommend prescriptions.  Initially developed for Allegheny hardwood forests, much of the focus in recent years has been expanding the SILVAH framework to incorporate recommendations for sustaining the oak component of mixed oak forests.  This research has been conducted as a partnership with the Pennsylvania Bureau of Forestry and others. More recently, a committee of experts including wildlife biologists from the Forest Service, the Pennsylvania Game Commission and Bureau of Forestry, the Audubon Society, and Ohio State University have collaborated to strengthen the wildlife habitat analysis and make the recommended prescriptions more explicitly wildlife-friendly.

Research Results

Stout, Susan L.; Brose, Patrick H. 2014. The SILVAH saga: 40+ years of collaborative hardwood research and management highlight silviculture. Journal of Forestry. 112(5): 434-439.
Stout, Susan L; Brose, Patrick H. 2014. SILVAH: managers and scientists working together to improve research and management. In Waldrop, Thomas A., ed. Proceedings, Wildland fire in the Appalachians: discussions among managers and scientists. Gen. Tech. Rep. SRS-199. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station: 184-192.
Brose, Patrick H.; Gottschalk, Kurt W.; Horsley, Stephen B.; Knopp, Peter D.; Kochenderfer, James N.; McGuinness, Barbara J.; Miller, Gary W.; Ristau, Todd E.; Stoleson, Scott H.; Stout, Susan L. 2008. Prescribing regeneration treatments for mixed-oak forests in the Mid-Atlantic region. Gen. Tech. Rep. NRS-33. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station. 100 p. 
Brose, Patrick; Schuler, Thomas; Ward, Jeffrey. 2004. Integrating Prescribed Fire into Management of Mixed-oak Forests of the Mid-Atlantic Region: Developing Basic Fire Behavior and Fuels Information for the SILVAH System. In: Yaussy, Daniel A.; Hix, David M.; Long, Robert P.; Goebel, P. Charles, eds. Proceedings, 14th Central Hardwood Forest Conference; 2004 March 16-19; Wooster, OH. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-316. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station: 501
Marquis, David A.; Ernst, Richard L., Stout, Susan L.  1992. Prescribing silvicultural treatments in hardwood stands of the Alleghenies. (Revised).  Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-96. Broomall, PA: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experimental Station. 101 p.

Research Participants

Principal Investigators

  • Patrick Brose, US Forest Service- Northern Research Station, Research Forester
  • Susan Stout, US Forest Service - Northern Research Station, Research Project Leader

Research Partners

  • Scott Thomasma, US Forest Service- Northern Research Station, Management Analyst
  • Joanne Rebbeck, US Forest Service- Northern Research Station, Plant Physiologist
  • Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, Bureau of Forestry
  • The Nature Conservancy, Ohio
For further information log on website :
http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/sustaining_forests/conserve_enhance/timber/contrasting_silvicultural_systems/

Landscape-level Effects of Thinning and Burning

Research Issue

[image:] Top map shows the Racoon Ecological Management Area (Thin and Burn treatment) in 2000, before thinning and two burns, for 'competitiveness' for oaks and hickories. Bottom map shows the same (plus percent open sky as size of circles) after treatments and sampled in 2006. Blue points show non-competitive oaks, while red points show reasonably competitive oaks are present. Background colors reflect the integrated moisture index. See the featured publication for more details.Oak regeneration continues to be a problem in the Central Hardwoods region of the US. In the absence of regular fire (as was common before European settlement and fire regulatory agencies in the ~1920’s), the canopy closes and oak regeneration is often preempted by more shade-tolerant species like maples. The Fire and Fire Surrogates Study (FFS) is aimed to better understand the influence of multiple fires and thinning on oak regeneration. This research is a component of the FFS work in Ohio.

Our Research

We analyzed tree regeneration over seven years (2000-2006) on two sites (REMA and Zaleski), on a 50-m grid (242 plots) for “thin once-burn twice” and control treatments. The plots were assessed for Integrated Moisture Index, canopy openness, and woody vegetation composition and cover. In the process, we also developed a technique for monitoring relative measures of fire temperature with thermocouples and buried data loggers across the landscape, including the preparation of on-line animated fire sequences.   

Research Results 

  • After 7 years, the “thin once-burn twice” treatment did provide opportunities for limited oak regeneration--time will tell whether regenerating oak will reach canopy. 
  • Two prescribed fires were necessary to reduce the competition from maple regrowth. 
  • Thin-burn treatments enhanced oak-hickory regeneration primarily on dry or intermediate sites with 8.5-19% canopy openness, and with at least 5000 oak-hickory seedlings/ha prior to treatments. If these factors were met, we calculate that roughly 50% of the area could become ‘competitive’ for oak-hickory in the next forest. (More information)

  • Thermocouples with buried loggers were shown to provide an accurate method to inform fire managers of the relative fire intensities across the landscape. (More information)
  • Animation of prescribed fires on Zaleski and REMAburns 
Iverson, L. R., T. F. Hutchinson, A. M. Prasad, and M. Peters. 2008. Thinning, fire, and oak regeneration across a hetergeneous landscape in the eastern U.S.: 7-year results. Forest Ecology and Management 255:3035-3050.
Iverson, Louis R.; Prasad, Anantha M.; Rebbeck, Joanne. 2004. A Comparison of the Integrated Moisture Index and the Topographic Wetness Index as Related to Two Years Of Soil Moisture Monitoring in Zaleski State Forest, Ohio. In: Yaussy, Daniel A.; Hix, David M.; Long, Robert P.; Goebel, P. Charles, eds. Proceedings, 14th Central Hardwood Forest Conference; 2004 March 16-19; Wooster, OH. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-316. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station: 515-517 
Iverson, Louis R.; Yaussy, Daniel A.; Rebbeck, Joanne; Hutchinson, Todd F.; Long, Robert P.; Prasad, Anantha M. 2004. A comparison of thermocouples and temperature paints to monitor spatial and temporal characteristics of landscape-scale prescribed fires. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 13: 311-322.
Iverson, LR, AM Prasad, TF Hutchinson, J. Rebbeck, and DA Yaussy. 2004. Fire and thinning in an Ohio oak forest: grid-point analysis of fire behavior, environmental conditions, and tree regeneration across a topographic moisture gradient. Pages 190-197  in M. Spetich, ed. Upland Oak Ecology Symposium: History, Current Conditions, and Sustainability. Southern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Asheville, NC.  
Iverson, Louis R.; Hutchinson, Todd F. 2002. Soil temperature and moisture fluctuations during and after prescribed fire in mixed-oak forests, USA. Natural Areas Journal. 22(4): 296-304. 
Iverson, Louis R.; Dale, Martin E.; Scott, Charles T.; Prasad, Anantha. 1997. A GIS-derived integrated moisture index to predict forest composition and productivity of Ohio forests (U.S.A.)

Research Participants

Principal Investigators

  • Louis Iverson, USDA Forest Service- Northern Research Station Research Landscape Ecologist
  • Anantha Prasad, USDA Forest Service- Northern Research Station Ecologist
  • Matthew Peters, USDA Forest Service- Northern Research Station GIS Analyst
  • Stephen Matthews, Ohio State University Wildlife Landscape Ecologist  

Research Partners

  • Todd Hutchinson, USDA Forest Service- Northern Research Station Research Ecologist
  • Joanne Rebbeck, USDA Forest Service- Northern Research Station Plant Physiologist
  • Daniel Yaussy, USDA Forest Service- Northern Research Station Supervisory Research Forester
For further details log on website :
http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/sustaining_forests/conserve_enhance/timber/contrasting_silvicultural_systems/

Thinning in Mixed Hardwood Forests


[image:] Graph shows relation of basal area, umber of trees, and average tree diameter to stocking percentage for upland central hardwoods.Research Issue

Very little was known about managing the growth and quality of hardwood forests in the east as the second- and third-growth forests were developing. Studies of “growth and yield” were established to quantify the growing capacity of these forests. Could the growing capacity of a site be focused on desirable trees by removing the smaller, poorer quality trees? How would this thinning affect the quality of the residual trees? Which trees should be removed? How many?

Our Research

The objective of this suite of studies was to determine the effects of stand density upon 1) total wood production per acre, 2) growth of the residual trees and stands, 3) quality of the trees in the residual stands, 4) the range of basal areas over which total wood production was the same, and, in some sites 5) regeneration response to different thinning treatments. Similar studies were installed at several sites during the 1950s through the 70s including those for which NRS-02 is responsible: Baldrock Experimental Forest in Kentucky, the Vinton Furnace and Mead Experimental Forests in Ohio, and the Kane Experimental Forest in Pennsylvania. Periodic measurements of growth and mortality continue to be collected on these rare long-term studies.

Expected Outcomes

The valuable data collected at these sites are being used to develop and evaluate forest growth simulators, management guidelines, above- and below-ground carbon stocks, and model baseline mortality related to climate fluctuations.  

Research Results

Several innovations have arisen from these data sets including stocking charts, three growth and yield computer simulators, and carbon stock estimates for Allegheny hardwoods. These studies form the basis for what is understood about thinning as a tool in the production of high-value sawtimber products. 
Dale, Martin E.; Hilt, Donald E.  1989.  Thinning Even-aged Upland Oak Stands  In: Clark, F. Bryan, tech. ed.; Hutchinson, Jay G., ed. Central Hardwood Notes. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station.: Note 6.06.
Marquis, David A.; Ernst, Richard L.  1991.  The effects of stand structure after thinning on the growth of an Allegheny hardwood stand  Forest Science 37(4):1182-1200.
Nowak, Christopher A.  1996.  Wood volume increment in thinned, 50- to 55-year-old, mixed-species Allegheny hardwoods  Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26: 819-835. 

Research Participants

Principal Investigators

  • Stout, Susan, USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station - Research Project Leader / Supervisory Silviculturist
  • Dan Yaussy, USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station - Supervisory Research Forester
  • USDA Forest Service scientists previously associated with these studies include Ben Roach, Martin Dale, Ivan Sander, Dave Marquis, Sam Gingrich, Russ Walters, Malcolm Williamson, Don Hilt, and Rich Ernst

Research Partners

  • Coeli Hoover, USDA Forest Service- Northern Research Station - Research Ecologist
  • Louis Iverson, USDA Forest Service- Northern Research Station - Landscape Ecologist
  • Christopher Nowak, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry

For further information log on website :
http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/sustaining_forests/conserve_enhance/timber/contrasting_silvicultural_systems/

Impacts of Beech Bark Disease

Research Issue


[image:] The Tionesta Research Natural Area as seen in 2004 with beech mortality over 40%. The mortality reached 52% in 2006 and shows no sign of diminishing (see figure below). The foreground is an old Tornado swath of a much younger age class.Aerial photos of the Tionesta Scenic and Research Natural area revealed large areas of discoloration of foliage and defoliation suspected to be beech bark disease (BBD). In 2000, very high populations of the beech scale (Cryptococcus fagisuga) were observed when ground-truthing these areas of discoloration on the Tionesta Scenic and Research Natural Area. In anticipation of mortality, a small number of American beech trees were selected for continued monitoring. These trees were selected to mirror existing long term BBD monitoring plots elsewhere in its range. With beech mortality reaching 52% in 5 years it became obvious that the impact of BBD on old growth American beech-eastern hemlock forest required a more in-depth evaluation. We turned to plots installed by George Zimmermann in 1980. He established a grid of 676 plots on this 855 hectare remnant of unmanaged old growth hemlock–beech forest.  In 1998 and 1999 USDA personnel relocated 588 of these plots and documented their GPS location and differential correction. 

Our Research

  • To provide an in depth evaluation of the impact of BBD on the Tionesta, old growth, beech-hemlock forest type by re-measuring part of the long established Zimmermann grid of plots. The data will be of dual use for it will be used in an assessment of the BBD module of the FVS model being developed by Jones et al. (The Forest Vegetation Simulator (FVS) is the USDA Forest Service's nationally supported framework for forest growth and yield modeling.) 
  • To document, and seek an explanation for, beech mortality levels detected in off plot observations that far exceed expectations derived from an existing dispersed grid of FHM and FIA plots on the ANF. 
  • Uses the documented impact of Beech Bark Disease on unmanaged old-growth stands of the beech-hemlock forest type as an indicator of potential long term outcomes in areas where management promotes northern hardwoods dominated by beech and hemlock.  

Expected Outcomes

  • This research will contribute to our understanding of the impact of BBD on the Allegheny plateau old growth remnant American beech-Eastern hemlock forest.  
  • It was in forests very similar to this type that Ehrlich made his seminal observations of BBD in 1934 and now nearly 100 years later, we can observe BBD impacting an old growth forest and learn a lot about this disease complex with the hindsight of  those earlier observations  
  • This project will provide data which can be used to test the USDA FS Forest Vegetation Simulator BBD keyword add-file.

Research Results

Morin, Randall S.; Liebhold, Andrew M; Gottschalk, K.W.; Woodall, Chris W.; Twardus, Daniel B.; White, Robert L.; Horsley, Stephen B.; Ristau, Todd E. 2006. Analysis of forest health monitoring surveys on the Allegheny National Forest (1998-2001). Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-339. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Research Station. 102 p. 

Research Participants

Principal Investigator

  • Richard Turcotte, USDA Forest Service-Forest Health Protection, Northeastern Area

Research Partners

  • Susan Stout, USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, NRS Research Project Leader and Silviculturist
  • Todd Ristau, USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Research Ecologist 
  • Robert White, USDA Forest Service, Allegheny National Forest, Silviculturist 
  • Andrea Hille, USDA Forest Service, Allegheny National Forest , Silviculturist 
  • Randall Morin, USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Research Forester

For further information log on website :
http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/sustaining_forests/conserve_enhance/timber/contrasting_silvicultural_systems/

Rules for participation and negotiation and their possible influence on the content of a National Forest Programme

Published Date
December 2002, Vol.4(4):291300, doi:10.1016/S1389-9341(02)00071-0
National Forest Programmes in a European Context : Findings from COST Action E19

Author 
Peter Elsasser ,

Institute for Economics, Federal Research Centre for Forestry and Forest Products (BFH), Leuschnerstrasse 91, D-21031 Hamburg, Germany
Received 31 December 2001. Revised 7 August 2002. Accepted 10 August 2002. Available online 30 October 2002. 

Abstract

The participation of stakeholders in National Forest Programmes (NFPs) was internationally recommended by the IPF and IFF Proposals for Action. However, where rules for participation and negotiation are absent, unclear or unsuitable, substantive stakeholder involvement may be impeded. Starting from a survey of some relevant elements of rational choice, game, and negotiation theory, the paper outlines some of the problems associated with the concept of participation. Specifically, it discusses how NFP results may be influenced by the selection of participants, their self-organisation, their possible involvement in hierarchies, by co-ordination and decision rules within NFP discussion groups, and by the interrelation of these issues with participants’ bargaining power. The paper discusses how negotiations can be organised in order to surmount the obstacles to achieving a substantive participatory NFP.

Keywords

  • Bargaining
  • Game theory
  • National Forest Programme
  • Negotiation
  • Rational choice
  • Participation

    • Tel.: +49-40-73962-309; fax: +49-40-73962-317
    For further details log on website :
    http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389934102000692

    National forest programmes as discursive institutions

    Published Date
    December 2002, Vol.4(4):269279doi:10.1016/S1389-9341(02)00077-1
    National Forest Programmes in a European Context : Findings from COST Action E19

    Author 
    Heiner Schanz ,

    Forest and Nature Conservation Policy Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
    Received 2 July 2002. Revised 12 September 2002. Accepted 16 September 2002. Available online 20 November 2002. 

    Abstract

    Given the urgent need for all countries ‘to develop national forest programmes in accordance with their respective national conditions, objectives and priorities’ as endorsed by the 19th Special Session of the United Nations General Assembly (UN-GASS) in June 1997, efforts have been taken across Europe to formulate and to implement national and regional frameworks. Beside all the controversial interpretations and vague descriptions of national forest programmes (NFPs), there seems also to be a notably widespread agreement on certain characteristics of NFPs: the first widely agreed characteristic is the procedural nature of NFPs, the second relates to the focus on policy planning. Nonetheless, two major different viewpoints can be said to exist regarding the results of such policy planning efforts: in the first line of thinking the provision of a policy plan and its implementation stands central; in the second line of thinking the establishment of the planning process itself stands central. It is argued that these differences can be deducted according to different assumed rationalities about the implementation process, namely that of an instrumental rationality and that of a communicative rationality. A cross-comparative system reveals that the instrumental rationality is predominant in the approaches to NFPs in Europe. Given the shortcomings of an instrumental rationality in political reality, the paper concludes with hints on the possible alternative design of NFPs as discursive institutions.

    Keywords

  • Communicative rationality
  • Discursive institutions
  • National forest programmes

  • Policy planning



  •  Table 1
    Table 1.
     Table 2
    Table 2.
    Fig. 1.

    • Tel.: +31-317-478004; fax: +31-317-478005

    For further details log on website :
    http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1462901103000406

    Grounding international modes of governance into National Forest Programmes

    Published Date
    December 2002, Vol.4(4):259268, doi:10.1016/S1389-9341(02)00069-2
    National Forest Programmes in a European Context : Findings from COST Action E19

    Author 

  • Helga Pülzl ,
  • Ewald Rametsteiner 1,

  • University of Agricultural Sciences Vienna, Institute of Forest Sector Policy and Economics, Gregor Mendel-Strasse 33, A-1180 Vienna, Austria
    Received 27 June 2002. Revised 5 August 2002. Accepted 8 August 2002. Available online 30 October 2002.

    Abstract

    In this article we outline three different modes of natural resource governance that can be traced in international policy making and planning over the last 40 years. We show that a shift from the hierarchical to the heterarchical mode of governance can be found in natural resource governance. Agenda 21 introduced new planning ideas to the international decision-making process, with all countries and levels of government asked to assume responsibility for natural resource policy. Deliberation and participation of major groups is now emphasised, and forests are viewed at the international level as an inter-state matter of a transboundary nature. The deliberations and outputs of the Intergovernmental Panel on Forests (IPF), the Intergovernmental Forum on Forests (IFF) and the United Nations Forum on Forests (UNFF) are an empirical validation of this. We further argue that different planning approaches were inspired by the hierarchical and heterarchical modes of governance. The Tropical Forestry Action Plan, aimed at reducing deforestation in tropical forest countries, was primarily a technocratic planning tool, implemented by external staff and focused mainly on the forestry sector. National Forest Programmes (NFP), on the contrary, are oriented at implementing international commitments to enhance sustainable forest management following deliberative and participatory approaches at the national level. NFPs can also be seen as a framework for national decision-making activities, hence this shift in the mode of governance is also reflected at the national level. We further outline what the international community expects NFPs to deliver, as referred to in the Proposals for Action issued by the IPF and IFF. Analysis indicates that those IPF/IFF Proposals for Action making reference to NFPs are in those categories calling for improved international co-operation and technology transfer, as well as the provision of financial assistance and the promotion of public participation. We propose a conceptual framework for assessing the implementation of the IPF/IFF Proposals for Action at the national level. This assessment can be used to identify and communicate relevant topics, priorities, implementation responsibilities and implementation gaps. It can also be used as an ex post-evaluation tool to analyse the implementation of international agreements.

    Keywords

  • Anarchy
  • Hierarchy
  • Heterarchy
  • IPF/IFF Proposals for Action
  • Mode of governance
  • National Forest Programme

  • Fig. 1.
    Fig. 2.
    Fig. 3.
    • Corresponding author. Tel.: +43-1-47654-4404; fax: +43-1-47654-4417

    For further details log on website :
    http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389934102000771

    Value positions based on forest policy stakeholders’ rhetoric in Finland

    Published Date
    June 2003, Vol.6(3):205216doi:10.1016/S1462-9011(03)00040-6

    Protecting Nature on Private Land - From Conflicts to Agreements

    Author 

  • Tapio Rantala ,
  •  
  • Eeva Primmer
    • Department of Forest Economics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
    Forest policy
  • Environmental policy
  • Value
  • Rhetoric

  • Interest group



  • Fig. 1.
     Table 1
    Table 1.
    Fig. 2.

    .

    Vitae


    Tapio Rantala is a researcher at the Department of Forest Economics at the University of Helsinki. Currently, his major research interests are values and ideologies affecting Finnish forest policy. He has a Masters degree in forestry and is preparing his doctoral dissertation in the project Sustainability in Forest Use of the Academy of Finland.
    Eeva Primmer is a researcher and post-graduate student in the project Sustainability in Forest Use of the Academy of Finland at the Department of Forest Economics, University of Helsinki. She has a Masters degree in forestry and her background is in evaluation and assessment work in environmental administration. Her current research interests include forest policy institutions and practices.

    • *
      Corresponding author. Tel.: +358-9-191-57989; fax: +358-9-191-57984.

    For further details log on website:
    http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389934109001877

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