Published Date
International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 5, Issue 3, March 2015 1 ISSN 2250-3153
Author
Daham Shyamalee 1 , A.D.U.S. Amarasinghe 1 , N.S. Senanayaka 2 1Department ofChemical and Process Engineering, University of Moratuwa Moratuwa, Sri Lanka 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Open University of Sri Lanka, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
Abstract
Biomass briquettes are often used as an energy source for cooking purpose and in some industries like bricks and bakery. The briquettes are produced by densification of waste biomass using various processes. In this study manual densification of saw dust was tested with three different binding agents; dry cow dung, wheat flour, and paper pulp. The samples with cow dung as binding agent failed with mould detaching and minimum required binder percentage for other two binders for successful forming were found to be 30%. Density of briquettes with 30% binder of wheat flour and paper pulp was found to be 373.7 kg/m3 and 289.8 kg/m3 respectively. Natural drying time was evaluated at 86~89% relative humidity and 25~30oC ambient temperature. The time for achieving 15% moisture content (wet basis) was 55 hours. Compressive strength of the briquettes was tested for binder percentages of 30%, 40% and 50% (dry basis) of wheat flour and paper pulp binders. Results indicated that compressive strength increased with the increase of binder percentage. The briquettes with paper binder exhibited comparatively high compressive strength compared to wheat flour binder. Calorific values of briquettes formed having 30% paper binder and 30% wheat flour binder were found as 18.14MJ/kg and 20.04MJkg respectively, whereas the value of pure saw dust was 18.8 MJ/kg. The briquettes formed with paper pulp gave the minimum energy cost, the value being 0.16Rs./MJ.
I. INTRODUCTION
Saw dust is an abundantly available solid waste in Sri Lanka. Large heaps of saw dust are common sight around the saw mills while some are appearing at the environmentally sensible areas such as river basins, estuaries and woodlands. The annual production of saw dust in the country is about 112,000MT which can be used to produce the energy products [1]. One of the suitable energy products is the Densified Biomass Briquette Fuel (DBBF) which can be used for cooking purposes and in industries like brick, tea and bakery. Several DBBF manufacturers are now in Sri Lanka, but they face difficulties with the cost of the briquette due to rising electricity bill. Therefore, manual densification is a suitable process. Therefore, developing a suitable technology for small scale manufacturers who can easily collect saw dust from saw mills produce biomass briquettes and sell while being in his living area is very important as a self-employment.
The main problem related to the manual densification process is the low pressure, hence low level of agglomeration of biomass particles. In general, pressure exerted on the mould is roughly classified as low pressure (up to 5MPa), intermediate pressure (5- 100MPa), and High pressure (above 100MPa). Usually high pressure processes will release sufficient lignin to agglomerate the briquette. Intermediate pressure machines may or may not require external binder materials, depending upon the material whilst low pressure process essentially needs external binder materials. Identification of suitable binder materials in low pressure application was rarely investigated.
Many studies have been reported related to the chemistry behind the bonding of biomass particles. The understanding of binding of saw dust particles requires knowledge of the uniqueness of the wood structure for bond formation. The main components of the wood are the cellulose, hemi-celluloses and lignin. Further, main types of natural binding agents of biomass particles are lignin, protein and starch [2, 3]. The softening temperature of the lignin heavily depends on the moisture content of the raw material. It is around 90~100 oC at 30% moisture (wet basis) and around 130oC at 10% (wet basis) moisture. So, Lignin is not softened at the ambient temperature. Likewise, protein acts as a binder in plasticized state which needs processing at high temperature too. Therefore, in ambient temperature processing, binding agents need to be supplied externally. These binding agents can be made of different materials. The waste materials or readily available materials are the best option for this type of applications for economic feasibility. As far as Sri Lankan situation is considered, cow dung, starch and paper pulp are possible materials.
Drying is the next energy consuming process in biomass briquette making. Moreover, quality of the briquette substantially depends on the method of drying. Drying refers to removal of water from solid by evaporation. This could be achieved through mechanical methods, thermal methods or naturally under atmospheric conditions. Natural drying is the most inexpensive method and it is suitable for the low dense saw dust DBBF.
References
[1] R. M. Amarasekara and P. Jayaratna, “Resource Potential of Sawdust and its Spatial Distribution in the Kandy district, July 2002, Integrated Development Association, Kandy, Sri Lanka.
[2] N. Kaliyan, R. V. Morey, “Natural binders and solid bridge type binding mechanisms in briquettes and pellets made from corn stover and switch grass”, Bioresource Technology, Vol. 101, Issue 3, February 2010, 1082– 1090.
[3] F. H. Chung, “Unified theory and guidelines on adhesion”, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 42, Issue 5, 1991, pp. 1319-1331.
[4] I. Obernberger and G. Thek, The Pellet Handbook, The Production and Thermal Utilization of Biomass Pellets, earthscan, 2010.
[5] N. E. Altun, C. Hicyilmaz, A. S. Bagci, “Influence of coal briquette size on the combustion kinetics”, Fuel Processing Technology, Vol. 85, Issue 11, August 2004, 1345-1357.
[6] R. N. Singh, “Equilibrium moisture content of biomass briquettes”, Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 26, Issue 3, March 2004, 251-253.
[7] E. Granada, L. M. L. Gonzalez, J. L. Miguez, J. Moran, “Fuel lignocellulosic briquettes, die design and products study”, Renewable Energy, Vol. 27, Issue 4, December 2004, 561-573.
[8] Chuen-Shii Chou, Sheau-Horng Lin, Chun-Chieh Peng, Wen-Chung Lu, “The optimum conditions for preparing solid fuel briquette of rice straw by a piston-mold process using the Taguchi method”, Fuel Processing Technology, Vol. 90, July-August 2009, 1041-1046.
[9] D. Andrijko, J. Grochowicz, “Effect of the moisture content on compression energy and strength characteristic of lupine briquettes” Journal of Food Engineering, Vol. 83, Issue 1, November 2007, 116-120.
[10] J. C. F. Walker, Primary wood Processing- Principles and Practice, Chapman and Hall, 1993. [11] A. Demirbas and A. Sahin, “Evaluation of Biomass Residue 1- Briquetting Waste Paper and Wheat Straw Mixtures”, Fuel Processing Technology, Vol. 55, 1998, 175-183.
[12] N. Kaliyan, R. V. Morey, “Factors affecting strength and durability of densified biomass products”, Bio mass and Bio energy, Vol. 33, Issue 3, March 2009, 337-359.
[13] J.L.M. Tabarés, L. Ortiz, E. Granada, F.P. Viar, “Feasibility study of energy use for densificated lignocellulosic material (briquettes)”, Fuel, Vol. 79, Issue 10, August 2000, 1229 – 1237.
[14] S. P. Sharma and C. Mohan, Fuels and Combustion, Tata McGraw-Hill, 1987.
[15] K. K. C. K. Perera, P. G. Rathnasiri, S. A. S. Senarath, A. G. T. Sugathapala, S. C. Bhattacharya, P. Abdul Salam, “Assessment of sustainable energy potential of non-plantation biomass resources in Sri Lanka”, Bio mass and Bio energy, Vol. 29, Issue 3, September 2005, 199- 213.
[16] A. Peter, “How is paper made?” A Staff Report from the STRAIGHT DOPE Science Advisory Board, November 22, 2005, Retrieved from http://www.straightdope.com on 05 September 2013. [17] http://www.paperonweb.com, Properties of pulp, Pulp and paper resources & information, Retrieved on 01 September 2013.
[18] Z. Šramková, E. Gregová, E. Sturdík, “Chemical composition and nutritional quality of wheat grain”, Acta Chimica Slovaca, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2009, 115-138.
[19] Sri Lanka Energy Balance, Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy Authority, Colombo, 2011.
[20] Food and Agricultural Organization, Regional wood energy development program in Asia GPC /RAS/154/NET, FAO, February 1997.
AUTHORS
First Author – Daham Shyamalee, BSc (Eng.), MSc, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka
Second Author – A.D.U.S. Amarasinghe, BSc (Eng.), PhD, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka
Third Author – N. S. Senanayake, BSc (Eng.), MSc. PhD, The Open University of Sri Lanka, nssen@ou.ac.lk.
Correspondence Author – N. S. Senanayake, BSc (Eng.) (Mechanical Engineering), MSc. PhD, The Open University of Sri Lanka, nssen@ou.ac.lk, Tele. No. 94 11 2881314
For further details log on website :
http://www.ijsrp.org/research-paper-0315/ijsrp-p3903.pdf
International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 5, Issue 3, March 2015 1 ISSN 2250-3153
Author
Daham Shyamalee 1 , A.D.U.S. Amarasinghe 1 , N.S. Senanayaka 2 1Department ofChemical and Process Engineering, University of Moratuwa Moratuwa, Sri Lanka 2 Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Open University of Sri Lanka, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
Abstract
Biomass briquettes are often used as an energy source for cooking purpose and in some industries like bricks and bakery. The briquettes are produced by densification of waste biomass using various processes. In this study manual densification of saw dust was tested with three different binding agents; dry cow dung, wheat flour, and paper pulp. The samples with cow dung as binding agent failed with mould detaching and minimum required binder percentage for other two binders for successful forming were found to be 30%. Density of briquettes with 30% binder of wheat flour and paper pulp was found to be 373.7 kg/m3 and 289.8 kg/m3 respectively. Natural drying time was evaluated at 86~89% relative humidity and 25~30oC ambient temperature. The time for achieving 15% moisture content (wet basis) was 55 hours. Compressive strength of the briquettes was tested for binder percentages of 30%, 40% and 50% (dry basis) of wheat flour and paper pulp binders. Results indicated that compressive strength increased with the increase of binder percentage. The briquettes with paper binder exhibited comparatively high compressive strength compared to wheat flour binder. Calorific values of briquettes formed having 30% paper binder and 30% wheat flour binder were found as 18.14MJ/kg and 20.04MJkg respectively, whereas the value of pure saw dust was 18.8 MJ/kg. The briquettes formed with paper pulp gave the minimum energy cost, the value being 0.16Rs./MJ.
I. INTRODUCTION
Saw dust is an abundantly available solid waste in Sri Lanka. Large heaps of saw dust are common sight around the saw mills while some are appearing at the environmentally sensible areas such as river basins, estuaries and woodlands. The annual production of saw dust in the country is about 112,000MT which can be used to produce the energy products [1]. One of the suitable energy products is the Densified Biomass Briquette Fuel (DBBF) which can be used for cooking purposes and in industries like brick, tea and bakery. Several DBBF manufacturers are now in Sri Lanka, but they face difficulties with the cost of the briquette due to rising electricity bill. Therefore, manual densification is a suitable process. Therefore, developing a suitable technology for small scale manufacturers who can easily collect saw dust from saw mills produce biomass briquettes and sell while being in his living area is very important as a self-employment.
The main problem related to the manual densification process is the low pressure, hence low level of agglomeration of biomass particles. In general, pressure exerted on the mould is roughly classified as low pressure (up to 5MPa), intermediate pressure (5- 100MPa), and High pressure (above 100MPa). Usually high pressure processes will release sufficient lignin to agglomerate the briquette. Intermediate pressure machines may or may not require external binder materials, depending upon the material whilst low pressure process essentially needs external binder materials. Identification of suitable binder materials in low pressure application was rarely investigated.
Many studies have been reported related to the chemistry behind the bonding of biomass particles. The understanding of binding of saw dust particles requires knowledge of the uniqueness of the wood structure for bond formation. The main components of the wood are the cellulose, hemi-celluloses and lignin. Further, main types of natural binding agents of biomass particles are lignin, protein and starch [2, 3]. The softening temperature of the lignin heavily depends on the moisture content of the raw material. It is around 90~100 oC at 30% moisture (wet basis) and around 130oC at 10% (wet basis) moisture. So, Lignin is not softened at the ambient temperature. Likewise, protein acts as a binder in plasticized state which needs processing at high temperature too. Therefore, in ambient temperature processing, binding agents need to be supplied externally. These binding agents can be made of different materials. The waste materials or readily available materials are the best option for this type of applications for economic feasibility. As far as Sri Lankan situation is considered, cow dung, starch and paper pulp are possible materials.
Drying is the next energy consuming process in biomass briquette making. Moreover, quality of the briquette substantially depends on the method of drying. Drying refers to removal of water from solid by evaporation. This could be achieved through mechanical methods, thermal methods or naturally under atmospheric conditions. Natural drying is the most inexpensive method and it is suitable for the low dense saw dust DBBF.
References
[1] R. M. Amarasekara and P. Jayaratna, “Resource Potential of Sawdust and its Spatial Distribution in the Kandy district, July 2002, Integrated Development Association, Kandy, Sri Lanka.
[2] N. Kaliyan, R. V. Morey, “Natural binders and solid bridge type binding mechanisms in briquettes and pellets made from corn stover and switch grass”, Bioresource Technology, Vol. 101, Issue 3, February 2010, 1082– 1090.
[3] F. H. Chung, “Unified theory and guidelines on adhesion”, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 42, Issue 5, 1991, pp. 1319-1331.
[4] I. Obernberger and G. Thek, The Pellet Handbook, The Production and Thermal Utilization of Biomass Pellets, earthscan, 2010.
[5] N. E. Altun, C. Hicyilmaz, A. S. Bagci, “Influence of coal briquette size on the combustion kinetics”, Fuel Processing Technology, Vol. 85, Issue 11, August 2004, 1345-1357.
[6] R. N. Singh, “Equilibrium moisture content of biomass briquettes”, Biomass and Bioenergy, Vol. 26, Issue 3, March 2004, 251-253.
[7] E. Granada, L. M. L. Gonzalez, J. L. Miguez, J. Moran, “Fuel lignocellulosic briquettes, die design and products study”, Renewable Energy, Vol. 27, Issue 4, December 2004, 561-573.
[8] Chuen-Shii Chou, Sheau-Horng Lin, Chun-Chieh Peng, Wen-Chung Lu, “The optimum conditions for preparing solid fuel briquette of rice straw by a piston-mold process using the Taguchi method”, Fuel Processing Technology, Vol. 90, July-August 2009, 1041-1046.
[9] D. Andrijko, J. Grochowicz, “Effect of the moisture content on compression energy and strength characteristic of lupine briquettes” Journal of Food Engineering, Vol. 83, Issue 1, November 2007, 116-120.
[10] J. C. F. Walker, Primary wood Processing- Principles and Practice, Chapman and Hall, 1993. [11] A. Demirbas and A. Sahin, “Evaluation of Biomass Residue 1- Briquetting Waste Paper and Wheat Straw Mixtures”, Fuel Processing Technology, Vol. 55, 1998, 175-183.
[12] N. Kaliyan, R. V. Morey, “Factors affecting strength and durability of densified biomass products”, Bio mass and Bio energy, Vol. 33, Issue 3, March 2009, 337-359.
[13] J.L.M. Tabarés, L. Ortiz, E. Granada, F.P. Viar, “Feasibility study of energy use for densificated lignocellulosic material (briquettes)”, Fuel, Vol. 79, Issue 10, August 2000, 1229 – 1237.
[14] S. P. Sharma and C. Mohan, Fuels and Combustion, Tata McGraw-Hill, 1987.
[15] K. K. C. K. Perera, P. G. Rathnasiri, S. A. S. Senarath, A. G. T. Sugathapala, S. C. Bhattacharya, P. Abdul Salam, “Assessment of sustainable energy potential of non-plantation biomass resources in Sri Lanka”, Bio mass and Bio energy, Vol. 29, Issue 3, September 2005, 199- 213.
[16] A. Peter, “How is paper made?” A Staff Report from the STRAIGHT DOPE Science Advisory Board, November 22, 2005, Retrieved from http://www.straightdope.com on 05 September 2013. [17] http://www.paperonweb.com, Properties of pulp, Pulp and paper resources & information, Retrieved on 01 September 2013.
[18] Z. Šramková, E. Gregová, E. Sturdík, “Chemical composition and nutritional quality of wheat grain”, Acta Chimica Slovaca, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2009, 115-138.
[19] Sri Lanka Energy Balance, Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy Authority, Colombo, 2011.
[20] Food and Agricultural Organization, Regional wood energy development program in Asia GPC /RAS/154/NET, FAO, February 1997.
AUTHORS
First Author – Daham Shyamalee, BSc (Eng.), MSc, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka
Second Author – A.D.U.S. Amarasinghe, BSc (Eng.), PhD, University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka
Third Author – N. S. Senanayake, BSc (Eng.), MSc. PhD, The Open University of Sri Lanka, nssen@ou.ac.lk.
Correspondence Author – N. S. Senanayake, BSc (Eng.) (Mechanical Engineering), MSc. PhD, The Open University of Sri Lanka, nssen@ou.ac.lk, Tele. No. 94 11 2881314
For further details log on website :
http://www.ijsrp.org/research-paper-0315/ijsrp-p3903.pdf
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