Economic and Technology Management Centre, Malaysia Agricultural Research Development Institute (MARDI), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.1. INTRODUCTION
Agricultural or crop diversification is practiced in Malaysia. Traditionally, horizontal diversification or the cultivation of an increasing number of crops as opposed to one or two major crops is the practice. Oil palm, rubber, cocoa and rice have been and continue to be the major crops grown by the private and public sectors. However, other crops such as coconut, tropical fruits, vegetables, flowers, annual crops etc., are being grown by the smallholders and the private sector.
Vertical diversification that refers to the upstream and downstream activities of a particular crop or crops is also being practiced. It starts from primary production (farm products), goes through primary and secondary processing and finally the finished products. The vertical variant gives increasing emphasis to intra and inter-sector linkages thereby developing the relevant value chain in order to be competitive.
2. CROP PRODUCTION AND ECONOMICS SCENARIO
The area under agriculture in Peninsular Malaysia increased from 33 percent in 1984 to 37 percent in 1995 (Table 1). In Sarawak it increased from 26 percent in 1976 to 32 percent in 1992 (Table 2), while in Sabah the area under agriculture increased from 7 percent in 1985 to 10 percent in 1991 (Table 3).
The bulk of agriculture land in Malaysia is devoted to rubber, oil palm and rice (Table 4). Nevertheless, the acreage under rubber is on the decline since the early eighties. Oil palm has taken its place, showing an increasing trend from 1,482,400 hectares in 1985 to 2,540,000 hectares in 1995 reflecting an average annual growth rate of 5.5 percent. Rice increased from 655,000 hectares in 1985 to 670,000 hectares in 1995, with an average annual growth rate of 0.2 percent. Vegetables increased at an annual growth rate of 2.8 percent from 31,800 hectares in 1985 to 42,000 hectares in 1995. Fruits that include durians, pineapples, banana, papaya, starfruits etc., grew as fast as oil palm at 5.6 percent per annum from 150,100 hectares in 1985 to 260,000 hectares in 1995. Other crops showed decreasing trends. Cocoa that reached a peak of 419,100 hectares in 1990, took a downturn in 1995 to about 190,000 hectares. Coconut acreage reached the highest level of 334,100 hectares in 1985 but started to decline to about 250,000 hectares in 1995. Pepper reached a peak of 11,500 hectares in 1990 but declined to 10,000 hectares in 1995. Tobacco also declined to 11,000 hectares in 1995 from 16,200 hectares in 1985.
The contributions and performances of the selected crops from 1985 to 1995 are highlighted below.
The Natural Rubber (NR) industry contributes to national development in terms of export earnings, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as well as employment and income, involving about 420,000 smallholders and 53,000 estate workers. The NR industry also provides employment opportunities in other ancillary activities such as in trading, processing and manufacturing. In 1995, export earnings from NR and rubber products amounted to RM7.9 billion (USD 2.1 billion), representing 3.9 percent of the total export value. Between 1985 and 1995, production contracted by 27.2 percent from 1.47 million tonnes to 1.07 million tonnes and the decline was experienced by both the smallholder and estate sectors (Table 5). This was due to the weak rubber prices prevailing during the period. The decline in production led to the closure of many processing factories, especially the smaller and less efficient ones, due to the shortage of raw materials. The remaining factories are operating at an average of 55 percent capacity. The import of raw materials from other producing countries will be on the increase to meet the demand of local processors and rubber product manufacturers.
The oil palm industry has evolved from a mere producer and exporter of crude palm oil (CPO) into a more diversified entity, creating new downstream and supporting industries. Over the years, it has remained resilient in the face of many challenges and has continued to contribute significantly to the national economy. Its contribution to GDP amounted to RM6.8 billion in 1995 or 5.7 percent, up from RM3.6 billion in 1985. Among the primary commodities, palm oil is the country's largest export earner, totaling RM13 billion (US$3.4 billion). About 250,000 families in Government land schemes and independent smallholdings as well as 80,000 workers in the private estates of Peninsular Malaysia are dependent on this industry for their livelihood. Concurrent with the rapid expansion in oil palm planted areas, the number of oil palm mills also increased. At the end of 1995, there were 281 oil palm mills with an annual operating capacity of 50.8 million tonnes of fresh fruit bunches (FFB), 41 refineries and 13 oleochemical manufacturers with an annual operating capacity of 10.15 million tonnes and 0.82 million tonnes, respectively. Processed palm oil exports grew from 3.4 million tonnes to 6.5 million tonnes during the period 1985-95 (Table 6).
Over the 1985-95 period, the country recorded an increase in average yield and total rice production (Table 7). National yield recorded an increase from 2.7 tonnes per hectare to 3.2 tonnes per hectare during the period. Peninsular Malaysia recorded an average yield of 3.7 tonnes per hectare in 1995, while Sarawak and Sabah averaged 1.2 and 2.7 tonnes per hectare, respectively. Total rice production increased from 1.7 million tonnes in 1985 to 2.1 million tonnes in 1995. The eight main granary areas, which accounted for more than 70 percent of rice production, recorded an increased yield from 3.3 tonnes per hectare in 1985 to 4 tonnes per hectare in 1995. Over the 1985-95 period, domestic production accounted for about 77 percent of the total domestic consumption. In 1995 importation of rice amounted to 427,570 tonnes valued at RM356.1 million (US$94 million).
Cocoa production increased from 108,000 tonnes in 1985 to 247,000 tonnes in 1990 but subsequently declined to 132,000 tonnes in 1995. Cocoa remains an important agro-based industry for the country. During the 1990-1995 period, exports of these products have increased by about 48 percent, from RM307 million (US$81 million) to about RM453 million (US$119 million) (Table 8). The cocoa industry is a source of livelihood for about 120,000 smallholder families and provides employment for about 36,000 workers in the estate sector. Additionally, a substantial number is employed in supporting industries such as in processing, grinding and manufacturing. Currently, Malaysia has 10 grinding factories with a production capacity of 125,000 tonnes per year.
The fruit industry is a smallholder-based industry involving 270,000 farmers. In 1995, the area under fruits was 260,600 hectares, and in the year 2010 it is forecasted to increase to 375,000 hectares (Table 9). For the 1985-95 period, the production of fresh fruits increased at the rate of 4.8 percent per annum from 638,100 tonnes to 1,019,900 tonnes. The total value of fresh fruits exported increased from RM72.3 million (US$19 million) in 1985 to RM170.2 million (US$45 million) in 1995 (Table 10). The major fruits exported were melons, durians, papaya, banana and starfruit. The exports of processed fruits increased from RM110 million (US$29 million) in 1985 to RM165 million (US$43 million) in 1995. However, Malaysia is still a net importer of fruits and fruit products.
The production of vegetables has increased from 540,700 tonnes in 1985 to 718,100 tonnes in 1995 at an average annual growth rate of about 2.9 percent (Table 11). In the year 2010, it is forecasted that the planted acreage will increase to 86,000 hectares with a production of 1.6 million tonnes (Table 12). The export of vegetables has increased at the rate of 15.2 percent per annum from RM39 million (US$10 million) in 1985 to RM160 million (US$42 million) in 1995. The value of import has increased from RM276 million (US$73 million) in 1985 to RM683 million (US$180 million) in 1995 (Table 13).
The productivity of coconut smallholdings is very low, the average annual yield being 4,000 nuts per hectare compared to a potential of 20,000 nuts per hectare using recommended varieties. Nevertheless, Malaysia is a net exporter of coconut products. Total exports in 1995 amounted to RM165.2 million (US$43 million) while imports totaled RM77 million (US$20 million) as shown in Table 14. However, currently most coconut processing firms are having problems getting the coconuts domestically and are therefore operating below capacity leading to inefficiencies in the production of coconut-based products.
Overall, the contribution of the agricultural sector to GDP, employment and export earnings is on the decline (Table 15). In 1975, the contribution of agriculture to GDP was 28 percent but in 1995 it has gone down to 13.6 percent. In 1975, the contribution of agriculture to employment was 37 percent but declined to 18 percent in 1995. The contribution of agriculture to export earnings in 1975 was 50 percent and in 1995 it was only 13.1 percent.
The forecasted land use in the year 2010 indicates that rubber, coconut and cocoa holdings, as well as planted areas of rice will be reduced by 505,000, 70,000, 60,000 and 220,000 hectares, respectively (Table 16). In Sabah and Sarawak where there are substantial land areas, new land development will be undertaken.
3. PATTERNS OF CROP DIVERSIFICATION
Rice is mainly grown by smallholders with an average farm size of about 1.06 hectares. Wetland rice constituted 85 percent of the total rice area in the country with the remaining 15 percent made up of upland rice. In Peninsular Malaysia, 76 percent of the area is provided with extensive irrigation and drainage facilities while only 15 percent of the area in Sabah and Sarawak are irrigated. About 72 percent of rice production comes from the eight granary areas that are able to produce two crops in a year.
About 78 percent of the rubber grown in the country is under the smallholder sector and most of them have holdings of less than 3 hectares. The average output per tapped area in the smallholder sector is about 941 kg per hectare while that of the estate sector is about 1,119 kg per hectare. The current shortage and high cost of labour has affected the tapping of rubber and thus rubber output. Although the Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia (RRIM) has developed clones such as RRIM 900 and RRIM 2000 series that are superior in producing both latex and wood, the adoption by smallholders is limited.
In the case of oil palm, private estates account for the largest share of planted areas (49 percent), followed by Federal Land Schemes such as FELDA, FELCRA and RISDA (33 percent), independent smallholders (10 percent) and state schemes (8 percent). The bulk of Malaysia's palm oil exports are confined to basic processed products. Other higher value-added products such as margarine, cooking oil, shortening, beta-carotene, and vitamin E are slowly but surely becoming more important.
The area under cocoa cultivation is mainly in Sabah. However, the grinding factories are mainly located in Peninsular Malaysia. The high freight costs and low shipping frequency between Sabah and Peninsular Malaysia has affected the competitiveness of the industry.
Most of the fruit cultivation is by smallholders. There are many types of fruits grown depending on the suitability of the crop in the area. However, there are a few public agencies such as FELCRA and state agencies that undertake large-scale cultivation of fruits. The popular fruits cultivated are banana, durian and dokong.
Vegetable cultivation is dominated by smallholders. Most of them operate on smallholdings close to urban areas. There are a few that operate larger holdings of 50 or more acres under rainshelters. These are found in the southern state of Johor, which is closer to the Singapore market. In the Cameron Highlands, vegetables are also grown and the produce is transported daily to Kuala Lumpur. Lately, there has been a shift towards floriculture production in the highlands.
4. CROP DIVERSIFICATION AS A STRATEGY FOR VARIOUS NATIONAL COMMITMENTS
A provider of food will continue to be the role of agriculture in Malaysia. The eight major granary areas have been reserved for rice cultivation where new varieties or new technologies from Research and Development (R&D) work can be adopted. The area will be able to meet the changing domestic consumption needs towards high quality rice. The mini granary areas that support only one season of rice are free to choose what alternative crops to plant. It can still be one season of rice and another season of vegetables or other short-term crops such as sweet potato, watermelon, or sweet corn.
The agriculture sector through crop diversification can be the provider of high quality raw materials to the industrial sector for the agro and resource-based industrial development. The industrial sector, which will be the engine of growth until the year 2020, requires the support of other sectors particularly the agriculture sector to get it moving efficiently and competitively. The linkage generates considerable employment, income, economic growth and reduces poverty.
The cluster-based agro-industrial development as identified in the Second Industrial Master Plan (IMP2), 1996-2005, seeks to strengthen both inter and intra-sectoral linkages including the development and expansion of intermediate and supporting industries. Through this approach, agricultural production will be more specialized to meet the needs of various domestic and global market segments. This will encourage the production of high quality and high value produce, facilitate product differentiation and increase value-added agriculture.
5. CHALLENGES, OPPORTUNITIES AND PROSPECTS OF CROP DIVERSIFICATION
5.1 Challenges
There are many challenges facing the agricultural sector in general and crop diversification in particular. Firstly, there is a need to reduce labour requirements in agriculture. There is an acute shortage of farm labour leading to high employment of immigrant workers in the agricultural sector. This is due partly to the slow adoption of mechanization in certain production processes, especially harvesting.
Secondly, there is a need to maximize land utilization. Land for agricultural activities is becoming more limited due to conversion for other uses such as industrial, residential and urban uses. Despite this, there are still substantial areas of idle agricultural land and abandoned holdings. It is estimated that there are about 400,000 hectares of idle agricultural land all over the country and this has been and continues to be a big problem.
There is a need to strengthen the competitiveness of Malaysian agriculture. The implementation of the agreements under the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) scheme of the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) have created greater competition for Malaysian agriculture.
There is a need to enhance private sector investment in food production. Total private investment in agriculture during the 1990-95 period was only RM9.5 billion as compared to RM84 billion in manufacturing.
The smallholders need to be transformed into a more commercial sector. Efficiency gaps are still substantial between the smallholder and estate sector. The smallholder sector continues to experience problems of low productivity and uneconomic holdings size.
The concerns for environment and sustainable development at both the domestic and global levels require more innovative and efficient agricultural practices for economic development of the sector as well as to maintain the ecological and environmental balance of the country.
5.2 Opportunities
There are tremendous opportunities for downstream activities. Where technologies are available, they should be acquired and tried out. The higher prices for the final products should be attractive to justify the investment in these activities. Take for example the processed fruit industry. The industry that includes juices, puree, concentrates and processed fruit products has become one of the world's major agri-businesses. There are opportunities in this area such as minimally processed fruits, tropical fruit juices, natural food ingredients, functional food, modified food ingredients, health food, convenience food, frozen fruits, beverages and high fibre products.
The changing consumer tastes for environmentally friendly goods or pesticide free goods open the door for organic farming or soil-less culture techniques of production. The popularity of portable hydroponics containers among the hobbyists signals the opportunities for bigger commercial ventures.
As production becomes more competitive, there is a need to be more efficient, with high productivity and minimal costs. Precision farming through the use of advanced technologies such as remote sensing, Geographical Information System (GIS), Global Positioning System (GPS) and Decision Support System (DSS) must be given due consideration. The oil palm plantations are showing keen interest in this venture for the good of the industry.
5.3 Prospects
The demand for rice in both international and domestic markets is expected to increase. In the domestic market, the consumption of rice is projected to increase from 1.8 million tonnes in 1995 to 2.3 million tonnes in 2010 due to population increase. Under a tight supply situation in the international market there exists prospects to expand domestic production of rice to cater for domestic demand. At the same time increasing income and higher standards of living will lead to changing preferences towards higher quality rice. Given the price premium for high quality rice, there is potential for development of the rice industry based on this product group.
The prospects for growth of the fruit industry are bright due to the expected increase in domestic consumption of both fresh and processed fruits and expanding world demand for tropical fresh and processed fruits. Based on production capability and demand, there is potential for the country to enhance production of fruits and be competitive to cater for selected fresh fruits demand in the domestic market and in niche export markets.
Based on cost structure and demand, there are prospects for Malaysia to concentrate on production of high quality fresh vegetables for both domestic and export markets and also on a few selected vegetables for processing. Using high technology for growing vegetables under controlled environment, there is potential for production of high value temperate vegetables such as cauliflower, broccoli, celery, leek and bell pepper in the lowlands for import substitution.
6. GOVERNMENT POLICIES AND STRATEGIES FOR CROP DIVERSIFICATION
In the 1960's and 1970's, with abundant land and cheap labour, Malaysia pursued an expansionary policy on rice and export crops such as rubber, oil palm and cocoa. The Government undertook heavy investments in infrastructure, institutional building and new land development to develop these crops in order to earn foreign exchange, create employment and income earning opportunities, as well as reduce poverty.
The National Agricultural Policy (NAP) was promulgated in 1980. The emphasis then was to continue new land development and consolidation of uneconomic farm size through in-situ development. The policy stressed productivity-driven growth, recognizing the need for the sector to be efficient to sustain agricultural growth in the long run.
The period 1984-1990 marked an important threshold in the transformation and development of the Malaysian economy. This era saw the rapid expansion of the manufacturing sector. Favourable policies towards industrialization created conditions not attractive for agricultural investment and consequently led to the outflow of resources from agriculture. The overall development of the agricultural sector was beset with problems including labour shortages and rising wages, and increasing competition of land for other uses.
Subsequently, the first NAP was reviewed and the second NAP (1992-2010) was introduced. Greater emphasis was given to address productivity, efficiency and competitiveness issues in the context of sustainable development and linkages with other sectors of the economy. The policy also outlined both medium and long-term strategies for expanding food production, a greater role of the private sector, marketing reform and accelerated agro-based industrial development.
In 1997 NAP2 was reviewed and NAP3 was formulated to cover the period 1998-2010. The overriding objective of NAP3 is the maximization of income through optimal utilization of resources in the sector. This includes maximizing agriculture's contribution to national income and export earnings as well as maximizing income of producers. NAP3 will continue to pursue agricultural growth through moderate expansion of land and further intensification of land use. There will be substantial reduction in rubber, rice, coconut and cocoa areas and most of these areas will be replaced by agroforestry, oil palm, fruits and vegetables cultivation. In Sabah and Sarawak where there are substantial land areas, new land development will be undertaken.
7. CONCLUSIONS
Crop diversification will continue to be practiced in Malaysia. Malaysia started with horizontal diversification, and is now moving towards vertical diversification. A balanced development strategy between the various sectors of the economy is important to avoid a wide disparity in income, reduce poverty, and provide good infrastructure development and utilities, better homes and quality of life.
There are many challenges facing the country but there are opportunities and prospects. The Government is providing the direction in the form of NAP3 and IMP2 and the private sector or the entrepreneurs should be able to take calculated risks in order to venture into the relevant businesses. As we approach globalization, competitiveness is the essence and high productivity and efficiency cannot be ignored. New technology or innovative technology is an important vehicle towards competitiveness.
REFERENCES
Anon. 1990. Proceedings of the conference: Advancement in Diversification of Agriculture, Agriculture Institute of Malaysia (AIM), 20-22 July 1989.
Anon. 1996. Second Industrial Master Plan (IMP2), 1996-2005. Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI), Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.
Anon. 1998. National Agricultural Policy (NAP3), 1998-2010. Ministry of Agriculture, Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.
Table 1. Agriculture Land Use in Peninsular Malaysia
1984
|
1995
|
Annual Growth (84-95)
| |||
% of Area
|
Total Area (ha)
|
% of Area
|
Total Area (ha)
| ||
| Total land |
100.00
|
13,237,063
|
100.00
|
13,209,455
|
-0.02
|
| Agric. land |
33.28
|
4,405,949
|
37.20
|
4,909,923
|
0.90
|
| Rubber |
15.14
|
2,003,456
|
14.00
|
1,854,744
|
-0.64
|
| Oil palm |
9.39
|
1,243,534
|
14.10
|
1,858,448
|
3.35
|
| Paddy |
3.38
|
447,624
|
3.21
|
425,080
|
-0.43
|
| Mixed Hort. |
2.09
|
277,006
|
2.19
|
289,080
|
0.36
|
| Coconut |
1.58
|
209,196
|
1.43
|
189,785
|
-0.81
|
| D/fied crops |
0.42
|
54,970
|
0.39
|
51,165
|
-0.60
|
Source: Bahagian Pengurusan Tanah, Jabatan Pertanian, Semenanjung, MalaysiaTable 2. Agriculture Land Use in Sarawak
1976
|
1992
|
Annual Growth (76-92)
| |||
% of Area
|
Total Area (ha)
|
% of Area
|
Total Area (ha)
| ||
| Total land |
100.00
|
12,325,216
|
100.00
|
12,325,216
|
0
|
| Agric. land |
26.01
|
3,205,525
|
31.93
|
3,935,031
|
1.21
|
| Shifting cultvn |
22.70
|
2,797,288
|
27.48
|
3,387,003
|
1.13
|
| Rubber |
1.57
|
193,052
|
1.76
|
217,381
|
0.70
|
| Paddy |
1.07
|
131,339
|
1.02
|
125,084
|
-0.29
|
| Oil palm |
0.16
|
19,985
|
0.54
|
67,063
|
7.12
|
Source: Agriculture Statistics of Sarawak (1993), Department of Agriculture, KuchingTable 3. Agriculture Land Use in Sabah
1985
|
1991
|
Annual Growth (1985-91)
| |||
% of Area
|
Total Area (ha)
|
% of Area
|
Total Area (ha)
| ||
| Total land |
100.00
|
7,371,100
|
100.00
|
7,371,100
|
0
|
| Agric. land |
7.44
|
548,243
|
10.16
|
749,045
|
4.46
|
| Rubber |
1.15
|
84,746
|
1.19
|
87,483
|
0.45
|
| Oil palm |
2.54
|
187,226
|
4.65
|
342,476
|
8.63
|
| Cocoa |
2.34
|
172,713
|
2.73
|
201,327
|
2.19
|
| Coconut |
0.77
|
57,006
|
0.79
|
57,955
|
0.24
|
| Paddy |
0.52
|
38,440
|
0.80
|
58,722
|
6.05
|
Source: Agriculture Statistics of Sabah (1993), Department of Agriculture, Kota KinabaluTable 4. Agricultural Land Use, 1985-1995 (‘000 hectares)
Item
|
1985
|
1990
|
1995
|
Average Annual Growth Rate (%)
| ||
1985-1990
|
1990-1995
|
1985-1995
| ||||
| Rubber |
1,948.7
|
1,836.7
|
1,690.0
|
-1.2
|
-1.7
|
-1.4
|
| Oil Palm |
1,482.4
|
2,029.5
|
2,540.0
|
6.5
|
4.6
|
5.5
|
| Cocoa |
303.9
|
419.1
|
190.0
|
6.6
|
-14.6
|
-4.6
|
| Paddy1 |
655.0
|
680.6
|
670.0
|
0.8
|
-0.3
|
0.2
|
| Coconut |
334.1
|
315.6
|
250.0
|
-1.1
|
-4.6
|
-2.9
|
| Pepper |
5.4
|
11.5
|
10.0
|
16.3
|
-2.8
|
6.4
|
| Vegetables1 |
31.8
|
35.2
|
42.0
|
2.1
|
3.6
|
2.8
|
| Fruits |
150.1
|
204.6
|
260.0
|
6.4
|
4.9
|
5.6
|
| Tobacco1 |
16.2
|
10.2
|
11.0
|
-8.8
|
1.5
|
-3.8
|
| Others2 |
94.3
|
94.8
|
106.0
|
0.1
|
2.3
|
1.2
|
| Total |
5,021.9
|
5,637.8
|
5,769.0
|
2.3
|
0.5
|
1.4
|
Sources: Economic Planning Unit, Ministry of AgricultureNotes:Table 5. Hectarage and Production of Natural Rubber, 1985-1995
1 Paddy, vegetables and tobacco are based on planted area.
2 Others include sugar cane, coffee, sago, tea and floriculture.
Year
|
Hectarage (‘000 hectares)
|
Production (‘000 tonnes)
| ||||
Estates
|
Smallholdings
|
Total
|
Estates
|
Smallholdings
|
Total
| |
1985
|
428.8
|
1,519.9
|
1,948.7
|
504.3
|
965.2
|
1,469.5
|
1990
|
348.7
|
1,488.0
|
1,836.7
|
399.6
|
892.4
|
1,292.0
|
1995
|
254.3
|
1,435.7
|
1,690.0
|
242.6
|
831.4
|
1,074.0
|
Source: Ministry of Primary IndustriesTable 6. Hectarage, Production and Exports of Palm Oil, 1985-1995
Year
|
Hectarage (‘000 hectares)
|
Production (‘000 tonnes)
|
Exports (‘000 tonnes)
| ||
CPO1
|
CPO2
|
PPO3
|
Oleachemicals
| ||
1985
|
1,482
|
4,133
|
512
|
3,421
|
153
|
1990
|
2,029
|
6,095
|
827
|
5,634
|
129
|
1995
|
2,540
|
7,726
|
1,037
|
6,495
|
521
|
Source: Ministry of Primary IndustriesNotes:Table 7. Paddy Production, 1985-1995 (‘000 tonnes)
1 Crude palm oil
2 Crude palm kernel oil
3 Processed palm oil
| Area |
1985
|
1990
|
1995
|
| Granary | |||
| Muda (MADA) |
701.0
|
724.9
|
862.2
|
| Kemubu (KADA) |
108.2
|
163.7
|
181.2
|
| Kerian Sg. Manik |
144.1
|
128.7
|
163.3
|
| Barat Laut Selangor |
97.4
|
142.0
|
146.7
|
| Seberang Prai |
31.7
|
35.9
|
62.7
|
| Seberang Perak |
20.5
|
70.5
|
56.9
|
| Ketara (Besut) |
19.5
|
25.5
|
35.3
|
| Kemasin Semerak |
-
|
6.5
|
19.7
|
| Total Granary |
1,122.4
|
1,297.7
|
1,527.7
|
| % of National Production |
64.3
|
68.8
|
71.8
|
| Non-Granary |
623.0
|
587.3
|
600.0
|
| % of National Production |
35.7
|
31.2
|
28.2
|
| Grand Total |
1,745.4
|
1,885.0
|
2,127.0
|
| Total Planted Area (ha) |
654,974.0
|
680,647.0
|
672,787.0
|
| Average Yield (kg/ha) |
2,665.0
|
2,769.0
|
3,162.0
|
Source: Ministry of Primary IndustriesTable 8. Cocoa Grinding and Export Value of Cocoa Products, 1985-1995
Year
|
Grinding (tonnes)
|
Domestic Consumption (%)
|
Export Value (RM ‘000)
| ||||
Cocoa Paste
|
Cocoa Butter
|
Cocoa Powder
|
Chocolates
|
Total
| |||
1985
|
27,000
|
24.3
|
4,854
|
117,328
|
10,975
|
3,049
|
136,206
|
1990
|
70,000
|
28.3
|
16,338
|
241,307
|
24,406
|
25,331
|
307,382
|
1995
|
103,540
|
48.6
|
24,228
|
330,511
|
42,174
|
56,678
|
452,591
|
Source: Ministry of Primary IndustriesTable 9. Forecast of Hectarage and Production of Fruits, 1995-2010
Year
|
1995
|
2000
|
2005
|
2010
|
Average Annual Growth Rate (%)
| |||
1995-2000
|
2000-2005
|
2005-2010
|
1995-2010
| |||||
| Planted hectarage (‘000 hectares) |
260
|
290
|
330
|
375
|
2.2
|
2.6
|
2.6
|
2.5
|
| Production (‘000 tonnes) |
1,019.9
|
1,234.9
|
1,660.4
|
2,232.5
|
3.9
|
6.1
|
6.1
|
5.4
|
Source: Ministry of AgricultureTable 10. Imports and Exports of Fresh and Processed Fruits, 1985-1995 (RM ‘000)
Year
|
Fresh
|
Processed
|
Total
|
| Imports | |||
1985
|
198,721
|
58,479
|
257,200
|
1990
|
204,784
|
58,016
|
262,800
|
1995
|
312,709
|
131,591
|
444,300
|
| Exports | |||
1985
|
72,315
|
110,085
|
182,400
|
1990
|
142,404
|
163,696
|
306,100
|
1995
|
170,239
|
165,361
|
335,600
|
Source: Department of StatisticsTable 11. Hectarage and Production of Vegetables, 1985-1995
Year
|
1985
|
1990
|
1995
|
Average Annual Growth Rate (%)
| ||
1985-1990
|
1990-1995
|
1985-1995
| ||||
| Planted hectarage (‘000 hectares) |
31.8
|
35.2
|
42.0
|
2.1
|
3.6
|
2.8
|
| Production (‘000 tonnes) |
540.7
|
609.6
|
718.1
|
2.4
|
3.3
|
2.9
|
Source: Ministry of AgricultureTable 12. Forecast of Hectarage and Production of Vegetables, 1995-2010
Year
|
1995
|
2000
|
2005
|
2010
|
Average Annual Growth Rate (%)
| |||
1995-2000
|
2000-2005
|
2005-2010
|
1995-2010
| |||||
| Planted hectarage (‘000 hectares) |
42.0
|
48.0
|
64.0
|
86.0
|
2.7
|
5.9
|
6.1
|
4.9
|
| Production (‘000 tonnes) |
718.1
|
907.4
|
1,179.8
|
1,616.5
|
4.8
|
5.4
|
6.5
|
5.6
|
Source: Ministry of AgricultureTable 13. Imports and Exports of Fresh and Processed Vegetables, 1985-1995 (RM ‘000)
Year
|
Fresh
|
Processed
|
Total
|
| Imports | |||
1985
|
211,028
|
65,019
|
276,047
|
1990
|
305,809
|
61,019
|
366,828
|
1995
|
559,627
|
123,821
|
683,448
|
| Exports | |||
1985
|
29,147
|
9,945
|
39,092
|
1990
|
74,649
|
50,744
|
125,393
|
1995
|
100,414
|
60,039
|
160,453
|
Source: Department of StatisticsTable 14. Exports and Imports of Products from OECP Group, 1995
Crop
|
Exports
|
Imports
|
Trade Balance (RM million)
| ||
Value (RM million)
|
%
|
Value (RM million)
|
%
| ||
| Coconut |
165.2
|
50.5
|
77.0
|
3.5
|
88.2
|
| Pepper |
103.6
|
31.6
|
9.6
|
0.4
|
94.0
|
| Tobacco |
0.7
|
0.2
|
129.0
|
5.9
|
-128.3
|
| Sugar |
4.1
|
1.3
|
771.8
|
35.5
|
-767.7
|
| Cassava |
3.3
|
1.0
|
46.7
|
2.1
|
-43.4
|
| Maize |
5.7
|
1.7
|
990.7
|
45.6
|
-985.0
|
| Tea |
2.9
|
0.9
|
27.3
|
1.3
|
-24.4
|
| Coffee |
41.9
|
12.8
|
123.7
|
5.7
|
-81.8
|
| Total |
327.4
|
100.0
|
2,175.8
|
100.0
|
-1,848.4
|
Source: Department of StatisticsTable 15. Agricultural Contribution to GDP, Employment and Export Earning, 1975-1995 (%)
1975
|
1985
|
1990
|
1995
| |
| GDP |
28
|
20
|
18.7
|
13.6
|
| Employment |
37
|
31
|
26.0
|
18.0
|
| Export earnings |
50
|
30
|
22.0
|
13.1
|
Table 16. Forecast of Agricultural Land Use, 1995-2010 (‘000 hectares)
Item
|
1995
|
2000
|
2005
|
2010
|
Average Annual Growth Rate (%)
| |||
1995-2000
|
2000-2005
|
2005-2010
|
1995-2010
| |||||
| Rubber |
1,690.0
|
1,490.0
|
1,395.0
|
1,185.0
|
-2.5
|
-1.3
|
-3.2
|
-2.3
|
| Oil Palm |
2,540
|
3,125.0
|
3,461.0
|
3,637.0
|
4.2
|
2.1
|
1.0
|
2.4
|
| Cocoa |
190.0
|
130.0
|
130.0
|
130.0
|
-7.3
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
-2.5
|
| Paddy1 |
670.0
|
660.0
|
475.0
|
450.0
|
-0.3
|
-6.4
|
-1.1
|
-2.6
|
| Coconut |
250.0
|
180.0
|
180.0
|
180.0
|
-6.4
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
-2.2
|
| Pepper |
10.0
|
11.0
|
11.0
|
11.0
|
1.9
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
0.6
|
| Vegetables1 |
42.0
|
48.0
|
64.0
|
86.0
|
2.7
|
5.9
|
6.1
|
4.9
|
| Fruits |
260.0
|
290.0
|
330.0
|
375.0
|
2.2
|
2.6
|
2.6
|
2.5
|
| Tobacco1 |
11.0
|
11.0
|
11.0
|
11.0
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
0.0
|
| Others2 |
106.0
|
130.0
|
150.0
|
180.0
|
4.2
|
2.9
|
3.7
|
3.6
|
| Total |
5,769.0
|
6,075.0
|
6,207.0
|
6,245.0
|
1.0
|
0.4
|
0.1
|
0.5
|
Sources: Economic Planning Unit, Ministry of AgricultureNotes:
1 Paddy, vegetables and tobacco are based on planted area
2 Others include sugar cane, coffee, sago, tea and floriculture
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