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Wednesday, 3 May 2017

End-of-Waste Criteria

Author
Luis Delgado Sancho, Ana Sofia Catarino, Peter Eder, Donald Litten, Zheng Luo and Alejandro Villanueva Krzyzaniak

Abstract: The report includes a methodology for the development of end-of-waste criteria for specific types of waste according to Article 6 of the Waste Framework Directive as well as three pilot case studies (on compost, aggregates and metal scrap) in which the methodology was tested.
Keywords: waste (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2009-10
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Models for the combustion of single solid fuel particles in fluidized beds: A review

Author
Xuguang Jiang, Dandan Chen, Zengyi Ma and Jianhua Yan
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017, vol. 68, issue P1, pages 410-431

Abstract: Combustion is a key process of energy utilization in fluidized beds. To achieve higher efficiency and lower pollution, a fundamental understanding of the complex combustion behavior is required. Mathematical modeling plays important roles in the exploration of the complex process and the prediction of combustion performance. Up to now, many models of the combustion of solid fuel particles have been presented. This study gives a detailed review of the proposed combustion models for common solid fuels, i.e., coal, biomass, and solid waste. The combustion models for coal and biomass have matured. However, models for solid waste have seldom been studied and need to be studied further. Considering the complex compositions of biomass and solid waste, a systematic model library based on many works should be proposed for them in the future. In addition, the transformation behavior of hazardous substance (F, Cl, and heavy metals) in solid waste should also be considered in combustion models in the future. Moreover, advanced measuring methods, such as laser measurements, should be used in future works to better understand the reaction mechanism during combustion and improve the accuracies of the models. An overall and accurate model library for the combustion of various type of solid fuels is expected to be established in the future, which will be helpful in the design, adjustment, and operation of combustion systems.
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Effect of particle size on biogas yield from sisal fibre waste

Author
Anthony Mshandete, Lovisa Björnsson, Amelia K. Kivaisi, M.S.T. Rubindamayugi and Bo Mattiasson
Renewable Energy, 2006, vol. 31, issue 14, pages 2385-2392

Abstract: The degradation and biogas production potential of sisal fibre waste could be significantly increased by pre-treatment for reduction of particle size. Batch-wise anaerobic digestion of sisal fibre waste was carried out in 1-l digesters with fibre sizes ranging from 2 to 100mm, at an ambient temperature of 33°C. Sediment from a stabilisation pond at a sisal production plant was used as starter seed. Total fibre degradation increased from 31% to 70% for the 2mm fibres, compared to untreated sisal fibres. Furthermore, the results confirmed that methane yield was inversely proportional to particle size. Methane yield increased by 23% when the fibres were cut to 2mm size and was 0.22m3 CH4/kg volatile solids, compared to 0.18m3 CH4/kg volatile solids for untreated fibres. By anaerobic digestion and biogas production, the 148,000tonne of waste sisal fibres generated annually in Tanzania could yield 22millionm3 of methane, and an additional 5millionm3 of methane if pre-treatment by size reduction to 2mm was applied.
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Kinetics of the steam gasification of a phenolic circuit board in the presence of carbonates

Author
Shangzhong Zhang, Kunio Yoshikawa, Hideki Nakagome and Tohru Kamo
Applied Energy, 2013, vol. 101, issue C, pages 815-821

Abstract: Steam gasification of a phenolic board in the presence of molten carbonate was studied as a means to recover useful metals effectively from electronic waste while also converting its plastic fraction into clean fuel gas. In the steam gasification of the phenolic board, the presence of carbonate considerably accelerated the conversion of tar and char into gaseous products. When pulverized phenolic board particles <0.15mm were gasified, carbonate and steam permeated the sample particles, and the resulting gasification proceeded was well modeled by a homogeneous kinetic model. On the other hand relatively large phenolic board particles appeared to undergo two different hydrogen-producing gasification processes: the observed hydrogen formation rates suggest that an initial gasification occurred in the surface layer, which carbonate and steam were able to infiltrate into, and after this layer was consumed, the gasification proceeded only on the surface of the resulting char. The reactivity of char in the steam gasification depends sensitively on the conditions whereby the char is produced: rapid pyrolysis of the phenolic board produced highly reactive char, evidenced by markedly increased hydrogen formation rates in the steam gasification of chars formed under more rapid heating. However, once the char was pulverized finely, no obvious difference in reactivity was observed in the steam gasification based on the size of the phenolic board particles used to produce the char.
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Pyrolysis of Waste Printed Circuit Board Particles

Author
Åžule Atasever, Pınar A. Bozkurt and Muammer Canel
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Abstract: Electrical and electronic apparatus and instruments which are obsolete value in use or completion of the life can be defined as e-waste. E-waste is one of the fastest growing types of hazardous waste. Printed circuit boards a major component of this waste. In this study, printed circuit board particles of mobile phone (MPCB) were used as electronic waste. MPCB waste was obtained from a local electronic waste factory. The elemental analysis and ICP-MS analysis were performed on these electronic wastes and thereafter pyrolysis runs were carried out between 500 and 900°C in a horizontal furnace. The liquid yields were determined and compared at different temperatures.
Date: 2015
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Recycling of wood waste as sustainable industrial resources—Design of energy saving wood-based board for floor heating systems

Author
Yoshihiro Obata, Kazutoshi Takeuchi, Naho Soma and Kozo Kanayama
Energy, 2006, vol. 31, issue 13, pages 2341-2349

Abstract: Recycled wood has two important functions for sustainable development, as an industrial resource and as a means of longer storage of fixed carbon from carbon dioxide by photosynthesis. Recycled wood-based board, such as medium density fiberboard (MDF), is treated to produce a base material of floor heating system. The concept of functionally graded material (FGM) is introduced for the design of energy saving wood-based board. The heat transfer phenomenon of an FGM base plate used in a floor heating system is modeled and analyzed. The basic equation of the unsteady two-dimensional heat transfer problem and the analytical method for an FGM plate with wood material properties are proposed. The analytical method consists of the Laplace transformation and the perturbation method for arbitrary grading patterns. The results of the numerical calculation suggest that the optimum FGM wood-based board can save more energy than the homogeneous material.
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Catalytic conversion of particle board over microporous catalysts

Author
Suek Joo Choi, Sung Hoon Park, Jong-Ki Jeon, In Gu Lee, Changkook Ryu, Dong Jin Suh and Young-Kwon Park
Renewable Energy, 2013, vol. 54, issue C, pages 105-110

Abstract: Catalytic pyrolysis of particle board, a type of waste wood that is increasingly produced all over the world, was carried out over three types of zeolite catalysts: HBETA, HZSM-5, and Ga-impregnated HZSM-5 (Ga/HZSM-5). Experiments conducted using a batch reactor showed that the bio-oil yield and gas yield in catalytic pyrolysis were lower and higher than those in non-catalytic pyrolysis, respectively. Analysis of the bio-oil using pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) showed that the yields of high-value-added species such as aromatics and phenolics were increased to a large extent by catalytic upgrading, thus increasing the value of the product bio-oil. In particular, HZSM-5 exhibited high selectivity for aromatic compounds, and impregnation of Ga further increased the selectivity. HBETA could cause levoglucosans to decompose completely owing to its large pore size, resulting in increased yields of low-molecular-mass species.
Keywords: Particle board; Catalyst; Pyrolysis; Py-GC/MS; Waste biomass (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2013
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Catalytic conversion of waste particle board and polypropylene over H-beta and HY zeolites

Author
Hyung Won Lee, Suek Joo Choi, Jong-Ki Jeon, Sung Hoon Park, Sang-Chul Jung and Young-Kwon Park
Renewable Energy, 2015, vol. 79, issue C, pages 9-13

Abstract: The catalytic copyrolysis of waste particle board (WPB) and polypropylene (PP) was investigated for the first time over HY (5.1), HY (30), H-Beta and Ga/H-Beta catalysts. The catalysts were characterized by BET and NH3-TPD analyses. The catalytic pyrolysis of the WPB increased the production of gas products (CO, CO2, C1–C4) compared to non-catalytic pyrolysis. Acids and levoglucosan, which are the main components of bio-oil produced from non-catalytic pyrolysis, were converted to more valuable aromatics, phenolics, and furans through dehydration, deoxygenation and aromatization. The most abundant products from the copyrolysis of WPB and PP were large-molecular-mass hydrocarbons (≥C10). However, catalytic copyrolysis increased the yields of small-molecular-mass hydrocarbons in the gasoline range, aromatics and phenolics. The water content in bio-oil was reduced significantly by copyrolysis with PP, contributing to the improvement in oil quality. HY (5.1) with the largest number of acid sites showed higher catalytic activity than HY (30) and H-Beta because the decomposition and reforming reactions during catalytic copyrolysis occurred on the acid sites of the catalysts. Ga/H-Beta showed even higher selectivity toward the aromatics than H-Beta despite the smaller quantity of acid sites, suggesting that Ga promoted the dehydrocyclization of the reaction intermediates.
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Anaerobic digestion of pulp and paper mill sludge pretreated by microbial consortium OEM1 with simultaneous degradation of lignocellulose and chlorophenols

Author
Yunqin Lin, Jiajin Liang, Chao Zeng, Dehan Wang and Huanjia Lin
Renewable Energy, 2017, vol. 108, issue C, 108-115

Abstract: This work focused on the anaerobic digestion performance of pulp and paper mill sludge (PPMS) pretreated with the microbial consortium OEM1, and exposing the mechanism of performance variations as well. It was found that the methane yield was increased 1.4-fold by pretreating feedstocks with the active OEM1, and the maximum methane yield of 429.19 mL/gVS was noted. Moreover, an appropriate pH range of 6.1–7.5 was found in this digester, and no VFA inhibition was observed. A higher level of stability was also detected in this system based on the analysis of ORP, alkalinity and VFA/TA ratio. Also, a higher lignin decomposition rate was determined in the coupled pretreatment - AD process with the active OEM1 addition, and a 5-fold increase of AOX degradation efficiency was found in the pretreatment stage. Hence, a brighter future of developing OEM1 pretreatment for PPMS before AD could be predicted based on the capabilities of selective delignification and effective AOX degradation.
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An assessment of farm scale biomass pelleting in the Northeast

Author
Daniel Ciolkosz, Michael Jacobson, Nichole Heil and Will Brandau
Renewable Energy, 2017, vol. 108, issue C, 85-91

Abstract: Farm scale pellet production is a promising opportunity for farmers and landowners interested in producing a renewable biomass fuel. However, the true costs and performance of these systems in a farm setting is not fully understood. A feasibility analysis was carried out on the farm-scale switchgrass production operation at Wood Crest Farm near Berwick, PA as a representative example of operations in the region. Farmer interviews and direct measurements of equipment performance, energy use, and labor requirements were recorded for all stages of the operation. Results indicate that the production of pellets at this facility costs $98 per tonne, excluding labor, equipment and land purchase costs. As such, this represents a “bare bones” operating cost. Including the cost of labor brings the cost to about $307 per tonne. Thus, production may only be economically feasible when land, equipment, and labor are available at marginal or reduced cost. Every joule of energy input into the operation yielded 7.8 J of energy in the pellet fuel. There appears to be potential to reduce operating costs by increasing pelletizer yield and/or automating pelletizer operations - two opportunities for engineered solutions in this sector that can render the operation financially viable even when labor costs are included. On-farm pelleting in the Northeast US appears to have potential to be cost competitive with commercial wood pellets in select scenarios, and has the potential to be more widely applicable if modest improvements are made to process efficiency.
Keywords: Biomass; Pelleting (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2017
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Fasting for Runners

Author BY   ANDREA CESPEDES  Food is fuel, especially for serious runners who need a lot of energy. It may seem counterintuiti...