Exotic Invasive Shrub Glossy Buckthorn Reduces Restoration Potential for Native Forest Herbs

Sustainability 2017, 9(2), 249; doi:10.3390/su9020249

Author 

Caroline Hamelin ^1,* , Daniel Gagnon ^1,2

 and Benoit Truax ²

¹

Department of Biology, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada

²

Fiducie de Recherche sur la Forêt des Cantons-de-l’Est/Eastern Townships Forest Research Trust, 1 rue Principale, Saint-Benoît-du-Lac, QC J0B 2M0, Canada

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. 

Received: 19 December 2016 / Accepted: 7 February 2017 / Published: 10 February 2017

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ecological Restoration for Sustainable Forest Management)

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Abstract 

Invasive glossy buckthorn could reduce restoration potential for understory native forest herbs by compromising their growth and biodiversity. Few studies of glossy buckthorn’s effects on forest herbs exist, and none were done in early-successional, partially open hardwood forests. This study was conducted in a mature hybrid poplar plantation invaded by buckthorn, located in southeastern Québec. We tested the effect of buckthorn removal on the growth of three forest herb species, whether this effect varied among species, and if canopy type (two poplar clones) influenced this effect. Forest herbs were planted in herbicide (buckthorn removed) and control treatments in the plantation understory, an environment similar to that of early-successional hardwood forests. Over the first two growing seasons, species showed specific reactions to buckthorn cover. Mean relative growth rate (RGR) for Asarum canadense and Polygonatum pubescens was increased in the herbicide treatment (48% and 33%, respectively) and decreased in the control treatment (−35% and −33%, respectively). Sanguinaria canadensis growth was the highest among species, with no difference between treatments. No effects of canopy type were detected. Results suggest that planting forest herbs for restoration purposes may be unsuccessful if buckthorn is present. Important changes in understory flora biodiversity are likely to occur over the long term in forests invaded by buckthorn. View Full-Text

Keywords: Frangula alnus;  introduced species;  eastern North America;  southeastern Québec;  understory biodiversity;  early-successional forests;  poplar plantation;  bloodroot;  wild ginger;  Solomon’s seal

▼ Figures

Figure 1

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Analysis of Thermal Environment over a Small-Scale Landscape in a Densely Built-Up Asian Megacity

Sustainability 2016, 8(4), 358; doi:10.3390/su8040358

Author 

Younha Kim ¹

, Seung Man An ²

, Jeong-Hee Eum ^3,*  and Jung-Hun Woo ^4,* 

¹

Department of Advanced Technology Fusion (DATF), Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea

²

Housing & Land Research Division, Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements, 254 Simin-daero, Dongan-gu, Anyang-si, Gyeonggi-do 14067, Korea

³

Department of Landscape Architecture, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Daegu 42601, Korea

⁴

Division of Interdisciplinary Studies/DATF, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea

^*

Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed. 

Academic Editor: Tan Yigitcanlar

Received: 19 January 2016 / Revised: 3 April 2016 / Accepted: 6 April 2016 / Published: 13 April 2016

(This article belongs to the Section Sustainable Urban and Rural Development)

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Abstract 

Many studies have found that larger parks might be needed to counteract the Urban Heat Island effects typical in densely populated Asian megacities. However, it is not easy to establish large parks to serve as urban cool islands in Asian megacities, where little space exists for large urban neighborhood parks. Officials in these cities would rather use small areas by replacing heat-absorbing artificial land cover with natural cover. The main objective of this study was to understand the cooling effect of changes in land cover on surface and air temperatures in urban micro-scale environments for supporting sustainable green-space planning and policy in densely built-up areas. This was achieved using measurements at different heights (ground surface, 0.1 m, and 1.5 m) for five land cover types (LCTs) and modeling with the micro-scale climate model ENVI-met. At all vertical measuring points, the average temperature over the entire measurement period had the same hot-to-cold order: asphalt > soil > grass > water > forest. However, the value dramatically decreased as the measuring points became higher. The intensity of hot and cool spots showed the highest value at surface by 18.2 °C, and declined with the height, showing 4.1 °C at 0.1 m and 3.1 °C at 1.5 m. The modeling results indicated that the well-known diurnal variation in surface insolation also occurred in our small domain, among the various LCTs. Based on these findings, providing small-scale green infrastructure in densely built-up areas could be an effective way to improve urban micro-scale thermal conditions. View Full-Text

Keywords: micro-scale thermal environment;  cool spot;  ENVI-met;  green-space planning;  climate change

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Sustainability and Chinese Urban Settlements: Extending the Metabolism Model of Emergy Evaluation

Sustainability 2016, 8(5), 459; doi:10.3390/su8050459

Author 

Lijie Gao ^1,2,3

, Shenghui Cui ^1,3

, Dewei Yang ^1,3,4

, Lina Tang ^1,3

, Jonathan Vause ^1,2,3

, Lishan Xiao ^1,3

, Xuanqi Li ^1,2,3

 and Longyu Shi ^1,3,* 

¹

Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, China

²

University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China

³

Key lab of Xiamen City metabolism, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1799 Jimei Road, Xiamen 361021, China

⁴

Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315800, China

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. 

Academic Editor: Vincenzo Torretta

Received: 6 March 2016 / Revised: 29 April 2016 / Accepted: 3 May 2016 / Published: 10 May 2016

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Abstract 

Anthropogenic activity interacts with urban form and inner metabolic processes, ultimately impacting urban sustainability. China’s cities have experienced many environmental issues and metabolic disturbances since the nation-wide market-oriented “reform and opening-up” policy was adopted in the 1980s. To analyze urban reform policy impacts and metabolism sustainability at a settlement scale, this study provides an integrated analysis to evaluate settlement metabolism and sustainability using a combination of emergy analysis and sustainability indicators based on scrutiny of two typical settlements (one pre- and one post-reform). The results reveal that housing reform policy stimulated better planning and construction, thereby improving built environmental quality, mixed functional land use, and residential livability. The pre-reform work-unit settlements are comparatively denser in per capita area but have less mixed land use. Housing reform has spatially changed the work–housing balance and increased commuting travel demand. However, short commuting distances in pre-reform settlements will not always decrease overall motor vehicle usage. Integrating non-commuting transport with local mixed land-use functional planning is a necessary foundation for sustainable urban design. Functional planning should provide convenient facilities and infrastructure, green space, and a suitable household density, and allow for short travel distances; these characteristics are all present in the post-reform settlement. View Full-Text

Keywords: urban metabolism;  settlement-level planning;  emergy;  housing reform;  sustainability indicators

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Change in Environmental Benefits of Urban Land Use and Its Drivers in Chinese Cities, 2000–2010

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13(6), 535; doi:10.3390/ijerph13060535

Author 

Xiaoqing Song ^1,* , Kang-tsung Chang ²

, Liang Yang ³

 and Jürgen Scheffran ³

¹

Institute of Land Resources and Urban-Rural Planning, School of Geographical Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China

²

Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, 1, Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei 106, Taiwan

³

Institute of Geography, University of Hamburg, Hamburg 20144, Germany

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. 

Academic Editor: Harry Timmermans

Received: 4 March 2016 / Accepted: 16 March 2016 / Published: 26 May 2016

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Abstract 

Driven by rising income and urban population growth, China has experienced rapid urban expansion since the 1980s. Urbanization can have positive effects on the urban environment; however, improvement of urban environment quality, especially its divergence between relatively developed and undeveloped cities in China, is currently a rather rudimentary and subjective issue. This study analyzed urban environmental benefits among China’s prefectural cities based on their structure of urban land use in 2000 and 2010. First, we divided 347 prefectural cities into two groups, 81 coastal and capital cities in the relatively developed group (RD) and 266 other prefectural cities in the undeveloped group (RP). Then, we defined three areas of urban environmental benefits, including green infrastructure, industrial upgrade, and environmental management, and developed an assessment index system. Results showed that all prefectural cities saw improvement in urban environmental quality in 2000–2010. Although the RD cities had higher income and more population growth, they had less improvement than the RP cities during the same period. We also found that demographic and urban land agglomeration among RD cities restrained green infrastructure expansion, making green infrastructure unsuitable as a permanent solution to environmental improvement. It is therefore urgent for China to promote balanced improvement among the three areas of urban environmental benefits and between the RD and RP cities through regional differentiation policies. View Full-Text

Keywords: urbanization;  land use;  environmental benefits;  sustainability;  city;  P.R. China

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Effects of Green Manufacturing and Eco-innovation on Sustainability Performance

Published Date
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences
6 November 2013, Vol.99:154–163, doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.10.481
The Proceedings of 9th International Strategic Management Conference
Open Access, Creative Commons license

Author 

• Bülent Sezen ^a,,
 
• Sibel Yıldız Çankaya ^b

• aGebze Institute of Technology, Kocaeli, 41400, Turkey
• bAbant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey

Available online 20 November 2013.

Abstract

Firms are facing growing pressure to become “greener” or more environmentally friendly. Consequently, firms have had to review their production processes as a result of pressures from the community and governments. This pilot study investigated the influence of green manufacturing and eco-innovation on corporate sustainability performance (economic, environmental, and social). Data were collected through a questionnaire-based survey across 53 companies from automotive, chemistry and electronic sectors in Turkey. The empirical model was tested using regression analysis, to verify the hypothetical relationships of the study. The results of this study indicate that the green manufacturing applications have a significant positive impact on environmental performance and social performance. Additionally, eco-process innovation has a significant positive impact on corporate sustainability. However, eco-product innovation was not found to have a significant effect on any of the three types of performance.

Keywords

• Green manufacturing
 
• eco-innovation
 
• corporate sustainability performance
 
• Turkey

---

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• ☆
  Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the International Strategic Management Conference.

• ⁎ 
  Corresponding author. Tel.: +90 262 605 1416; fax: +90 262 654 3224.

Copyright © 2013 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

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