CARBON STOCK ASSESSMENT IN PINE FOREST OF KEDUNG BULUS SUB-WATERSHED (GOMBONG DISTRICT) USING REMOTE SENSING AND FOREST INVENTORY DATA

Author

Tyas Mutiara Basuki, Nining Wahyuningrum

Abstract

Carbon stock in tree biomass can be quantified directly by cutting and weighing trees. It is assumed that 50% of the dry weight of biomass consists of carbon. This direct measurement is the most accurate method, however for large areas it is considered time consuming and costly. Remote sensing has been proven to be an important tool for mapping and monitoring carbon stock from landscape to global scale in order to support forest management and policy practices. The study aimed to (1) develop regression models for estimating carbon stock of pine forests using field measurement and remotely sensed data; and (2) quantify soil carbon stock under pine forests using field measurement. The study was conducted in Kedung Bulus sub-watershed, Gombong - Central Java. The derived data from Satellite Probatoire d'Observation de la Terre (SPOT) included spectral band 1, 2, 3, and 4, Normalized Differences Vegetation Index (NDVI), and Principle Component Analysis (PCA) images. These data were integrated with field measurement to develop models. Soil samples were collected by augering for every 20 cm until a depth of  100 cm. The potential of  remote sensing to estimate carbon stock was shown by the strong correlation between multiple bands of SPOT (band 2 , 3; band 1, 2, 3; band 1, 3, 4; and band 1, 2, 3, 4) and carbon stock with r = 0.76, PCA (PC1, PC2, PC3) and carbon stock with r = 0.73. The role of pine forest to reduce CO2 in the atmosphere was demonstrated by the amount of carbon in the tree and the soil. Carbon stock in the tree biomass varied from 26 to 206 Mg C ha-1 and in the soil under pine forest ranged from 85 to 194 Mg C ha-1.

Keywords

Remote sensing; carbon stock; field measurement

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References

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/ijfr.2013.10.1.21-30

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UTILIZATION OF MICRO SISAL FIBERS AS REINFORCEMENT AGENT AND POLYPROPYLENE OR POLYLACTIC ACID AS POLYMER MATRICES IN BIOCOMPOSITES MANUFACTURE

Author

Subyakto Subyakto, Nanang Masruchin, Kurnia Wiji Prasetiyo, Ismadi Ismadi

Abstract

Sisal (Agave sisalana) as a perennial tropical plant grows abundantly in Indonesia. Its fibers can be used as the reinforcement agent of biocomposite products. Utilization of sisal as natural fiber has some notable benefits compared to synthetic fibers, such as renewable, light in weight, and low in cost. Manufacture of biocomposite requires the use of matrix such as thermoplastic polymer, e.g. polypropylene (PP) and polylactic acid (PLA) to bond together with the reinforcement agent (e.g. sisal fibers). In relevant, experiment was conducted on biocomposites manufacture that comprised sisal fibers and PP as well as PLA. Sisal fibers were converted into pulp, then refined to micro-size fibrillated fibers such that their diameter reduced to about 10 μm, and dried in an oven. The dry microfibrillated sisal pulp fibers cellulose (MSFC) were thoroughly mixed with either PP or PLA with varying ratios of MSFC/PP as well as MSFC/PLA, and then shaped into the mat (i.e. MSFC-PP and MSFC-PLA biocomposites). Two kinds of shaping was employed, i.e. hot-press molding and injection molding. In the hot-press molding, the ratio of  MSFC/PP as well as MSFC/PLA ranged about 30/70-50/50. Meanwhile in the injection (employed only on assembling the MSFC-PLA biocomposite), the ratio of MSFC/PLA varied about 10/90-30/70. The resulting shaped MSFC-PP and MSFC-PLA biocomposites were then tested of its physical and mechanical properties. With the hot-press molding device, the physical and mechanical (strength) properties of MSFC-PLA biocomposite were higher than those of  MSFC-PP biocomposite. The optimum ratio of  MSFC/PP as well as MSFC/PLA reached concurrently at 40/60. The strengths of MSFC-PP as well as MSFC-PLA biocomposites were greater than those of individual polymer (PP and PLA). With the injection molding device, only the MSFC-PLA  biocomposite  was formed  and its strengths  reached  maximum  at 30/70  ratio.  The particular strengths (MOR and MOE) of MSFC-PLA biocomposite shaped with injection molding were lower than those with hot-press molding, both at 30/70 ratio. The overall MOR of such MSFC- PLA biocomposite was lower than that of pure PLA, while its MOE was still mostly higher.

Keywords

Biocomposites; sisal; micro-size fibers; polypropylene; polylactic acid; physical mechanical properties

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/ijfr.2013.10.1.11-20

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EARLY WARNING OF RAINFALL-INDUCED LANDSLIDES AND DEBRIS FLOWS ON MT. BAWAKARAENG, SOUTH SULAWESI,INDONESIA

Author

Hasnawir Hasnawir

Abstract

Rainfall thresholds that form the basis of the landslide warning systems now exist for a few areas in Indonesia. Based on analysis of historical data, threshold performance varies according to precipitation characteristics,  and threshold  exceed corresponds  to a given probability  of  landslide occurrence. Early warnings of landslides and debris flows that include specific information about affected areas, probability of landslide and debris flow occurrence, and expected timing are technically feasible as illustrated by a case study made on Mt. Bawakaraeng, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Records from 1997 to 2007 of rainfall data and history of landslides and debris flows were collected from the Ministry of Public Works of the government of Indonesia. The threshold, as defined by the lower boundary of the points representing landslides and debris-triggering rainfall events, is expressed by the equations I= 41.85D-0,85  before the large scale landslide on March 26, 2004 and I = 37.71D-0,90after the large scale landslide, where I is the rainfall intensity (mm/hr) and D is the duration of rainfall (hr). According to empirical threshold analysis, the regression curve can be considered as a reliable rainfall intensity- duration threshold for the study area, above which, landslide or debris flow event may occur.

Keywords

Early warning; landslide and debris flow; rainfall thresholds; Mt. Bawakaraeng

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/ijfr.2013.10.1.1-10

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ANATOMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE BRANCH-WOOD OF Schizolobium amazonicum DUCKE SPECIES AND ITS POTENTIAL USES

Author

Yusup Amin, Danang S. Adi, Ika Wahyuni, Sukma S. Kusumah, Ratih Damayanti

Abstract

The scale of forest degradation and deforestation in Indonesia has inspired the use of lesser-known wood species, which are potentially abundant and so far has not much been utilized. Utilization of these woods should be imposed not only of the stem wood but also of the branch-wood portions. Schizolobiumamazonicum Ducke treeis one of those lesser-known species, and growing fast with an MAIof3.68 cm/year.In Indonesia this species is only found in the Purwodadi Botanical Garden. A research was conducted to study the basic characteristics (anatomical aspects and chemical properties) of the branch-wood portion of this species. The branch-wood materials were obtained from the Purwodadi Botanical Garden situated in Pasuruan (East Java). The specimens used were the first branch of the trunk (stem) of nine-year old S. amazonicum tree (= 29.46 cm). The branch-wood samples were then examined for the anatomical aspects (macroscopic and microscopic characteristics) and chemical properties (chemical composition). Results revealed that the anatomical properties of S.amazonicum branch-wood exhibited close similarities to those of sengon wood; it was light in appearance and white in color. Its fiber averaged about 1500 μm, and based on the fiber dimension's derived values the branch- wood fiber of this species was categorized into first-class quality for pulp and paper manufacture. Further, the chemical composition of this branch-wood compared favorably with that of sengon and mangium wood. The composition of extractive content thatsoluble in alcohol-benzene; lignin; holocellulose; and α-cellulose of this branch-wood were 2.46; 28.71; 80.64; and 50.47%, respectively. The overall assessment implied that the branch-wood portion of S.amazonicum tree affords favorable potential to be developed as raw material for pulp and paper manufacture. Also, considering that both sengon and mangium woods were already used in the pulp and paper industries as well as the trees are used for the establishment of industrial plantation forests (HTI), therefore S.amazonicum trees, as fast- growing species,are also promising for the establishment of pulp/paper-HTI for their branch-wood.

Keywords

Schizolobium amazonicum Ducke; fast-growing species; branch-wood; anatomical properties; chemical component

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/ijfr.2013.10.2.119-125

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EXPRESSION PATTERNS OF PHOSPHATE TRANSPORTER GENE ECGPT ASSOCIATED WITH THE SALT STRESS RESPONSE IN PERENNIAL EUCALYPT TREE HYBRID CLONES

Author

Eny Faridah

Abstract

Salinity effects on plant can often be related to mineral ion content alteration, including phosphate. Under saline conditions, phosphate levels were reported to decrease in plants. Such effects could indirectly affect intracellular phosphate levels, leading to phosphate deficiency, which in turn leads to increased activities of phosphate uptake mechanisms. This research was aimed to investigate the effects of salinity on the expression changes of phosphate transporter genes isolated from E. camaldulensis x E. globulus hybrid clones subjected to salt concentrations of  0 (control), 50, 100, and 150 mMNaCl. Fragments of genes (1164bp long and encodes 304 amino acid polypeptides) known to be involved in phosphate uptake were identified and isolated by RACE from these hybrids, encoding a Phosphate Transporter (Ecg PT). Expression studies using Northern-Blot analysis revealed that the expression of EcgPT was found to be affected by salt, suggesting a direct effect of salinity on phosphate uptake. EcgPT was expressed differently in different clones, indicating different degrees of phosphate transporter activation in order to tolerate salt stress. Molecular data are discussed in relation to measurements of ion levels in different organs of different clones and under various salt regimes during the course of the hydroponic experiment.

Keywords

Phosphate transporter gene; salinity stress; phosphate content; eucalypt

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References

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/ijfr.2013.10.2.111-117

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THE POTENTIAL OF FOREST BUFFER TO PREVENT STREAM FROM WATER POLLUTANTS:A CASE STUDY IN GROJOKAN SEWU SUB-WATERSHED, KARANGANYAR DISTRICT, CENTRAL JAVA

Author

Nining Wahyuningrum, Irfan Budi Pramono

Abstract

Population growth leads to water scarcity in terms of both quality and quantity. Agricultural and urban watersheds potentially produce more pollutantsthan forested area. It is considered that forested area has potential in storing and protecting water supply in such a way that water distribution and quality can be guaranteed. The objective of  the study was to determine the relationship between the percentages of forested area in a watershed with the water quality. Thestudy was conducted in 2010in GrojokanSewu Sub-watershed, Karanganyar District, Central Java. Using GIS (Geographic Information System), this sub-watershedwas divided into four sub-sub-watershedswith different percentages of forested areas. Water samples were collected in each sub-sub-watershedto find out the relationship between the forested area and the total dissolvedsolids, turbidity, sodium, nitrite, nitrate, sulfate and organic matters. The statistical analysis indicates relationships in quadratic form between sodium, nitrite, TDS, sulfate and organic matters with the percentage of  forested area (R2=0.99, R2=0.99, R2=0.98, R2=0.95 and R2=0.77, respectively). The relationships are different from those of turbidity and nitrate that have low R2 (R2=0.28 and R2=0.36) values. It implies that the forested area is capable to reduce sodium, nitrite, TDS, sulfate and organic matters, and thus water pollutants can be reduced by forest formation as it can filter water through retention of sediments and nutrients.

Keywords

forest; water quality; watershed; land use

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References

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/ijfr.2013.10.2.101-109

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FIBER QUALITIES OF PRETREATED BETUNG BAMBOO (Dendrocalamusasper) BY MIXED CULTURE OF WHITE-ROT FUNGI WITH RESPECT TO ITS USE FOR PULP/PAPER

Author

Fatriasari, Ratih Damayanti, Sita Heris Anita

Abstract

Previous research on anatomical structures of pretreated large (betung) bamboo (Dendrocalamusasper) using single culture of white-rot fungi has been investigated, which revealed that the pretreatment caused the decrease in the Runkel ratioas well as the coefficient rigidity and the increase in the flexibility ratio of their corresponding bamboo fibers. However, there is no study reported on the anatomical structure changes of them caused by pretreatment using mixed culture of white-rot fungi. This paper reports the results of the research on paper/pulp quality after different treatments. Pretreatment that used Trametes versicolor fungi and lasted for 45 days inflicted intensive fiber damages compared with those of untreated bamboo (control). Fresh and barkless large (betung) bamboo chips of 2 year's old, and 1.6 cm in length, were inoculated by 10% of mixed culture of white-rot fungi inoculums stock for 30 and 45 days in room temperature. There were four treatment groups of mixed culture, i.e T. versi color and P. ostreatus (TVPO); P. ostreatus and P. chrysosporium (POPC); P. chrysosporium and T.versi color (PCTV); and P.chrysosporium,  T.versicolorand  P.ostreatus  (TVPCPO).After  the  inoculation  period,  the  chips  weremacerated into separate fibers using Scultze method to analyze the fiber dimension and its derived values. The fibers were then observed regarding their macro and microscopic structures by optical microscope. Mixed culture pretreatment of white-rot fungi accelerated improvement of fiber morphology and fiber derived value characteristics, except for Muhlsteph ratio. The fiber derived values oftreated bamboo tended to improve compared to those of untreated bamboo, there by requiring milder pulping conditions. Accordingly, the treated bamboo would indicatively produce a good quality pulp (grade I) based on FAO and LPHH (Forest Product Research Report) requirements. Co-culture treatment using P. chrysosporium and P. ostreatus for 45 days produced the best fiber dimension and its derived value properties. The fungi hypae colonized on the surface area of  bamboo followed by mycelium penetration into substrate (bamboo-inner structure). The partial degradation caused by delignification indicatively attributed to the fungi activity was shown in the macroscopic images.

Keywords

Betung bamboo; mixed culture; white rot fungi; fiber dimension; fiber-derived value

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/ijfr.2013.10.2.89-99

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DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF DECENTRALIZATION POLICY MAKING PROCESS OF PROTECTED FOREST MANAGEMENT

Author

Sulistya Ekawati, Hariadi Kartodihardjo, Dodik Ridho Nurrochmat, Hardjanto -, Hariyatno Dwiprabowo

Abstract

”Decentralization of protected forest management from central to district government has not yet been implemented effectively. This effectiveness depends on many factors that include policy contents and political process or discourse in the policy making process. This study aimsto: 1) analyze the discourse in policy making process of decentralization in the management of protected forests, 2) analyze the actors/networks and their interests and 3) find out policy space for future policy reform. Both quantitative and qualitative approaches were used in the study. The results show that there are three discourses in the policy-making process of decentralized management of protected forests, namely: i) democratic discourse (with story line of externality and accountability, supported by an association forum of Indonesian district government and  decentralization experts); ii) economic discourse (with story line of efficiency, supported by businessmen, Association of Indonesian Provincial Government and World Bank); and iii) democratic and economic discourses. The House of Representatives (DPR) and Ministry of Home Affairs have authorities and capacities to integrate two discourses. Redefining of externality and interdependency can be used as narratives of new policies to improve the policy of decentralized protected forest management.

Keywords

Policy process, discourse,decentralization, protected forests

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/ijfr.2013.10.2.79-88

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COMMUNICATING REDD+ ISSUES AT LOCAL LEVEL: CREATING LATENT AND MANIFEST CONFLICT

Author

Lukas Rumboko Wibowo, Digby Race, Allan Curtis

Abstract

”Carbon offsetting”in forestry-related projects is widely regarded as the ideal solution to the three challenges of   the  21st Century:  climate change, biodiversity conservation  andsocio-economic development. At the same time, there is scepticism about the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and  Forest  Degradation (REDD)  proposal  particularly because of   the  weak  governance and institutional capacities in many developing countries, which could jeopardize the delivery of benefits at the local level. One major problem is that most people have little knowledge on the causes and consequences of the climate change. This is partly because the information  is largely scattered among scientific journals, and obscured by jargon and sophisticated  mathematical  models. Consequently, REDD+ is beyond thereach of  manyof the people affected by REDD+. This  paper examines the efforts and the capacity of  the local governments and other development  agents in explaining the REDD + issues and its impacts on the local people, especially customary communities. The research shows that lack of  policy communication and promotion, as well as consultations with the affected groups arethe main contributing factors to latent and manifest conflicts. In turn, this conflicth as proven that NGOs,  district governments and scientists have not been successful intermediaries. Thus, in the future policy communication on REDD+ should beaimed at improved network formation (i.e. between farmer groups with business partners and NGOs  and other related actors), learning, negotiation and relationship building (i.e. between members of farmer groups,  not only withtheir leaders within the farmer groups but also with governmental and business sectors). Policy communication should also create a  new  configuration of   support  and  services in  form  of   advocacy, empowerment and management skills and technical skills for conserving their natural resources, for adaptation to climate change and building more equitable governance and transparency at local level.

Keywords

Climate change; REDD+; communication; innovation; conflict

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/ijfr.2013.10.2.67-78

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