PARENT IDENTIFICATION IN A MULTI LOCATION TRIAL SEED ORCHARD OF ACACIA MANGIUM USING MICROSATELLITE MARKERS

Author
I. L. G. Nurtjahjaningsih

Abstract

Variation of  parent gametes' contribution might affect the growth patterns among offspring produced from seed orchards. This paper studies the mating system statuses and to identify parent trees that produce good growth performance of  offspring in seedling seed orchard of A. mangium. The study was conducted in two seed orchards, i.e. a first generation seedling seed orchard (F1 SSO) of  A. mangium, used as the parent population hereafter and a multi location trial (MLT) as an offspring population. Based on 10 microsatellite markers, mating system in the F1 SSO was under panmictic equilibrium condition. The good growth trees in the MLT originated from various parent genes contribution in the F1 SSO. Several behaviors were observed: a). the best trees in MLT dominantly originated from singlepair trees, between maternal and paternal trees, in F1 SSO; b). a maternal tree was pollinated by two paternal trees; c). a paternal tree pollinated several maternal trees. Flowering synchronization and genetic compatibility among trees might be responsible for these mating system patterns. In order to maximize seeds production, studies on male and female flowers characteristic should be employed to assess flowering synchronization among individual trees in the seed orchard.

Keywords

Parent identification; seedling seed orchard; multi-location trial; microsatellite

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References

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/ijfr.2016.3.1.19-26

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UTILIZATION OF AREN (Arenga pinnata Merr.) SAWMILLING WASTE FOR EDIBLE MUSHROOM CULTIVATION MEDIA

Author
Djarwanto Djarwanto, Sihati Suprapti

Abstract

Aren (Arenga pinnata Merr.) is a multipurpose tree that can be utilized for palm sugar, alcoholic drinks, beverages and construction wood. The use of  aren sawdust has not been studied intensively. This study examines the utilization of  aren sawdust as cultivation media for edible mushrooms. Aren sawdust was mixed with rice bran, CaCO₃, gypsum, fertilizers and distilled water before sterilization in 30 minutes pressurized autoclave at 121⁰C and 1.5atm. The mixed media was inoculated with pure cultures containing four mushrooms species (Pleurotus flabellatus, P. ostreatus, P. sajor-caju and Lentinula edodes) and incubated for five weeks to allow mycelium growth producing fruit bodies. The fruit bodies were harvested everyday within four months and examined for its gained mushroom-weight and biological conversion efficiency/BE. The core part of  aren trunk was cut into smaller pieces of  10 cm (width) by 5 cm (thickness), by 120 cm (length). Each core sample was bored from the surface inward, creating holes with a particular distance apart. Each hole was inoculated with pure cultures containing 6 mushroom species (four species above, P. cystidiosus and Auricularia polytricha). The inoculated samples were slanted on bamboo support, and placed in a bamboo hut. Harvesting was carried out everyday after the fruiting body became mature and examined for its gained mushroom weight. Results show that the use of  sawdust supplemented with nutritious material is more likely to improve the mushroom yield than that of  aren sawn-timber core.  In this case, the BE values with aren-sawdust media were 21.97-89.45% (P. flabellatus), 15.36-105.36% (P. ostreatus), 63.88-76.86% (P. sajor-caju), and up to 62.88% (L. edodes). Meanwhile, the yields (gained mushroom weight) with aren sawn-timber media were 210g (P. ostreatus), 368g (P. flabellatus), 331g (P. sajor-caju) and 48g (A. polytricha); however, P. cystidiosus and L. edodes inoculated on aren stem core failed to grow.

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/ijfr.2016.3.1.9-18

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EFFECT OF PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE AND SILVER NITRATE ON DEGRADATION PATHWAYS OF N-OCTADECANE BY Fusarium sp. F092

Author

Asep Hidayat, Sanro Tachibana

Abstract

The aliphatic fraction is usually the largest component in crude oil. Its removal from oil contaminated fields has become an environmental priority and been considered useful for enhancing recovery. Our previous studies reported the isolation of Fusarium sp. F092 based on the ability to degrade chrysene. It also could degrade crude oils and their aliphatics fractions. However, aliphatic degradative pathways in crude oil have not been clearly understood. The identification of aliphatic metabolite pathways using a representative compound n-octadecane was carried out in this study, as well as the effect of Piperonyl Butoxide (PB) and Silver Nitrate (AgNO₃) on the degradation of n-octadecane and its metabolite. We determined that Fusarium sp. F092 had ability to break down n-Octadecane from about 125 to 13 mg L^-1 after 60 days incubation. During degradation, several metabolite products could be detected and identified to form carboxylic acid groups. By the addition of PB and AgNO₃, inhibitor of monooxgenase and dioxygenase enzymes, Fusarium sp. F092 had ability to convert n-octadecane to form alkyl hydroperoxides via terminal oxidation pathway with involving a dioxygenase

Keywords

n-Octadecane; Biodegradation pathway; Fusarium sp. F092

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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/ijfr.2016.3.1.1-7

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ROLE OF NON WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS (NWFPs) ON TRIBAL ECONOMY OF GUJARAT, INDIA

Author

1st Vikas Kumar

14.61 · Kerala Agricultural University

Abstract

Non Wood Forest Products play a key role in the life and economy of communities living in and around forests. This paper examines the livelihood of people in a Protected Area and the factors influencing the extent of their dependence on forest. NWFPs have a tremendous potential to create large scale employment opportunity thereby helping in reducing poverty and increasing empowerment of particularly tribal and poor people of the poorest and backward districts of the country. With this view, a study was undertaken predominantly in tribal regions of Gujarat to determine the role of NWFPs in augmenting the income of tribal family. This study was carried out for twelve important NWFPs of Gujarat which revealed that 21519.141 quintals of NWFPs were collected having economic worth of Rs. 386.852 lakhs. It was also observed that Timru leaves production was maximum but economically Mahua flowers alone contributed in getting higher returns. 

ROLE OF NON WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS (NWFPs) ON TRIBAL ECONOMY OF GUJARAT, INDIA (PDF Download Available). 

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Carbon constrains fungal endophyte assemblages along the timberline

Published Date
Article · December 2015 with 216 Reads

DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13153

Author

• 1st Teng Yang

  20.35 · Chinese Academy of Sciences
• 

  2nd Pamela Weisenhorn

  22.79 · Argonne National Laboratory
• 

  3rd Gilbert Jack

  43.87 · University of Chicago
• 

  Last Haiyan Chu

  36.77 · Chinese Academy of Sciences

Abstract

The alpha diversity of foliar fungal endophytes (FEs) in leaves of Betula ermanii in a subalpine timberline ecotone on Changbai Mountain, China increased with elevation. There were also significant differences in beta diversity along the elevation gradient. Among the environmental variables analyzed, leaf carbon significantly increased with elevation, and was the most significant environmental factor that constrained the alpha and beta diversity in the FE communities. Tree height and the cellulose, lignin, and carbon/nitrogen ratio of the leaves also affected the FE assemblages. When controlled for the effects of elevation, leaf carbon was still the main driver of changes in evenness, Shannon diversity, and FE community composition. The results offered clues of the carbon acquisition strategy of the foliar FEs across this cold terrain. There was strong multicollinearity between both annual precipitation and temperature, with elevation (|Pearson r| > 0.986), so the effects of these climatic variables were impossible to separate; however, they may play key roles and the direct effects of both warrant further investigation. As pioneer decomposers of leaf litter, variations in diversity and community composition of FE measured here may feedback and influence carbon cycling and dynamics in these forest ecosystems.

Carbon constrains fungal endophyte assemblages along the timberline (PDF Download Available).

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Forest Health in a Changing World

Published Date
Article · May 2015 with 365 Reads

DOI: 10.1007/s00248-014-0545-8

Author

• 1st Marco Pautasso

  37.61 · EFSA European Food Safety Authority
• 

  2nd Markus Schlegel
• 

  3rd Ottmar Holdenrieder

  35.39 · ETH Zurich

Abstract

Forest pathology, the science of forest health and tree diseases, is operating in a rapidly developing environment. Most importantly, global trade and climate change are increasing the threat to forest ecosystems posed by new diseases. Various studies relevant to forest pathology in a changing world are accumulating, thus making it necessary to provide an update of recent literature. In this contribution, we summarize research at the interface between forest pathology and landscape ecology, biogeography, global change science and research on tree endophytes. Regional outbreaks of tree diseases are requiring interdisciplinary collaboration, e.g. between forest pathologists and landscape ecologists. When tree pathogens are widely distributed, the factors determining their broad-scale distribution can be studied using a biogeographic approach. Global change, the combination of climate and land use change, increased pollution, trade and urbanization, as well as invasive species, will influence the effects of forest disturbances such as wildfires, droughts, storms, diseases and insect outbreaks, thus affecting the health and resilience of forest ecosystems worldwide. Tree endophytes can contribute to biological control of infectious diseases, enhance tolerance to environmental stress or behave as opportunistic weak pathogens potentially competing with more harmful ones. New molecular techniques are available for studying the complete tree endobiome under the influence of global change stressors from the landscape to the intercontinental level. Given that exotic tree diseases have both ecologic and economic consequences, we call for increased interdisciplinary collaboration in the coming decades between forest pathologists and researchers studying endophytes with tree geneticists, evolutionary and landscape ecologists, biogeographers, conservation biologists and global change scientists and outline interdisciplinary research gaps.

Forest Health in a Changing World (PDF Download Available). 

Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269695840_Forest_Health_in_a_Changing_World [accessed Jul 26, 2017].

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Endophytic fungi associated with leaves of Betulaceae in Japan

Published Date
Article · March 2012 with 71 Reads

DOI: 10.1139/w2012-018 · Source: PubMed

Author

• 1st Takashi Osono
• 

  2nd Hayato Masuya

  31.72 · Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute

Abstract

Diversity and species composition of endophytic fungi on leaves of 11 tree species in Betulaceae were studied, with reference to climatic, tree species, and seasonal variations. A total of 186 fungal isolates were obtained from 190 leaves collected in a subalpine forest, a cool temperate forest, and a subtropical forest in Japan, and were divided into 46 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) according to the base sequences of D1-D2 region of large subunit rDNA. The 2 most frequent OTUs were Muscodor sp. and Nemania sp. in Xylariaceae, followed by Gnomonia sp., Glomerella acutata , Apiosporopsis sp., Asteroma sp., and Cladosporium cladosporioides . The similarities of OTU composition in endophytic fungal assemblages on leaves of Betulaceae were generally low among the forests of different climatic regions. Fungal OTU compositions were relatively similar between 2 Betula species in the subalpine forest, whereas 7 tree species in the cool temperate forest were divided into 3 groups according to the similarity of endophytic fungal assemblages on the leaves, with 4 Carpinus species assigned into 2 of the 3 groups. The similarity of endophytic fungal assemblages between August and October was relatively high in the subalpine forest, whereas the seasonal changes were generally greater (i.e., the similarities among sampling dates were lower) in the cool temperate forest.

Endophytic fungi associated with leaves of Betulaceae in Japan (PDF Download Available). 
Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221977331_Endophytic_fungi_associated_with_leaves_of_Betulaceae_in_Japan [accessed Jul 26, 2017].

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Effect of distance and density on seed/seedling fate of two dipterocarp species

Published Date
Article · August 2007 with 9 Reads

DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2007.04.028

Author
Article · August 2007 with 9 Reads

DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2007.04.028

Abstract

We investigated the effects of both seed density and distance from conspecific adult trees on the survivorship of seeds of Shorea laxa and Dipterocarpus tempehes. We examined whether those species support predictions of the escape hypothesis of distance- and density-dependent mortality. We placed seeds on the forest floor using a matrix of distance from the parent tree (5, 20, and 80 m) and seed density (2, 10, and 50 m−2). The fates of seeds and seedlings were recorded 5 days, 2 weeks, and 1 month after the seeds were exposed. Camera-traps at quadrats 5 and 80 m from the parent trees were used to identify mammalian seed and seedling predators and to examine the frequency of their appearance. The proportion of seedlings surviving after 1 month was very small, 32.0 and 4.0% for S. laxa and D. tempehes, respectively. The main cause of mortality for both species was predation and removal by mammals. Total mortality and mortality caused by mammal predation were highest at the greatest distance from the parent tree. Camera-traps revealed that the diversity of mammalian predators was highest 5 m from the parent trees, while the total frequency of mammalian predator appearance was higher at 80 m than at 5 m for S. laxa. Thus, S. laxa and D. tempehes exhibited distance-dependent mortality, but the highest mortality occurred at the greatest distance from the parent trees. This is the inverse of the pattern predicted by escape hypothesis and instead supports the “McCanny pattern”. Those results would be caused by “predator satiation” near the seed-bearing trees where foods were concentrated, while seeds more distant from the parent tree were exhausted by predation.

Effect of distance and density on seed/seedling fate of two dipterocarp species. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222196751_Effect_of_distance_and_density_on_seedseedling_fate_of_two_dipterocarp_species [accessed Jul 26, 2017].

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Brown root rot caused by phellinus noxius in the Ogasawara (Bonin) islands, southern Japan - current status of the disease and its host plants

Published Date
Article · December 2015 with 67 Reads

DOI: 10.1007/s13314-015-0183-0

Author

• 1st Norio Sahashi

  23.59 · Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute
• 

  2nd Mitsuteru Akiba
• 

  3rd Yuko Ota
• 

  Last Toyozo Sato

Abstract

An unusual mortality of several woody plant species was recently found in the Ogasawara Islands. Here, we show that brown root rot caused by Phellinus noxius was the primary cause of this unusual tree death. Typical symptoms of the disease were confirmed on 41 plant species in 29 plant families. Among them, 23 were novel hosts of P. noxius, including 15 species endemic to the Ogasawara Islands. Six species were new host records in Japan.

Brown root rot caused by phellinus noxius in the Ogasawara (Bonin) islands, southern Japan - current status of the disease and its host plants (PDF Download Available). 

Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284076875_Brown_root_rot_caused_by_phellinus_noxius_in_the_Ogasawara_Bonin_islands_southern_Japan_-_current_status_of_the_disease_and_its_host_plants [accessed Jul 26, 2017].

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Effects of Reduced-Impact Logging on Decomposers in the Deramakot Forest Reserve

Published Date

Chapter · March 2013 with 10 Reads

DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-54141-7_4 
In book: Effects of Reduced-Impact Logging on Decomposers in the Deramakot Forest Reserve, Chapter: 4, Publisher: Springer, Editors: Kanehiro Kitayama, pp.63-87

Author

• 2nd Arthur Y. C. Chung
• 

  3rd Tomohiro Yoshida
• 

  Last Satoshi Kita

Abstract

The management of natural tropical production forests is charged to meet with mutually exclusive demands, that is, the production of wood materials and the conservation of biodiversity. One possible way of meeting both demands is to introduce improved management techniques such as reduced-impact logging. The effectiveness of reduced-impact logging in maintaining biodiversity was recognized in selected organisms (e.g., mammals; Mannan et al. 2008). However, this concept needs to be further substantiated in other taxa because benefits of reduced-impact logging can be specific to certain taxonomic groups only.

Effects of Reduced-Impact Logging on Decomposers in the Deramakot Forest Reserve. 

Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258104308_Effects_of_Reduced-Impact_Logging_on_Decomposers_in_the_Deramakot_Forest_Reserve [accessed Jul 26, 2017].

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