Everything About Wood

Frames; Wood Structures; Studs; Shear Walls; Gypsum; Lateral Loads; Residential

A pilot study was conducted at Penn State University to determine whether the type of drywall joint compound would influence the shear strength of wood-frame stud walls sheathed with Gypsum Wall Board (GWB or drywall). In this study, five 2438 mm by 2438 mm specimens were tested under in-plane cyclic racking loading following the CUREE loading protocol for light-frame wall systems. Three specimens were finished using non-cement based joint compound while the other two used cement based joint compound. Based on the experimental testing of the specimens, the results show that the use of cement based joint compound on drywall joints produces higher shear capacity for the wall system as compared to similar specimens finished with conventional non-cement based joint compound. The result of the study is particularly important for high seismic regions where interior stud walls in residential construction effectively take part in seismic resistance even though wood shear walls are normally used on exterior walls.

KEYWORDS

Cite this paper

Memari, A. and Solnosky, R. (2014) In-Plane Shear Performance of Wood-Framed Drywall Sheathing Wall Systems under Cyclic Racking Loading. Open Journal of Civil Engineering, 4, 54-70. doi: 10.4236/ojce.2014.41006.

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Modeling Municipal Solid Waste Management in Africa: Case Study of Matadi, the Democratic Republic of Congo

DOI: 10.4236/jep.2013.45052

Author(s)

Gregory Yom Din, Emil Cohen

The Open University of Israel, Raanana, Israel; Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.

Independent Expert for Waste to Energy Projects, Moshav Aniam, Israel.

Municipal Solid Waste; Waste Treatment; Emissions Trading; Planning; Economic Evaluation

The purpose of this article is to present the key elements for best performance and profitability of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management in a low-income city. The research provides an overview of methods and models for integrated planning of a two-phase program: MSW collection and transportation, and MSW treatment. We present the case study of Matadi (the Democratic Republic of Congo) that has a low level of the MSW management compared to other African cities. We develop a spreadsheet model for collection and transportation of MSW which is relevant for low-income cities and enables determining the waste collection fee. A CDM decay model is used to predict the GHG emissions in disposal site. The MSW treatment plant in case of Matadi is evaluated. For the anaerobic digestion technology selected as appropriate for this plant, the key factors that ensure profitability of the plant are as follows: tipping fee from the municipality (19% of total revenue), amount of carbon credits which can sum up to 16% of the total revenue, expansion of waste collection range from 25 to 50 km. The methods of this study can be used for solving waste problem in other low-income cities where the budget for municipal services is scanty, particularly when starting from a very low level of MSW management.

KEYWORDS

Cite this paper

G. Din and E. Cohen, "Modeling Municipal Solid Waste Management in Africa: Case Study of Matadi, the Democratic Republic of Congo," Journal of Environmental Protection, Vol. 4 No. 5, 2013, pp. 435-445. doi: 10.4236/jep.2013.45052.

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Survey on Storage of Water for Domestic Use in Underground Reinforced Concrete Tanks: The Case of Brazzaville (Republic of Congo)

DOI: 10.4236/ojce.2014.41002

Author(s)

Narcisse Malanda, Paul Louzolo-Kimbembe

Laboratory of Civil Engineering and Environmental Engineering, National School of Engineering, University Marien Ngouabi, Brazzaville, Congo.

Underground Tanks; Watertightness; Reinforced Concrete; Water Storage; Potability; Household

The problem of water supply from the public distribution network still poses very serious problems in many cities in developing countries. Intermittent water supply pushes some households to build underground reinforced concrete tanks for water storage to cope with unwanted water breaks. This study that relies on the results of a survey of households in some areas of the city of Brazzaville (Republic of Congo) aims to verify the importance that users attach to the quality of the works constructed. Indeed, the reliability of the tanks resulting in their impermeability to the external environment has a direct impact on the quality of stored water and therefore the use that is made of water daily. Five areas were selected because of their soil moisture. By 256 tanks identified, 143 are made of reinforced concrete and 113 in masonry. The coating materials used to seal the walls are preferably the earthenware tiles (64% of tanks), then the Sika cement (31%). Food painting (5%) is only rarely used. However, 66% of households are not assured of the potability of the water stored. A significant number of households (46%) think that the stored water could be contaminated with noxious substances seeping from the outside through the walls of the tanks. The issue of sealing of underground water tanks, especially in areas where the water table is shallow, seems concerned users.

KEYWORDS

Cite this paper

Malanda, N. and Louzolo-Kimbembe, P. (2014) Survey on Storage of Water for Domestic Use in Underground Reinforced Concrete Tanks: The Case of Brazzaville (Republic of Congo). Open Journal of Civil Engineering, 4, 13-22. doi: 10.4236/ojce.2014.41002.

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Investigation of Soil Aggressiveness towards Underground Fuel Storage Tanks and Water Pipelines in Parts of Bayelsa State, Southern Nigeria

DOI: 10.4236/eng.2012.411097

Author(s)

Kenneth S. Okiongbo, Edirin Akpofure

Department of Geology & Physics, Niger Delta University, Amassoma, Nigeria.

Soil Corrosivity Potential; Water Pipelines; Soil Aggressivity; Electrical Resistivity; Cathodic Protection

Structural failure of buried cast/ductile iron water mains and tanks due to corrosion attacks manifests in leaks and is common in most cities throughout Nigeria. The appropriate corrective action, which aims to restore pipe/tank integrity is usually based on proper understanding of the degree of corrosiveness of the soil. In an attempt to determine the potential corrosiveness of the soil to buried metallic structures in Bayelsa State, surface geoelectrical sounding was carried out. Twenty-five Schlumberger Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) was carried out in the freshwater and meander belt geomorphic zone and the salt water mangrove swamp and estuary complex of the state using a maximum current electrode separation ranging from 200 - 400 m. The data obtained was interpreted by computer iterative modeling using a 1D inversion technique software (1X1D, Interpex, USA). The results show a high degree of heterogeneity, both laterally and vertically, which is typical of a complex depositional environment. Generally, the sub-soil condition within the expected depth of installation of water mains and storage tanks (0 - 10 m) is slightly or moderately aggressive (effective aggressivity) in the freshwater and meander belt geomorphic zone but is very strongly aggressive in the salt water mangrove swamp and estuary complex. Corrosion cells which may lead to significant corrosion failures may occur in the vicinities of strongly aggressive stations. This poses a significant corrosion risk to metallic water pipes and storage tanks. Current day design should therefore either mandate the use of a non-metallic piping product (water mains) or cathodic protection system. Prediction of potential corrosiveness of a soil and thus the application of proper corrosion control measures will not only protect the environment from spillages but will also avert cost of repair, clean-up and replacement.

KEYWORDS

Cite this paper

K. Okiongbo and E. Akpofure, "Investigation of Soil Aggressiveness towards Underground Fuel Storage Tanks and Water Pipelines in Parts of Bayelsa State, Southern Nigeria," Engineering, Vol. 4 No. 11, 2012, pp. 761-767. doi: 10.4236/eng.2012.411097.

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Preliminary Geophysical Investigation to Delineate the Groundwater Conductive Zones in the Coastal Region of Akwa Ibom State, Southern Nigeria, around the Gulf of Guinea

DOI: 10.4236/ijg.2013.41011

Author(s)

George N. Jimmy, Akpan A. Otu, Umoh A. Asuquo

Department of Physics, Akwa Ibom State University, Akwa Ibom, Nigeria.

Department of Physics, University of Calaber, Calaber, Nigeria.

Department of Physics, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria.

Freshwater; Saltwater; Ferruginized and Saline Sands; VES

This paper presents the first work of its kind within the confines of the study area. It unravels the distribution of the layers of conductive sand and their depths of interaction between freshwater from fresh sands and saltwater within the conductive layers in the coastal region of Akwa Ibom State (Nigeria) around the Gulf of Guinea. Vertical electrical sounding (VES) data whose fidelity was achieved by constraining the data by the available nearby logged borehole information during interpretation was the method applied. In the western region of the study area, the ferruginized and saline water layer is found within the depth range of 22 to 75 m deep. In the northern zone, conductive sandy layer is found within 50 to 210 m and in the eastern zone, the saline and ferruginized sandy layer is found within the depth of 88.5 m and above. Generally, the horizontal and vertical cross sections of the subsoil and the flow regime from water table depths have been delineated. With these information, water can be tapped in the area with caution and the flow direction determined can be used as input parameter in detailed contamination study.

KEYWORDS

Cite this paper

G. Jimmy, A. Otu and U. Asuquo, "Preliminary Geophysical Investigation to Delineate the Groundwater Conductive Zones in the Coastal Region of Akwa Ibom State, Southern Nigeria, around the Gulf of Guinea," International Journal of Geosciences, Vol. 4 No. 1, 2013, pp. 108-115. doi: 10.4236/ijg.2013.41011.