Carbon emissions from forest conversion by Kalimantan oil palm plantations

Published Date

Nature Climate Change

 

3,

 

283–287

 

(2013)

 

doi:10.1038/nclimate1702

Received

 

30 April 2012 

Accepted

 

03 September 2012 

Published online

 

07 October 2012

Corrected online

 

20 December 2012

Author

Kimberly M. Carlson,

Lisa M. Curran,

Gregory P. Asner,

Alice McDonald Pittman,

Simon N. Trigg

& J. Marion Adeney

• Affiliations
• Contributions
• Corresponding authors

Oil palm supplies >30% of world vegetable oil production¹. Plantation expansion is occurring throughout the tropics, predominantly in Indonesia, where forests with heterogeneous carbon stocks undergo high conversion rates^2, 3, 4. Quantifying oil palm’s contribution to global carbon budgets therefore requires refined spatio-temporal assessments of land cover converted to plantations^5, 6. Here, we report oil palm development across Kalimantan (538,346 km²) from 1990 to 2010, and project expansion to 2020 within government-allocated leases. Using Landsat satellite analyses to discern multiple land covers, coupled with above- and below-ground carbon accounting, we develop the first high-resolution carbon flux estimates from Kalimantan plantations. From 1990 to 2010, 90%of lands converted to oil palm were forested (47% intact, 22% logged, 21% agroforests). By 2010, 87% of total oil palm area (31,640 km²) occurred on mineral soils, and these plantations contributed 61–73% of 1990–2010 net oil palm emissions (0.020–0.024 GtC yr⁻¹). Although oil palm expanded 278% from 2000 to 2010, 79% of allocated leases remained undeveloped. By 2020, full lease development would convert 93,844 km² (~ 90% forested lands, including 41% intact forests). Oil palm would then occupy 34% of lowlands outside protected areas. Plantation expansion in Kalimantan alone is projected to contribute 18–22% (0.12–0.15 GtC yr⁻¹) of Indonesia’s 2020 CO2-equivalent emissions. Allocated oil palm leases represent a critical yet undocumented source of deforestation and carbon emissions.

Figure 1: Planted oil palm, oil palm leases, timber leases and protected areas in Kalimantan.

Malaysian Federated States of Sarawak and Sabah (M) and Brunei (B) are dark grey. Mineral soils are distributed among elevation classes <300 m a.s.l. and >300 m a.s.l.; >99% of peat soils are <300 m a.s.l. a, From 1990 to 2010, oil palm…

Figure 2: Distribution of planted and allocated oil palm by altitude and plantation lease area.

a, Applying a digital elevation model (90 m) across Kalimantan (sea level to 2,294 m a.s.l.) indicated that in 2010, 96%of planted and 86% of allocated oil palm occurred on lands <100 m a.s.l. Proportions are cumulative, and represent…

Figure 3: Oil palm area planted and land cover converted, 1990–2020.

a, Planted oil palm area in 1990, 2000 and 2010, and projected under 2010–2020 scenarios across peat and mineral soils. b,c, From 1990 to 2010, 39% of oil palm was established in intact forests on mineral soils (b) with 13% on peatlands…

Figure 4: Carbon emissions from oil palm plantations, 1990–2020.

Estimates assume peatlands are burned for plantation development. a, Net carbon emissions in two previous decades with future 2010–2020 scenarios. b, Mineral soils contributed 65% of 1990–2010 gross emissions. c, Peatlands generated 26%…

Corrected online 20 December 2012

In the version of this Letter originally published online, there were several errors in calculations. The net 1990–2010 oil palm emissions given in the abstract should have been 61–73%. In the fire scenario, the increase in cumulative net carbon emissions above the non-fire scenario should have been 24%, and peatland emissions amounted to 35% of gross emissions from 1990–2010. Intact forests on mineral soils converted to oil palm plantations from 1990–2010 (12,072 km²) account for < 1% of Indonesia's land area. These errors have now been corrected in all versions of the Letter.

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For further details log on website :
http://www.nature.com/nclimate/journal/v3/n3/full/nclimate1702.html

Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as a filler treatment: effects on mechanical, morphological and swelling properties of poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC)/epoxidized natural rubber (ENR)/kenaf core powder composites

Published Date
Page 1-8 | Received 27 Apr 2015, Accepted 02 Aug 2015, Published online: 21 Apr 2016

• Download citation
• http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14328917.2015.1131416

Author 

Rohani Abdul Majid, Hanafi Ismail & Razaina Mat Taib

Abstract

The effects of SDS treatment on properties of PVC/ENR/kenaf core powder composites were studied. Four different loadings of kenaf core powder (5, 10, 15 and 20 phr) were used. Samples were prepared using a Haake Polydrive with the temperature of 140 °C and rotor speed of 50 rpm, with the processing time of 8 min. Processing torque and stabilization torque during the compounding process were recorded. Tensile properties indicated that the tensile strength and elongation at break of the composites exhibited an increase for samples with SDS treatment. Morphological analysis using SEM showed better interfacial adhesion of kenaf fibre with SDS treatment with less kenaf powder agglomeration. Furthermore, swelling index indicated that the composites with SDS treatment show lower absorption of solvent compared to composites without SDS treatment.


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http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14328917.2015.1131416?journalCode=ymri20

GFRP connectors for thin topping timber-concrete composites

Published Date
May 2016, Volume 74, Issue 3, pp 477–479

Title 

GFRP connectors for thin topping timber-concrete composites

• Author 

• Jonathan Skinner, 
• Elin Salisbury, 
• Richard Harris

Brief Original

First Online: 

03 October 2015

DOI: 10.1007/s00107-015-0971-4

Cite this article as: 

Skinner, J., Salisbury, E. & Harris, R. Eur. J. Wood Prod. (2016) 74: 477. doi:10.1007/s00107-015-0971-4

Abstract

Thin concrete toppings can be applied to existing timber floors to form a composite, thereby improving the floor’s serviceability performance. Critical to the success of the upgrade is the effectiveness of the shear connectors which transfer forces between the timber floor and topping. This paper presents the results of pushout testing of a novel glass fibre reinforced polymer plate connector which demonstrate that the connectors have greater strength and stiffness compared to self-tapping screws.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00107-015-0971-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

References

1. Clouston P, Bathon L, Schreyer S (2005) Shear and bending performance of a novel wood–concrete composite system. J Struct Eng 131(9):1404–1412CrossRef
2. Deam BL, Fragiacomo M, Buchanan AH (2008) Connections for composite concrete slab and LVL flooring systems. Mater Struct 41(3):495–507CrossRef
3. EN 26891 (1991) Timber structures—joints made with mechanical fasteners—general principles for the determination of strength and deformation characteristics. Comité Européen de Normalisation, Brussels
4. Skinner J, Martins C, Bregula J, Harris R, Paine K, Walker P, Dias A (2014a) Concrete upgrade to improve the vibration response of timber floors. Proc ICE-Struct Build 167(9):559–568CrossRef
5. Skinner J, Bregulla J, Harris R, Paine K, Walker P (2014b) Screw connectors for thin topping, timber–concrete composites. Mater Struct 47(11):1891–1899CrossRef
6. Thomson A (2010) The structural performance of non-metallic timber connections. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Bath
   
   

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http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00107-015-0971-4

Study on timber compression forces induced by self-tapping screw fasteners

Published Date

Brief Original

First Online: 

30 July 2015

DOI: 10.1007/s00107-015-0958-1

Cite this article as: 

Giongo, I. Eur. J. Wood Prod. (2016) 74: 473. doi:10.1007/s00107-015-0958-1

Abstract

The study reported herein aimed at determining the amount of compression force that a single screw fastener can introduce into the timber elements that it is connecting. This force represents the most important parameter in defining the camber value that can be achieved with the original cambering method proposed for timber floors by the University of Trento. Such technique sees the joists bent upward without the imposition of any external force other than that produced by the fasteners connecting the joists to the timber reinforcing elements (e.g., planks, panels, joists) that are placed on top of them.

References

1. Giongo I, Piazza M, Tomasi R (2012) Cambering of timber composite beams by means of screw fasteners. Wiadomości Konserwatorskie 32:133–136
2. Giongo I, Piazza M, Tomasi R (2013) Investigation on the self tapping screws capability to induce internal stress in timber elements. Adv Mater Res 778:604–611CrossRef
   

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Mechanical properties of hybrid kenaf/glass reinforced epoxy composite for passenger car bumper beam

Published Date

December 2010, Vol.31(10):4927–4932, doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2010.05.021

Technical Report

Title 

Mechanical properties of hybrid kenaf/glass reinforced epoxy composite for passenger car bumper beam

• Author 

• M.M. Davoodi ^a,,
• S.M. Sapuan ^a
• D. Ahmad ^b
• Aidy Ali ^a
• A. Khalina ^b
• Mehdi Jonoobi ^c

• aDepartment of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
• bDepartment of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
• cInstitute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

Received 2 December 2009. Accepted 11 May 2010. Available online 31 May 2010.

Abstract

It is estimated that the annual world car production rate will reach 76 million vehicles per year by 2020. New regulations such as the EU End of Life Vehicles (ELV) regulations are forcing car manufacturers to consider the environmental impact of their production and possibly shift from the use of synthetic materials to the use of agro-based materials. Poor mechanical properties and certain manufacturing limitations currently limit the use of agro-based materials to non-structural and semi-structural automotive components. The hybridization of natural fiber with glass fiber provides a method to improve the mechanical properties over natural fibers alone. This research is focused on a hybrid of kenaf/glass fiber to enhance the desired mechanical properties for car bumper beams as automotive structural components with modified sheet molding compound (SMC). A specimen without any modifier is tested and compared with a typical bumper beam material called glass mat thermoplastic (GMT). The results indicate that some mechanical properties such as tensile strength, Young’s modulus, flexural strength and flexural modulus are similar to GMT, but impact strength is still low, and shows the potential for utilization of hybrid natural fiber in some car structural components such as bumper beams.

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• ⁎ 
  Corresponding author. Tel.: +60 6 16 6565296.

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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026130691000302X

Numerical Simulation of Mixed-Mode Progressive Delamination in Composite Materials

Author

P. P. Camanho

1. DEMEGI, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-465, Porto- Portugal
2. 
   
3. C. G. Davila

1. Analytical & Computational Methods Branch, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA23681-2199, USA
2. 
   
3. M. F. de Moura

1. DEMEGI, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, 4200-465, Porto- Portugal

Abstract

A new decohesion element with the capability of dealing with crack propagation under mixed-mode loading is proposed and demonstrated. The element is used at the interface between solid finite elements to model the initiation and non-self-similar growth of delaminations in composite materials. A single relative displacement-based damage parameter is applied in a softening law to track the damage state of the interface and to prevent the restoration of the cohesive state during unloading. The softening law is applied in the three-parameter Benzeggagh-Kenane mode interaction criterion to predict mixed-mode delamination propagation. To demonstrate the accuracy of the predictions, steady-state delamination growth is simulated for quasi-static loading of various single mode and mixed-mode delamination test specimens and the results are compared with experimental data.

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http://jcm.sagepub.com/content/37/16/1415.abstract

Minimizing the creep of recycled polypropylene/rubberwood flour composites with mixture design experiments

Author

Chatree Homkhiew1

Thanate Ratanawilai1⇑

Wiriya Thongruang2

1. ¹Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand
2. ²Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand

1. Thanate Ratanawilai, Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand. Email: thanate.r@psu.ac.th

Abstract

Composites of rubberwood flour (RWF) and recycled polypropylene (rPP) were produced into panel samples by using a twin-screw extruder. The effects on creep behavior of mixture fractions of rPP, RWF, maleic anhydride-grafted polypropylene (MAPP), and ultraviolet (UV) stabilizer were studied in a D-optimal mixture design. Creep was significantly affected by the composition. Increasing the fraction of RWF decreased creep, while MAPP and UV stabilizer increased it. The models fitted were used to optimize a desirability score that balanced multiple creep characteristics. The model-based optimal formulation 50.5 wt% rPP, 44.9 wt% RWF, 3.5 wt% MAPP, 0.1 wt% UV stabilizer, and 1.0 wt% lubricant was experimentally validated to have low creep closely matching the model predictions.

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http://jcm.sagepub.com/content/49/1/17.abstract