Comparative evaluation of maize inbred lines (zea mays l.) according to dus testing using morphological, physiological and molecular markers

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DOI: 10.4236/as.2010.13016

ABSTRACT

A major challenge facing those involved in the testing of new plant varieties for Distinctness, Uniformity and Stability (DUS) is the need to compare them against all those of 'common knowledge'. A set of maize inbred lines was used to compare how morphological, physiological characterization and RAPD molecular marker described variety relationships. All the inbred lines were confirmed as morphologically and physiologically distinct. At morphological level the maximum genetic distance (10.8) and least genetic distance (1.6) were found. For physiological characters distance varied from 0.35 to 1.92 and results from dendrogram, which was made on the basis of dissimilarity matrix, were grouped into five major clusters. From RAPD, random primers provide polymorphic amplification products; the distance varying 0.42 to 0.65 and dendrogram showed that these lines formed close clusters due to the less variation in these lines at molecular level. In the present study, the molecular markers also exposed useful genetic diversity and the visual displays appeared to disperse the lines somewhat more evenly over the plot than the morphological and physiological methods.

References

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Foliar Nutrient Balance Standards for Maize (Zea mays L.) at High-Yield Level

DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2014.54064

Author(s)    

Viviane Cristina Modesto, Serge-Étienne Parent, William Natale, Léon Etienne Parent

Affiliation(s)

Departamento de Solos e Adubos, Unesp, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jabotocabal, Brazil.

ERSAM, Department of Soils and Agrifood Engi-neering, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.

Departamento de Solos e Adubos, Unesp, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jabotocabal, Brazil.

ERSAM, Department of Soils and Agrifood Engi-neering, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.

ABSTRACT

Maize is one of the most nutrient demanding staple crops. Tissue nutrient diagnosis of maize is currently conducted using critical nutrient concentration or dual ratio ranges, but such diagnoses are pathological as biased by data redundancy, sub-compositional incoherence and non-normal distribution. The use of orthogonal balances, a compositional data analysis technique, avoids such biases. Our objective was to develop foliar nutrient balance standards for maize. We collected 758 grain yields (15.5% moisture content) and foliar samples at silk stage in maize fields of southern Quebec, Canada, and analyzed ten nutrients in tissues (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, B, Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe). Nutrients were arranged into ad hoc balances and computed as isometric log ratios (ilr). An optimized binary classification performed by a customized receiver operating characteristic procedure showed that a critical Mahalanobis distance of 4.21 separated balanced from imbalanced specimens about yield cut-off of 11.83 Mg grain·ha^-1 with test performance of 86%. Quebec maize balance standards differed from published standards computed from DRIS norms collected in other agroecosystems. The Redfield N/P ratio in maize leaves was found to be the least variable balance across regions of the world. The DRIS dual ratios and raw concentration values were found to be geometrically inadequate for conducting diagnosis. The unbiased nutrient balance diagnosis combined the critical Mahalanobis distance and a mobile representation of nutrient balances with ilr means of true negative (TN) specimens centered at fulcrums and back-transformed ilr values of TN specimens into raw concentrations loading the buckets below. Nutrients can be appreciated as relative shortage, adequacy or excess in the concentration domain following statistical analysis and diagnosis in the unbiased balance domain.

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The Wood-destroying Fungi In Buildings In Estonia

Paper DOI

10.2495/STR090221

Transaction

WIT Transactions on The Built Environment

Volume

109

Pages

9

Published

2009

Size

371 kb

Author(s)

K. Pilt, J. Oja & K. Pau

Abstract

From 2002 until the end of 2008, 633 private and public buildings damaged by wood-destroying fungi were inspected in Estonia. Most of the inspections have been carried out in Tallinn – 101 (16%) and Tartu – 89 (14%), and also in the counties around these cities – Harju and Tartu Counties. The analysis revealed that the true dry rot fungus, Serpula lacrymans, was the most common fungus (79%) in buildings all over Estonia. The next most frequent fungi were Coniophora puteana (7%) and different species of the family Corticiaceae (4%). The Estonian data were compared to the results of Finnish, Latvian and Norwegian studies. Occurrences of wood-destroying fungi correlated with the monthly mean temperatures while there was no correlation with mean relative humidity. Keywords: cultural heritage, dry rot, wood-destroying fungi, Serpula lacrymans, Coniophora puteana.

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Leaching From New Generation Treated Wood: A Chemical Approach

Paper DOI

10.2495/EID120461

Transaction

WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment

Volume

162

Pages

12

Published

2012

Size

2,703 kb

Author(s)

M. O. Lupsea, H. Mathies, U. Schoknecht, L. Tiruta-Barna & N. Schiopu

Abstract

Leaching of biocides from construction products is currently a research topic receiving attention from the European regulation authorities (CEN/TC 351). In this paper we have focused on the leaching behaviour of CBA (copper-borateazoles) treated Pinus sylvestris. To better define the chemistry of the leaching phenomena, two leaching tests (a static equilibrium test and a dynamic surface leaching test) have been carried out on untreated and treated wood, which offered more information about how the leaching of biocides interferes with other substances released from the wood structure. Eluates, in liquid and lyophilised form, were further analyzed by analytical methods. Organic (tebuconazole) and inorganic (Cu, B) biocides were quantified and several organic compounds have been identified (e.g. carboxylic acids, phenols, amines, etc.). Also, the total amount of phenols and of carboxylic groups was determined. Results on inorganic compounds are in accordance with previous studies made on treated wood. Furthermore, organic carbon, tebuconazole and other organic compounds’ behaviour was extensively investigated. This study aims to complete existing leaching data and to help developing a chemical model for several biocides in wood, including Cu, B and tebuconazole. Keywords: leaching, CBA treated wood, biocide, organic compounds.

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Industrial Wood Residuals: Experimental Property Characterization And Lab-scale Burning Tests

Paper DOI

10.2495/WM080651

Transaction

WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment

Volume

109

Pages

12

Published

2008

Size

1,338 kb

Author(s)

F. Tatàno, L. Barbadoro, S. Pretelli, L. Tombari & F. Mangani

Abstract

Referring to the industrial wood waste category (as relevant in the provincial furniture district of Pesaro-Urbino, Italy), this paper deals with the experimental characterization and the carrying out of lab-scale non-controlled burning tests for selected \“raw” and primarily \“engineered” wood residuals. The property characterization has primarily revealed the following aspects: potential influence on moisture content of local weather conditions at outdoor wood residual storage sites; generally, higher ash contents in \“engineered” wood residuals as compared with \“raw” wood residuals; higher energy content values in fiber-wood as compared with particle-wood typologies. The smoke qualitative analysis for noncontrolled lab-scale burning tests has primarily revealed: the presence of specific organic compounds indicative of incomplete wood combustion; the presence exclusively in \“engineered” wood burning tests of pyrroles and amines, as well as the additional presence (as compared with \“raw” wood burning) of further phenolic and containing nitrogen compounds; the potential impact of incomplete industrial wood burning on the photochemical smog phenomenon. Keywords: burning test, characterization, furniture district, wood residuals. 1 Introduction According to the framework waste legislation presently in force (Directive 2006/12/EC, which is the codified version of Directive 75/442/EEC as amended [1]), the European Union’s current approach to solid waste management is based on the integrated, hierarchic system consisting of: firstly, prevention or reduction of waste production and harmfulness; secondly, material waste recovery, or waste use as an energy source. Specifically referring to Annex I of the mentioned

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Characterisation Of Chromium-Copper- Arsenic (CCA) Treated Wood Waste From A Steel-making Environment

Paper DOI

10.2495/WM120251

Transaction

WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment

Volume

163

Pages

12

Published

2012

Size

822 kb

Author(s)

S. Raghuyal, J. Steer, A. Griffiths & A. Hopkins

Abstract

Copper Chromium Arsenic (CCA) treated wood is used in the construction of coke oven quenching towers in integrated steel-plants and many other industrial applications. Waste arising from such wood has been deemed as hazardous by the recent environmental regulations due to the high heavy metal content. Hence disposal of CCA wood is substantially more expensive. The aim of this paper was to characterise the waste arising from a typical 33 years old coke quenching tower and to give an evaluation for the disposal methods in accordance to current environmental regulations. During the tower demolition, different wood samples were taken from old and renovated sections as well as support beams. Elemental analysis of the wood indicated that CCA concentration ranged from 300mg/kg to 11,000mg/kg decreasing with the age of treated wood. In addition, a high iron concentration was found from 250mg/kg to 18000mg/kg, increasing with the age of treated wood. An analysis of the CCA distribution among the growth-rings of cross-sectioned support beam along the sides as well as to the core of the beam was performed. Water leaching on the CCA wood was also performed up to 1 month duration. CCA elements leached more with increase in leaching duration where arsenic was quickest to leach at 100mg/kg compared chromium being slowest at 21mg/kg for 1 hour duration. Continuous leaching and interrupted leaching tests were also performed to further characterise the leaching behaviour of the CCA wood. To complete the characterisation, SEM analysis was conducted and the results were compared against untreated wood.

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