aDepartment of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
bUnit of Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
cNutritional Health Science Research Center, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
dVoluntary Body for International Health Care in Universities, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan
Received 22 June 2015. Revised 23 July 2015. Accepted 25 July 2015. Available online 12 August 2015.
Highlights
CCA-treated wood was found in debris after the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011.
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Carcinogenic risk of CCA-treated woods was evaluated with human lung cell lines.
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Co-exposure to Cr and As synergistically promoted colony formation.
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Co-exposure to Cr and As synergistically activated the PI3/AKT pathway.
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Effects of sole exposure and co-exposure to Cu on colony formation were limited.
Abstract
We showed that 2.1% of 233 pieces of lumber debris after the Great East Japan Earthquake was chromated copper arsenate (CCA)-treated wood. Since hexavalent chromium (Cr), copper (Cu) and pentavalent arsenic (As) in the debris may be diffused in the air via incineration, we exposed human lung normal (BEAS-2B) and carcinoma (A549) cells to Cr, Cu and As at the molar ratio in a representative CCA-treated wood. Co-exposure to 0.10 μM Cr and 0.06 μM As, which solely had no effect on colony formation, synergistically promoted colony formation in BEAS-2B cells, but not A549 cells, with activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway. Sole exposure and co-exposure to Cu showed limited effects. Since previous reports showed Cr and As concentrations to which human lungs might be exposed, our results suggest the importance to avoid diffusion of Cr and As in the air via incineration of debris including CCA-treated wood after the disaster.
Corresponding author. Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8550, Japan.
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Published Date June 2014, Vol.8:75–83,doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2014.02.006 Author
Julian Bayliss a,k,,
Marije Schaafsma b,k
Andrew Balmford a,k
Neil D. Burgess c,d,e,k
Jonathan M.H. Green f,k
Seif S. Madoffe g,k
Sana Okayasu h,k
Kelvin S.-H. Peh a,k
Philip J. Plattsa,i,k
Douglas W. Yu i,j,k
aConservation Science Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
bCentre for Social and Economic Research on the Global Environment, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR47TJ, UK
cWorld Wildlife Fund, 1250 24th Street NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA
dCenter for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
eUnited Nations Environment Programme – World Conservation Monitoring Center, 219 Huntington Road, Cambridge CB3 ODL, UK
fWoodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
gFaculty of Forestry and Nature Conservation, Department of Forest Biology, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Chuo Kikuu, Morogoro, Tanzania
hNatural Resources and Ecosystem Services Area, Institute for Global Environmental Strategies (IGES), 2108-11 Kamiyamaguchi, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0115, Japan
iYork Institute for Tropical Ecosystems (KITE), Environment Department, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
jSchool of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Norfolk NR47TJ, UK
kState Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
Received 13 September 2013. Revised 5 February 2014. Accepted 19 February 2014. Available online 14 March 2014.
Highlights
Nature-based tourism is measured by calculating the present value of Producer Surplus (PS), based on the number of visitor bed-nights.
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Tanzanian visitors to the EAMs are positively predicted by high population density and negatively by close proximity to major roads.
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International visitors to the EAMs are positively predicted by higher accommodation quality and close proximity to forest.
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Under a scenario of no-forest-loss, the present value of PS from nature-based tourism is ~US$1.9 million (discount rate of 15%).
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Under a business-as-usual scenario the present value of PS from nature-based tourism is US$1.6 million (discount rate of 15%).
Abstract
The financial benefit derived from nature-based tourism in the Eastern Arc Mountains (EAMs) of Tanzania has never been assessed. Here, we calculate the producer surplus (PS) related to expenditure on accommodation in the EAMs. This estimate is based on the number of visitor bed-nights collected from a representative sample of hotels, coupled with spatially explicit regression models to extrapolate visitor numbers to unsampled locations, and adjusted to account for how far visits were motivated by nature. The estimated annual PS of nature-based tourism is ~US$195,000. In order to evaluate the future impact of different forest management regimes on PS over a 25 year period, we compare two alternative scenarios of land use. Under a ‘hopeful expectations’ scenario of no forest loss from protected areas, the present value of PS from nature-based tourism is ~US$1.9 million, compared with US$1.6 million under a ‘business-as-usual’ scenario. Although the value of nature-based tourism to the EAMs is lower than that generated by Tanzania׳s large game reserves, these revenues, together with other ecosystem services provided by the area, such as carbon storage and water regulation, may enhance the case for sustainable forest management.
Published Date July 2014, Vol.47:48–62, doi:10.1016/j.annals.2014.04.004 Author Chaim Noy University of South Florida, USA Received 4 January 2014. Revised 13 April 2014. Accepted 16 April 2014. Available online 14 May 2014. Highlights
This article addresses the visual turn in tourism.
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Photographic practices on cruise ships are examined closely through ethnographic methods.
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The corporate’s display of tourists’ images is examined in light of tourists’ ways of visually consuming their images.
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Visual production/consumption is understood in light of Foucauldian and neoliberal theories.
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Methods and procedures in visual ethnography and (auto)ethnography are highlighted.
Abstract Shifting from representationally-oriented analysis of images to analysis of practices—the production, circulation and consumption of tourists’ images, and from photos created by tourists to photos staged, produced and displayed by the industry, this article offers a qualitative, ethnographic study of tourism’s visual culture. Through observations conducted on a cruise ship, the author offers up-close depiction of photo-taking routines, and of the public display of multiple images of vacationing tourists. The article critically accounts for tourists’ desire to be photographed and portrayed by the industry in terms of visual surveillance (Foucault) under contemporary neoliberal visual regime. It is further argued that public displays of tourists’ images create, through collective mediation/mediatization, a commercially assembled touristic collective or public. Keywords
