Regaining habitats from invasive weeds by planting limited-recruitment endemic trees on an oceanic island: successes and failures 11 years later

Published Date
February 2015, Volume 20, Issue 1, pp 135–142

Title 
Regaining habitats from invasive weeds by planting limited-recruitment endemic trees on an oceanic island: successes and failures 11 years later

Author 

Tetsuto Abe, 

Takaya Yasui, 

Midori Yokoya, 

Marcel Knapp

Original Article

First Online: 

17 October 2014

DOI: 10.1007/s10310-014-0469-7

Cite this article as: 

Abe, T., Yasui, T., Yokoya, M. et al. J For Res (2015) 20: 135. doi:10.1007/s10310-014-0469-7

Abstract

The degradation of biodiversity caused by anthropic habitat destruction is a global issue. The recovery of natural habitats from invasive alien weeds in order to conserve endemic ecosystems is especially important on small oceanic islands. Planting of endemic trees may be an effective measure, but a complete restoration process within the island is essential to avoid accidental introduction of invasive aliens. To test planting techniques, we planted two endemic tree species whose regeneration was hindered by alien species on degraded lands on Chichi-jima (Ogasawara Islands) and monitored vegetation changes. During an 11-year period, about half of the Elaeocarpus photiniifolius seedlings survived in gap areas, but all Morus boninensis failed. The E. photiniifolius trees reached a height of 4.7 ± 2.4 m. The restored canopy created a dark environment that greatly reduced the volume of the predominant invasive weeds. These results suggest that E. photiniifolius is suitable for restoration of forests on degraded land and for the suppression of weeds on the island. Low species diversity in the restored forests, however, was a remaining issue to be addressed. Herein we discuss potential improvement measures to facilitate the recovery of species diversity, including other native tree candidates.

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http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10310-014-0469-7

Pregnant With Tingling Feet

by KAY IRELAND  

Restless legs syndrome may be the cause of your tingling feet. Photo Credit Polka Dot Images/Polka Dot/Getty Images

Just in case the insomnia, morning sickness and fatigue weren't enough, pregnancy sometimes also causes tingling, restless feet. Your leg symptoms occur for a number of reasons, all related to your pregnancy hormones and your changing body. While tingling feet are rarely a serious problem, they're often a serious annoyance that disrupts your comfort level. Understanding the cause of your tingling feet helps you better prevent and treat the condition --- meaning one less pregnancy symptom to worry about.

Poor Circulation

Your growing uterus paired with the weight and heft of your baby inside your womb often results in pressure on the various veins and arteries in your body. The result is generally poor circulation, leading to swelling and tingling "pins and needles" in your feet. This problem is most likely to affect you when you remain in one position for a long period of time, such as sitting on a plane or standing for your job.

Restless Legs Syndrome

Restless legs syndrome can afflict anyone, but it's particularly common for pregnant women. While the actual link between RLS and pregnancy is unclear as of 2011, according to the BabyCenter website, RLS is diagnosed as a tingling, crawling feeling in the legs that stops temporarily when you move your legs around. RLS is often paired with insomnia, making it difficult for you to catch quality shuteye during your pregnancy. RLS is treated with prescription drugs, but those drugs aren't always appropriate for pregnant women.

Prevention

If your tingling feet are the result of poor circulation, it's vital that you keep moving. Ensuring that blood continues to pump to your legs helps to improve circulation and lessen the effects of your growing belly. If you must remain in the same position for a long period of time, compression stockings can help to improve circulation.

If your tingling feet are linked to RLS, it's important that you avoid caffeine before bedtime, as the stimulant exacerbates symptoms. Exercising close to bed helps to relieve the sensation to move, as will a warm bath or a gentle massage. Get your doctor's approval for any exercise plans during pregnancy.

Treatment

When the tingling begins, it's helpful to change your position to see if it stops the sensation. Reaching down and giving your ankles, feet and calves a quick massage also helps to relieve the tingling. If the tingling continues to bother you, bring it up at your next prenatal appointment. In some cases, pregnancy-safe medication is necessary to improve circulation or calm restless legs until your pregnancy ends and the tingling sensations go away.

www.livestrong.com

Normal Heart Rate When Walking

by LYNNE SHELDON  

Monitor your pulse during your walk to ensure you are within your target range. Photo Credit Jupiterimages/Photos.com/Getty Images

Monitoring your heart rate while you are walking is a good way to measure the intensity of your exercise. It can also help you determine whether you need to speed up or slow down to receive the maximum benefits of the workout. Your normal heart rate when walking will depend on multiple factors such as your resting heart rate and walking speed. Your health care provider can help you determine your target heart rate.

Resting Heart Rate

Your resting heart rate is your number of heartbeats per minute when you are not moving. For an adult, this can range from 60 to 100 beats per minute. If you are very athletic, your resting heart rate may be as low as 40, which often indicates a higher level of cardiovascular fitness. However, a very low or high resting heart rate can also indicate a medical problem. See a doctor if your heart rate consistently falls above or below these levels.

Target Heart Rate

Your target heart rate is the pulse you should aim for when walking to receive the maximum cardiovascular and weight-loss benefits. To determine this number, first subtract your age from 220. This is your maximum heart rate. Your target heart rate will be in the range of 50 percent to 85 percent of your maximum rate. For example, if you are 40 years old, your maximum heart rate would be 180 beats per minute. When walking, you will want to keep that rate between 90 and 153 beats per minute, and check your pulse regularly to ensure that you are within this target range.

Intensity of Exercise

You can use other factors to determine the intensity of your exercise, and in turn, your heart rate when walking. Moderately intense exercise is best for losing weight, and this means walking at about 3 to 4 mph. At this pace, you should be able to carry on a conversation but not sing. If you can sing, you are probably not working hard enough, but if you are gasping for breath, you may be above your target heart rate and need to slow down a bit.

Additional Considerations

Keep in mind that everyone's body is different, and your normal heart rate when walking may be affected by other factors such as the temperature, your emotional state and even certain medications you are taking. When you first begin exercising, aim for the lowest part of your target heart rate zone and gradually work your way up to the highest over the course of six months or more, or as directed by your doctor.

www.livestrong.com

Performance of coated carbide tools in turning wood-based materials: effect of cutting speeds and coating materials on the wear characteristics of coated carbide tools in turning wood-chip cement board

Author

Darmawan, W.; Tanaka, C.; Usuki, H.; Ohtani, T., 2001: Performance of coated carbide tools in turning wood-based materials: effect of cutting speeds and coating materials on the wear characteristics of coated carbide tools in turning wood-chip cement board. Journal of Wood Science 47(5): 342-349

This paper reports on the performance of coated carbide tools in turning wood-chip cement board.

Accession: 003878749

PDF Full Text: Performance of coated carbide tools in turning wood-based materials: effect of cutting speeds and coating materials on the wear characteristics of coated carbide tools in turning wood-chip cement board

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KARAKTERISTIK AUS MATA PISAU TERLAPISI BAHAN PENGERAS PADA PEMOTONGAN KAYU MERSAWA DAN PAPAN PARTIKEL

Author

Fauzan Fahrussiam, Wayan Darmawan, Imam Wahyudi, Hiroshi Usuki, Masahiro Yoshinobu, Shuhou Koseki

ABSTRACT

The use of mersawa wood and particleboard as a materials has been increasing for building constructions and decorative purpose. In previous study reported that, these materials provide a high rate of wear caused by abrasion (high silica) and resin content. This article presents the characteristics of wear on the clearance face of newly multilayer-coated K10 cutting tools when milling mersawa wood and particleboard. The K10 cutting tools were coated with monolayer titanium aluminum nitride (TiAlN), multilayer TiAlN/titanium silicon nitride (TiSiN), and TiAlN/titanium boron nitride (TiBN). Mersawa wood with density of 0.80 g/cm3 and particleboard with a density of 0.61 g/cm3 were cut using the coated tools and uncoated K10. Cutting tests were performed on computer numeric control router at a high cutting speed of 17 m/s and a feed rate of 0.1 mm/rev to investigate the wear characteristics on the clearance face of these coated tools. Result of research shown that the coated tools experienced a smaller amount of wear than the uncoated tool when cutting the mersawa and particleboard. The best coating among other coated in this study was multilayer TiAlN/TiBN. The high hardness, low coefficient of friction, high resistance to oxidation, and high resistance to delamination wear of the multilayer-coated TiAlN/TiBN tool indicate a very promising applicability of this coating for high-speed cutting of abrasive woods and wood based materials.

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For further details log on website :
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How to Clear Sebum From Pores

by RACHEL NALL  

A young woman washing her face with water. Photo Credit diego cervo/iStock/Getty Images

Sebum is the filmy, sticky substance produced by the sebaceous glands. These glands often are found in the hair follicles and are responsible for keeping the skin's surface soft by preventing water loss. However, when produced in excess, sebum can cause the skin to appear oily and clog the pores. Too much sebum also can nourish the P. acnes bacteria that lives on the skin, leading to acne lesions, whiteheads and blackheads, according to DERMA Doctor.

Step 1

Wash your skin twice daily with an oil-free cleanser. DERMA Doctor recommends using a mild cleanser for washing the face, as you may use other products that are aimed at reducing oil on the skin, which can be extremely drying and irritating to the skin. Cleanse in the morning and at night, which can remove accumulated dirt and oil that have built up from the day and clean your skin for the application of a sebum-clearing product.

Step 2

Utilize an astringent pad, which can help to reduce the amount of sebum on the skin, according to Medline Plus. An example of a typical astringent used is witch hazel.

Step 3

Apply a skin treatment product designed to remove sebum from pores. These include products with salicylic acid and benzoyl peroxide, both of which can be purchased over the counter. Salicylic acid encourages exfoliation of the skin's pores by causing excess dirt and oils to slough away. Benzoyl peroxide works to clear sebum by introducing oxygen into the pores, which then flushes sebum out of the pores.

Step 4

Apply an oil-free moisturizer to any areas that show dryness following topical acne applications. Because not every area of your skin produces excess oil, you may find you experience unexpected dryness while working to clear sebum. Common areas of dryness may include the eyebrows, chin and cheeks.

Step 5

Apply a facial mask once to twice per week in order to allow the mask's ingredients to seep deep into the pores, ridding the skin of excess oils. Examples of sebum-clearing masks ingredients include sulfur, clay or glycolic acid.

Warnings

• Refrain from using products that contain oil, as these can further clog the pores and contribute to sebum production. Products that do not contain oil will be labeled as non-comedogenic.

Things You'll Need

• Oil-free cleanser
• Topical treatment, such as salicyclic acid or benzoyl peroxide
• Astringent
• Oil-free moisturizer
• Facial mask

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