Published Date
January 2015, Vol.8(1):6–13, doi:10.1016/S1995-7645(14)60179-6
Open Access, Creative Commons license, Funding information
Document heading
Title
Anti–hypercholesterolemic effect of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) seed on high–fat diet Sprague dawley rats
Received 26 October 2014. Revised 10 November 2014. Accepted 22 December 2014. Available online 19 April 2015.
Abstract
Objective
To determine the antihypercholesterolemic effects of kenaf seed samples and compare with the commercial hypocholesterolemic drug on serum lipids profiles and malondialdehyde (MDA) level in the rat.
Methods
Kenaf seed oil (KSO), microencapsulated kenaf seed oil (MKSO), kenaf seed extract (KSE) and defatted kenaf seed meal (DKSM) were prepared and phytochemicals screening on these samples were done prior in vivo study. Phenolic compounds in KSE were quantified using high performance liquid chromatography. There were 40 (divided in eight diet groups of 5) male Sprague dawley rats adapted to normal standard diet or hypercholesterolemic diet (HD) with or without the treatment of these kenaf samples for 32 days.
Results
All the kenaf samples exhibited to contain most of the major phytochemicals. KSE possessed gallic acid, tannic acid, catechin, benzaldehyde, benzoic acid, syringic acid, sinapic acid, ferulic acid, naringin acid, and protocatechuic acid. The significant higher (P<0.05) serum total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and MDA levels in HD group without treatment than the normal control group suggested the hypercholesterolemia was induced by the incorporation of cholesterol into diet. KSE exhibited higher cholesterol–lowering properties due to the significant lower (P<0.05) in serum triglycerides, total cholesterol and MDA levels. KSE showed the highest efficiency of cholesterol–lowering activity, followed by KSO, MKSO and DKSM.
Abstract
Objective
To determine the antihypercholesterolemic effects of kenaf seed samples and compare with the commercial hypocholesterolemic drug on serum lipids profiles and malondialdehyde (MDA) level in the rat.
Methods
Kenaf seed oil (KSO), microencapsulated kenaf seed oil (MKSO), kenaf seed extract (KSE) and defatted kenaf seed meal (DKSM) were prepared and phytochemicals screening on these samples were done prior in vivo study. Phenolic compounds in KSE were quantified using high performance liquid chromatography. There were 40 (divided in eight diet groups of 5) male Sprague dawley rats adapted to normal standard diet or hypercholesterolemic diet (HD) with or without the treatment of these kenaf samples for 32 days.
Results
All the kenaf samples exhibited to contain most of the major phytochemicals. KSE possessed gallic acid, tannic acid, catechin, benzaldehyde, benzoic acid, syringic acid, sinapic acid, ferulic acid, naringin acid, and protocatechuic acid. The significant higher (P<0.05) serum total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol and MDA levels in HD group without treatment than the normal control group suggested the hypercholesterolemia was induced by the incorporation of cholesterol into diet. KSE exhibited higher cholesterol–lowering properties due to the significant lower (P<0.05) in serum triglycerides, total cholesterol and MDA levels. KSE showed the highest efficiency of cholesterol–lowering activity, followed by KSO, MKSO and DKSM.
Conclusions
DKSM, MKSO, KSO and KSE appeared to have comparable anti–hypercholesterolemic effect with the commercial hypocholesterolemic drug. Hence, kenaf seed could be used as an alternative natural source to replace the synthetic hypocholesterolemic drugs.
Keywords
- Hibiscus cannabinus
- Hypercholesterolemia
- Phytochemical screening
- Phenolic compounds
- Sprague dawley
- Oxidative stress
References
- 1
- Restoration on tissue antioxidants by fenugreek seeds (Trigonella foenumGraecum) in alloxan–diabetic rats
- Indian J Physiol Pharmacol, Volume 45, 2001, pp. 408–420
- 2
- Effect of high–fat diets supplemented with okara soybean by–product on lipid profiles of plasma, liver and faeces in Syrian hamsters
- Food Chem, Volume 124, 2011, pp. 72–79
- | |
- 3
- An aqueous extract of Citrus mitis posessess antioxidative properties and improves plasma lipid profiles in rat induced with high cholesterol diet
- J Med Plant Res, Volume 4, 2010, pp. 49–57
- 4
- Malondialdehyde and thiobarbituric acid–reactivity as diagnostic indices of lipid peroxidation and peroxidative tissue injury
- Free Radical Biol Med, Volume 9, 1990, pp. 515–540
- | |
- 5
- Lipid peroxidation in mouse models of atherosclerosis
- Trends Cardiovas Med, Volume 11, 2001, pp. 112–116
- | |
- 6
- Suppressive effects of cacao liquor polyphenols (CLP) on LDL oxidation and the development of atherosclerosis in Kurosawa and Kusanagi–hypercholesterolemic rabbits
- Atherosclerosis, Volume 179, 2005, pp. 237–246
- 7
- Chemical composition of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) seed oil
- Ind Crop Prod, Volume 4, 1995, pp. 157–165
- | |
- 8
- Fatty acid and oil variation in seed from kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.)
- Ind Crop Prod, Volume 27, 2008, pp. 104–109
- | |
- 9
- Physicochemical properties and bioactive compounds of selected seed oils
- LWT–Food Sci Technol, Volume 42, 2009, pp. 1396–1403
- | |
- 10
- Effect of accelerated storage on microencapsulated kenaf seed oil
- J Am Oil Chem Soc, Volume 90, 2013, pp. 1023–1029
- 11
- Ultrasound–assisted extraction of oil from flaxseed
- Sep Purif Technol, Volume 62, 2008, pp. 192–198
- | |
- 12
- Ultrasound–assisted extraction of oil from tea seeds
- J Food Lipids, Volume 16, 2009, pp. 465–474
- 13
- Ultrasound–assisted extraction of five isoflavones from Iris tectorum Maxim
- Sep Purif Technol, Volume 78, 2011, pp. 49–54
- | |
- 14
- An overview of the ultrasonically assisted extraction of bioactive principles from herbs
- Ultrason Sonochem, Volume 8, 2001, pp. 303–313
- | |
- 15
- Applications and opportunities for ultrasound assisted extraction in the food industry – A review
- Innov Food Sci Emerg, Volume 9, 2008, pp. 161–169
- | |
- 16
- Defatted kenaf seed meal (DKSM): Prospective edible flour from agricultural waste with high antioxidant activity
- LWT– Fd Sci Technol, Volume 53, 2013, pp. 308–313
- | |
- 17
- Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activities of some selected medical plants used for malaria therapy in southwestern Nigeria
- Trop J Pharm Res, Volume 7, 2008, pp. 1019–1024
- 18
- In vitro antimicrobial activity and phytochemical analysis of some Indian medicine plants
- Turk J Biol, Volume 31, 2007, pp. 53–58
- 19
- Quantitative phytochemical screening and in vitro antimicrobial effects of methanol stem bark extract of Ficus thonningii (Moraceae)
- Afr J Tradit Complem, Volume 6, 2009, pp. 289–295
- 20
- Determination of antibacterial effects and total phenolic contents of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) seed extracts
- Int J Food Sci Technol, Volume 41, 2006, pp. 799–804
- 21
- Anti–obesity and antihyperlipidaemic effect of Hunteria umbellate seed extract in experimental hyperlipidaemia
- J Ethnopharmacol, Volume 130, 2010, pp. 307–314
- | |
- 22
- Protective effects of lovastatin on vascular endothelium injured by low density lipoprotein
- Acta Pharm Sinic, Volume 24, 2003, pp. 1027–1032
- 23
- Serum levels of adiponectin and ghrelin in patients with acute myocardial infarction
- Life Sci J, Volume 9, 2012, pp. 523–526
- 24
- Functional foods: Their role in disease prevention and health promotion
- Food Technol, Volume 52, 1998, pp. 63–70
- 25
- Phytochemical evaluation and lipid lowering property of leaves of Vitex negundolinn. in hypercholestremic rats
- IJPSRR, Volume 2, 2011, pp. 18–22
- 26
- Alleviation of plasma, erythrocyte and liver lipidemic–oxidative stress by thymoquinone and limonene in atherogenic suspension fed rats
- J Funct Fd, Volume 5, 2013, pp. 251–259
- | |
- 27
- Dietary antioxidant vitamins and death from coronary heart disease in postmenopausal woman
- New Eng J Med, Volume 334, 1996, pp. 1156–1162
- |
- 28
- Dietary models for inducing hypercholesterolemia in rats
- Braz Arch Biol Technol, Volume 48, 2005, pp. 203–209
- 29
- Dietary fat and adipose tissue metabolism in ruminants, pigs, and rodents: A review
- J Dairy Sci, Volume 76, 1993, pp. 3897–3931
- 30
- Total lipid level and fatty acid composition of oil seed from lesser known sweet pomegranate clones
- J Sci Fd Agric, Volume 80, 2000, pp. 1452–1454
- |
- 31
- Evaluation of homogeneous high–density lipoprotein cholesterol assay on a BM/Hitachi 747–200 analyzer
- Clin Chem, Volume 5, 1998, pp. 1050–1054
- 32
- Impact of omega–3 fatty acids and/or plant sterol supplementation on non–HDL cholesterol levels of dyslipidemic Indian adults
- J Funct Foods, Volume 5, 2013, pp. 36–43
- | |
- 33
- Ricinodendron heutelotii (Bail.) or Tetracarpidium conophorum Mull. oils fed to male rats lower blood lipids
- Nutr Res, Volume 29, 2009, pp. 503–509
- | |
- 34
- Vitamin E: molecular and biological function
- Proc Nutr Soc, Volume 53, 1994, pp. 251–262
- |
- 35
- Promising hypotensive effect of hawthorn extract: A randomized double–blind pilot study of mild, essential hypertension
- Phytother Res, Volume 16, 2002, pp. 48–54
- |
- 36
- Small LDL and its clinical importance as a new CAD risk factor: A female case study
- Prog Cardiovasc Nurs, Volume 4, 2002, pp. 167–173
- |
- 37
- Investigation of the effects of ultrasound on vegetal tissues during solvent extraction
- Ultrason Sonochem, Volume 8, 2001, pp. 137–142
- | |
- 38
- Comparison of conventional and ultrasound–assisted extraction of carvone and limonen from caraway seeds
- J Flavour Fragr, Volume 19, 2004, pp. 188–195
- |
- 39
- Analytical uses of ultrasound: Sample preparation
- Trends Anal Chem, Volume 23, 2004, pp. 644–653
- | |
- 40
- Radical scavenging and antioxidant activity of tannic acid
- Arabian J Chem, Volume 3, 2010, pp. 43–53
- | |
- 41
- Protective role of sinapic acid against arsenic: induced toxicity in rats
- Chem–Biol Interact, Volume 194, 2011, pp. 40–47
- | |
- 42
- Seed oils improve lipid metabolism and increase antioxidant potential in rats fed diets containing cholesterol
- Nutr Res, Volume 23, 2003, pp. 317–330
- | |
- 43
- Dietary antioxidant flavonoids and risk of coronary heart disease: the Zutphen Elderly Study
- Lancet, Volume 342, 1993, pp. 1007–1011
- 44
- Murray MT, Pizzorno J. Cholesterol. In: Encyclopedia of natural medicine. 2nd edition. 1998, p. 347–400.
- 45
- Flavonoid intake and coronary mortality in Finland: a cohort study
- Brit J Med, Volume 312, 1996, pp. 478–481
- Available online 20 January 2015Foundation project: It is supported by the Ministry of Higher Education through the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS/2/2010/SG/UCSI/03/1) is gratefully acknowledged.
- *Corresponding author: Nyam Kar Lin, Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Tel: +603-91018880, Fax: +603-91023606
For further details log on website :
No comments:
Post a Comment