The practice of entrepreneurship in the non-wood forest products sector: Support for innovation on private forest land

Author

Ludvig, Alice

Tahvanainen, Veera

Dickson, Antonia

Evard, Camille

Kurttila, Mikko

Cosovic, Marija

Chapman, Emma

Wilding, Maria

Weiss, Gerhard

Abstract

The paper sets out to examine the characteristics of support for innovation processes in Non-Wood Forest Products (NWFP). The typical enterprises and start-ups which emerge in this sector tend to be small-scale and family owned. We claim that there is a large unused potential for NWFP to support rural development and increase incomes of land owners and rural enterprises. In this article, we study what makes selected and so far successful product innovations in NWFPs special and subsequently what were the factors that supported their development and marketing? These questions we study at hand of four empirical innovative case studies in four European rural areas. We come to the conclusion that the entrepreneurs show some common features in the ways they started their business. However, they have applied individual strategies for the realisation of their own ideas. In line with recommendations from recent literature on creating innovations, all of them have used some “external” support, but at very different levels: They range from monetary support and consultation of effective support organisations to personal non-monetary exchange-relationships in social networks within a communal area. Our results contribute to an understanding of entrepreneurial behaviour as a very individual and context-specific undertaking on the one hand and as a “universal” activity with common features and attributes on the other.

References

1.  Rametsteiner, Ewald & Weiss, Gerhard, 2006. "Innovation and innovation policy in forestry: Linking innovation process with systems models," Forest Policy and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 8(7), pages 691-703, October.
2.  Ewald Rametsteiner & Gerhard Weiss, 2005. "The Role of Innovation Systems in Non-Timber Forest Products and Services Development in Central Europe,"Economic Studies journal, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences - Economic Research Institute, issue 1, pages 23-36.
3.  Kubeczko, Klaus & Rametsteiner, Ewald & Weiss, Gerhard, 2006. "The role of sectoral and regional innovation systems in supporting innovations in forestry," Forest Policy and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 8(7), pages 704-715, October.
4.  Buttoud, Gerard & Kouplevatskaya-Buttoud, Irina & Slee, Bill & Weiss, Gerhard, 2011. "Barriers to institutional learning and innovations in the forest sector in Europe: Markets, policies and stakeholders," Forest Policy and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 13(2), pages 124-131.
5.  te Velde, Dirk Willem & Rushton, Jonathan & Schreckenberg, Kathrin & Marshall, Elaine & Edouard, Fabrice & Newton, Adrian & Arancibia, Erik, 2006. "Entrepreneurship in value chains of non-timber forest products," Forest Policy and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 8(7), pages 725-741, October.
6.  Lucio Carlos Freire-Gibb & Kristian Nielsen, 2014. "Entrepreneurship Within Urban and Rural Areas: Creative People and Social Networks," Regional Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 48(1), pages 139-153, January.

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Use and governance of non-wood forest products in market and transition economies

Published Date

Case studies from Sweden, Ukraine and the Russian Federation

Stryamets, Nataliya (2016). Use and governance of non-wood forest products in market and transition economies. Diss. (sammanfattning/summary) Skinnskatteberg : Sveriges lantbruksuniv., Acta Universitatis agriculturae Sueciae, 1652-6880 ; 2016:08

ISBN 978-91-576-8518-6
eISBN 978-91-576-8519-3

[Doctoral thesis]

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Abstract

Forests have provided non-wood forest products (NWFPs) that sustain local communities for Millennia. Today, the role of NWFPs for local livelihoods differs in time and space. International policies highlight the importance of NWFPs globally and in European countries. Using a case study approach I studied use and governance of NWFPs in three rural areas that represent a gradient in economic development, i.e., Småland (Sweden), Roztochya (Ukraine), and Kortkeros (Komi Republic in Russia). This thesis is based on 307 semi-structured interviews, analysis of global, national and regional legal documents and systematic literature analysis. In forest-dependent rural areas NWFPs continue to be an important part of livelihoods by ensuring food security both directly, and by providing additional income (Ukraine and Russia). In wealthy rural communities it is a cultural tradition and a part of recreational activities (Sweden). Governance of NWFPs differed among the case studies and the countries they represent. In Sweden there are on-going debates between different actors, stakeholders and organizations on how to govern NWFPs due to increasing commercial harvest of plant origin NWFPs. In Ukraine, there is a top-down government regime related to NWFPs, which actually exists only de-jury, not de-facto. In the Russian case study there has been a shift from government to governance due to the conflict between traditional use of NWFPs and commercial forest logging that led to legitimization of local communities’ rights in NWFPs use and governance. In order to establish new forms of NWFP governance, there is a need for developing landscape approach initiatives that aim at establishing place-based stakeholder partnerships that represent different sectors at multiple levels of governance. Sustainable use, management and governance of NWFPs are an integral part of sustainable forest management (SFM). The multi-functional value of NWFPs provided by forest landscapes is important for rural communities, but often is neither supported by national policy and management regulations nor appropriate governance. To promote sustainable use of NWFPs new policy instruments should be developed in all three countries.

Authors/Creators:	Stryamets, Nataliya
Title:	Use and governance of non-wood forest products in market and transition economies
Subtitle:	case studies from Sweden, Ukraine and the Russian Federation
Series/Journal:	Acta Universitatis agriculturae Sueciae (1652-6880)
Year of publishing :	4 January 2016
Depositing date:	5 January 2016
Volume:	2016:08
Number of Pages:	101
Papers/manuscripts:	Number References I Stryamets, N., Elbakidze, M. & Angelstam, P. (2012). Role of non-wood forest products for local livelihoods in countries with transition and market economies: case studies in Ukraine and Sweden. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research 27(1), 74-87. II Stryamets, N., Elbakidze, M., Ceuterick, M., Angelstam, P. & Axelsson, R. (2015). From economic survival to recreation: contemporary uses of wild food and medicine in rural Sweden, Ukraine and NW Russia. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 11 (53), 1-18. III Stryamets, N., Elbakidze, M., Angelstam, P. Governance of non-wood forest products? Case studies in Ukraine and the Russian Federation. Manuscript. IV Axelsson, R., Angelstam, P., Elbakidze, M., Stryamets, N. & Johansson, K-E. (2011). Landscape approach for sustainable development and sustainability: a practical interpretation of principles and implementation concepts. The Journal of Landscape Ecology, 14 (3), 5-30. V Elbakidze, M., Angelstam, P., Sandström, C., Stryamets, N., Crow, S., Axelsson, R., Stryamets, G. & Yamelynets, T. (2013). Biosphere reserves for conservation and development in Ukraine? Policy analysis and a case study of establishment. Environmental Conservation 40 (2), 157–166.
Place of Publication:	Skinnskatteberg
Publisher:	School for Forest Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
ISBN for printed version:	978-91-576-8518-6
ISBN for electronic version:	978-91-576-8519-3
ISSN:	1652-6880
Language:	English
Publication Type:	Doctoral thesis
Full Text Status:	Public
Agris subject categories.:	E Economics, development, and rural sociology > E50 Rural sociology and social security K Forestry > K01 Forestry - General aspects
Subjects:	(A) Swedish standard research categories 2011 > 4 Agricultural Sciences > 401 Agricultural, Forestry and Fisheries > Forest Science
Agrovoc terms:	sustainable forest management, nonwood forest products, livelihoods, forest land use, public administration, forestry policies, case studies, sweden, ukraine, russian federation
Keywords:	sustainable forest management, rural livelihoods, landscape approach initiatives, forest products, wild food, medicinal herbs, rural development
URN:NBN:	urn:nbn:se:slu:epsilon-e-3164
Permanent URL:	http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:slu:epsilon-e-3164
ID Code:	12938
Faculty:	S - Faculty of Forest Sciences
Department:	(S) > School for Forest Management
Deposited By:	Ms Nataliya Stryamets
Deposited On:	07 Jan 2016 08:46
Metadata Last Modified:	07 Jan 2016 11:39

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Modeling future U.S. forest sector market and trade impacts of expansion in wood energy consumption

Journal of Forest Economics

Volume 17, Issue 2, April 2011, Pages 142-156

Author 

Ince, P.J.^a, 

Kramp, A.D.^b , 

Skog, K.E.^a, 

Yoo, D.-I.^b, 

Sample, V.A.^c

^a  U.S. Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, WI, United States
^b  University of Wisconsin Department of Forest Ecology and Management, United States
^c  Pinchot Institute for Conservation, Washington, DC, United States 

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Abstract

This paper describes an approach to modeling U.S. forest sector market and trade impacts of expansion in domestic wood energy consumption under hypothetical future U.S. wood biomass energy policy scenarios. The U.S. Forest Products Module (USFPM) was created to enhance the modeling of the U.S. forest sector within the Global Forest Products Model (GFPM), providing a more detailed representation of U.S. regional timber supply and wood residue markets. Scenarios were analyzed with USFPM/GFPM ranging from a baseline 48% increase to a 173% increase in annual U.S. consumption of wood for energy from 2006 to 2030, while consumption of fuelwood in other countries was assumed to increase by around 65% in aggregate. Results indicate that expansion in wood energy consumption across the range of scenarios may have little impact on U.S. forest sector markets because most of the expansion can be supplied by logging residues that are presently not being utilized and also mill residues that will increase in supply with projected expansion in wood product output in the decades ahead. However, analysis also suggests that forest sector markets could be disrupted by expansion in wood energy if much higher levels of wood energy consumption occur, or if projected recovery in housing demand and wood product output does not occur, or if more restrictive constraints or higher costs are imposed on wood residue utilization. © 2011.

Author keywords

Forest products; Market modeling; Wood energy scenarios

Indexed keywords

Forest products; Forest sectors; Fuelwood; Global forest products model; Logging residues; Market modeling; Policy scenario; Restrictive constraints; Timber supply; Wood biomass; Wood energy; Wood energy scenarios; Wood residues

Engineering controlled terms: Biomass; Energy policy; Energy utilization; Expansion; Wood products

Engineering main heading: Commerce

GEOBASE Subject Index: biomass; energy policy; forest product; forestry modeling; forestry production; marketing; timber industry; wood quality

PaperChem Variable: Biomass; Commerce; Energy; Expansion; Wood Products

Regional Index: United States

ISSN: 11046899Source Type: Journal Original language: English

DOI: 10.1016/j.jfe.2011.02.007Document Type: Article

  Kramp, A.D.; Forest Products Laboratory, One Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI 53726-2398, United States;
© Copyright 2011 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.

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An economic analysis of the potential contribution of forest biomass to the EU RES target and its implications for the EU forest industries

Author

Moiseyev, A.^a , 

Solberg, B.^a, 

Kallio, A.M.I.^b, 

Lindner, M.^c

^a  Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Science, Ås, Norway
^b  METLA (Finnish Forest Research Institute), Vantaa, Finland
^c  European Forest Institute, Joensuu, Finland 

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Abstract

This study addresses the effects of increasing energy wood prices on the EU forest sector and on the use of wood biomass for energy. We examine different energy wood price levels under two contrasting scenarios of future global development, defined by the A1 and B2 storylines of IPCC. A1 depicts increased globalization and rapid economic growth. In B2, the economic growth is more modest, and the world is more environmentally conscious and regionally oriented. The analysis carried out using the global forest sector model EFI-GTM shows that as energy wood prices increase, the wood imports and reallocation of wood from competing industrial users such as board manufacturers or the pulp and paper industry also increase strongly. The quantity of wood directed from the forest industry to the energy sector would at most be around 20Mtoe (million tons of oil equivalent) in terms of energy, given a price of 100€/m³ of energy wood. Still, this would cover only around 8% of the European Union's RES target for 2020, and an even lower share for 2030. For some forest industry sectors like production of pulp and panels that would mean an important output reduction, around 20-25%. Additional felling could be an important source of wood for bioenergy in the near future, when utilization of the forest resource potential is still not very high. However, toward 2030, forest resource utilization is projected to increase and might become a limiting factor for additional biomass potentials. Given the relatively high economic growth assumed in the scenarios and the rather strong development in the demand for forest industry products, there is a considerable chance that the supply of wood biomass for energy will be largely limited to logging residues in the long run. © 2011.

Author keywords

Biomass; Forest sector model; IPCC scenarios; Wood supply

Indexed keywords

Bio-energy; Biomass potential; Board manufacturers; Economic growths; Energy sector; Energy wood; European Union; Forest biomass; Forest industry; Forest resources; Forest sector model; Forest sectors; Global development; Industrial users; IPCC scenarios; Limiting factors; Logging residues; Pulp and paper industry; Storylines; Wood biomass; Wood imports; Wood supply

Engineering controlled terms: Biomass; Costs; Ecology; Economic analysis; Forestry; International trade; Pulp; Wood

Engineering main heading: Paper and pulp industry

GEOBASE Subject Index: bioenergy; biomass; economic analysis; economic growth; European Union; forest resource; forestry production; globalization; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; logging (timber); timber industry

PaperChem Variable: Biomass; Costs; Ecology; Economic Analysis; Foreign Trade; Forestry; Pulps; Wood

ISSN: 11046899Source Type: Journal Original language: English

DOI: 10.1016/j.jfe.2011.02.010Document Type: Article

  Moiseyev, A.; Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Science, Ås, Norway;
© Copyright 2011 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.

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Silviculture: forest products, certification and wood chain in Italy

Author

Piermaria Corona, Stefano Berti

Abstract

Silviculture: forest products, certification and wood chain in Italy This paper outlines the potential and critical issues of forest production in Italy, according to recent forest statistics (Italian National Institute of Statistics and Italian National Forest Inventory) and to the findings from the Third Italian National Congress of Silviculture. There is currently a growing interest towards forest products which meet sustainability goals through reduced impact on the forest ecosystems, improvement of human well being and a strong link to the territory; this concerns notably the demand for: wood as an optimal material for sustainable building; non-wood products; wood biomass for energy use. Indeed, sustainable forest management is not in conflict with a productive use of forestland, without which abandonment and land neglection could further occur. To meet these new societal demands through a viable and sustainable use of forest resources is a true challenge; forest owners must be supported in this regard, to supply a variety of forest goods and services while maintaining economic viability. To this end operative strategies are outlined.

Keywords

sustainable forest management; wood products; non-wood products; ecosystem services; market of forest products and services.

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Non Wood Forest Products in Poverty Alleviation and its Implication in Species Conservation in Emohua Local Government area, Rivers state, Nigeria

Author

SL Larinde, AT Oladele, O Nwakaego

Abstract

Non wood forest products (NWFPs) have been harvested by man for subsistence and trade in other to cope with poverty since time immemorial. However there is a dearth of information on its economic potential in alleviating poverty in Nigeria. This study examines the role of NWFPs in poverty alleviation in selected communities of Emohua Local Government area of River State, Nigeria. Three sets of well-structured questionnaires were administered in four selected communities to producers, marketers and consumers respectively. In all, a total number of 480 questionnaires were distributed. Information was obtained on the social status of the respondents, plants and animal species consumed, trade as well as marketing channels. Data obtained were subjected to descriptive analysis; economic evaluation was carried out using profitability and cost benefit analysis. The results showed that the most utilized NWFPs include Dacryodes edulis, Cola pachycarpa, Gongronema latifolia, Piper guineense. Women constitutes the vast majority of producers and marketers of NWFPs, 75.8% and 64.26% respectively, the youths in the age range of 15 to 35 years are the most active. The production and marketing of NWFPs is profitable with an average margin of N104, 114.75. Rate of return of investment (RORI) was 289.25% while the cost- benefit ratio was 3.8, the marketing channel reveals a two - way trade route, producers - consumers and producers – wholesalers — retailers – consumers. NWFP has the economic potential in alleviating poverty in the communities because it can sustain a family of 5 persons. The over-dependence of the rural community on NWFPs has a serious implication for conservation due to unsustainable exploitation practices. To reduce the rate of depletion of these NWFPs, it is recommended that rural communities should be encouraged and empowered to cultivate them by securing property rights on land which is the main impediment to farming.
Key words: Non wood forest products, poverty alleviation, conservation.

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The Role of Non-Wood Forest Products in Poverty Alleviation and Food Security in Urban Ghana

Published Date
Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries 
Volume 3, Issue 4, August 2014, Pages: 307-312 

Received: Aug. 17, 2014; Accepted: Sep. 6, 2014; Published: Sep. 20, 2014

Authors

Mawutor K. Glover, Department of Agro Enterprise, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ho Polytechnic, P. O. Box 217, Ho, Ghana

Edinam K. Glover, Faculty of Law, P. O. Box 4, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

Abstract

Non Wood Forest Product (NWFP) is as old as the existence of humans and has gained increasing importance. The study focused on processing NWFPs in urban Ghana with special reference to the bushmeat commodity chain that supplies the urban areas. It described the existing forms of bushmeat processing requirements and constraints. It also examined the contribution of bushmeat to poverty alleviation and food security through its use, processing and trade as a NWFP. Methods for data collection involved the use of qualitative research approach in form of selective case study approach. In line with this approach, the study used both participant observation combined with focus group discussion to collect information from a cross section of primary actors in the bushmeat trade. Results showed that processing bushmeat for sale vary from place to place. It is conveyed to the major markets either smoked or fresh. Those using bushmeat for medicinal purposes cut the meat into various parts and dry them for their clientele. Results also showed that bushmeat trading activities involve a chain of actors composed of hunters, wholesalers and chop bar owners/retailers. This livelihood activity contributes highly to food security and household incomes of actors of the trade.

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Prospects for Appearance Wood Products Ecodesign in the Context of Nonresidential Applications

Published Date

Article Citation:

Aline Cobut, Pierre Blanchet, and Robert Beauregard (2016) Prospects for Appearance Wood Products Ecodesign in the Context of Nonresidential Applications. Forest Products Journal: 2016, Vol. 66, No. 3-4, pp. 196-210.

doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13073/FPJ-D-15-00022

Author 

Aline Cobut , Pierre Blanchet , and Robert Beauregard 

The authors are, respectively, Post-doctoral Fellow, Associate Professor, and Professor, Faculté de foresterie, de géographie et de géomatique, Univ. Laval, Québec, Canada (Aline.cobut.1@ulaval.ca [corresponding author], Pierre.blanchet@sbf.ulaval.ca, Robert.beauregard@sbf.ulaval.ca). This paper was received for publication in April 2015. Article no. 15-00022.

Abstract

As environmental awareness grows, societal demand for more environmentally friendly products increases. Demand for environmental responsibility also reached the building material and construction sector. Green building has become more widespread over the past decade and can be considered a challenge for specifiers and building products manufacturers. Ecodesign, an application of the sustainable development concept, is one of the available tools to address this challenge. This article aims at proposing an ecodesign pathway for appearance wood products in the nonresidential building sector. Through extrapolating results from a previous interior wood door case study, it has been possible to obtain environmental profiles for the main segments of the appearance wood products family for nonresidential buildings. These profiles have allowed devising ecodesign solutions. Results show that for this whole family of products, raw materials are what cause the most environmental impacts, followed by shipping and end-of-life stages. Product component weight tends also to influence the environmental profile. Ecodesign solutions for composite-based products are strongly related to decreasing the composite component weight by design and remanufacturing. For solid wood–based products, ecodesign can be approached through remanufacturing or reclaiming, using locally certified sustainable wood. The use of hardwood waste may be available for energy purposes, but this may not be as relevant as reuse and recycle in the context of the province of Quebec energy grid mix.

© Forest Products Society 2016

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The Carbon Impacts of Wood Products

Published Date

Article Citation:

Richard Bergman, Maureen Puettmann, Adam Taylor, and Kenneth E. Skog (2014) The Carbon Impacts of Wood Products. Forest Products Journal: 2014, Vol. 64, No. 7-8, pp. 220-231.

doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13073/FPJ-D-14-00047

Author 

Richard Bergman, Maureen Puettmann, Adam Taylor, and Kenneth E. Skog

The authors are, respectively, Research Forest Products Technologist, USDA Forest Serv., Forest Products Lab., Madison, Wisconsin (rbergman@fs.fed.us [corresponding author]); Owner, WoodLife Environmental Consultants, LLC, Corvallis, Oregon (maureen.puettmann@woodlifeconsulting.com); Associate Professor and Wood Products Extension Specialist, Tennessee Forest Products Center, Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville (AdamTaylor@utk.edu); and Supervisory Research Forester, USDA Forest Serv., Forest Products Lab., Madison, Wisconsin (kskog@fs.fed.us). This paper was received for publication in May 2014. Article no. 14‐00047.

Abstract

Wood products have many environmental advantages over nonwood alternatives. Documenting and publicizing these merits helps the future competitiveness of wood when climate change impacts are being considered. The manufacture of wood products requires less fossil fuel than nonwood alternative building materials such as concrete, metals, or plastics. By nature, wood is composed of carbon that is captured from the atmosphere during tree growth. These two effects—substitution and sequestration—are why the carbon impact of wood products is favorable. This article shows greenhouse gas emission savings for a range of wood products by comparing (1) net wood product carbon emissions from forest cradle–to–mill output gate minus carbon storage over product use life with (2) cradle-to-gate carbon emissions for substitute nonwood products. The study assumes sustainable forest management practices will be used for the duration of the time for the forest to regrow completely from when the wood was removed for product production during harvesting. The article describes how the carbon impact factors were developed for wood products such as framing lumber, flooring, moulding, and utility poles. Estimates of carbon emissions saved per unit of wood product used are based on the following: (1) gross carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from wood product production, (2) CO₂ from biofuels combusted and used for energy during manufacturing, (3) carbon stored in the final product, and (4) fossil CO₂ emissions from the production of nonwood alternatives. The results show notable carbon emissions savings when wood products are used in constructing buildings in place of nonwood alternatives.

© Forest Products Society 2014

Cited by

Yusuf Celikbag and Brian K. Via. (2016) Characterization of Residue and Bio-Oil Produced by Liquefaction of Loblolly Pine at Different Reaction Times. Forest Products Journal 66:1-2, 29-36.
Online publication date: 30-Mar-2016.
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (394 KB) 

Prakash Nepal, Kenneth E. Skog, David B. McKeever, Richard D. Bergman, Karen L. Abt and Robert C. Abt. (2016) Carbon Mitigation Impacts of Increased Softwood Lumber and Structural Panel Use for Nonresidential Construction in the United States. Forest Products Journal 66:1-2, 77-87.
Online publication date: 30-Mar-2016.
Abstract | Full Text | PDF (647 KB) 

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Non-wood forest products, the utilization, and harvesting methods in Sardasht, North West Iran

Author

Rostam Mousavi

Abstract

Non-wood forest products include all kind of services which forest offers except woody production. People were using the forest resources over many centuries to fulfill the daily needs. However, only in the last decades non-wood forest products have gained more attention in world trade.
Sardasht region in the northwestern Iran with a considerable forest cover was chosen as a study area. In order to carry out the study, questionnaires were prepaid and distributed among local people, and the results were analyzed. All kind of non-wood production which could be exchanged for money were listed, and other kind of non-market services such as protection of soil resources and recreation were not evaluated.
Different forest by-products were recognized in the area including acorn, foliage leaves, galls, turpentine, pistachio (Pistacia vera) nuts, leaves and fruits of roses, cherry elaeagnus (Elaeagnus edulis), hawthorn (Ceratagus spp), wild plum (Prunus spp.), bitter almond (Amygdalus communis), walnuts (Juglans spp.), manna of Oak trees, wild pear (Pyrus spp.), sumac (Rhus coriaria). Among all these products, turpentine is the only non-wood forest product which can be export to neighboring countries. Other non-wood forest production has not widely spread in the market being consumed at local scale for household needs by local people. However, the non-wood products play an important role fulfilling the peoples’ needs through both non-market and market means. It is possible to improve the role of non-wood forest products in the daily life of local people with provoding facilities such as better transportation system and marketing.

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