THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK FOR SPATIAL PLANNING AND FOREST MANAGEMENT IN INDONESIA: SECURING THE BASIC RIGHTS FOR ADAT PEOPLE

Author

Hunggul Yudono Setio Hadi Nugroho, Anne van der Veen, Andrew Skidmore, Yousif A. Hussin

Abstract

Limited transparency, accountability, and participation in policy formulation as well as implementation mainly based on economic considerations, all lead to failure to attain sustainable forest management (SFM).  Along with the reluctance of policy makers and lacking stakeholder capacity, less accurate data bases has also indicated a constraint in the development of appropriate action. The issues have been more complicated where they were correlated with economic imperatives, vested interest, ownership issues and the basic rights of indigenous communities living inside or adjacent the forest.  Forest destruction will be no end without securing customary  land and territorial rights.  To cope with these issues, the concept of fair governance has been promoted as an alternative to the traditional pattern of administration. In this paper, we propose a theoretical framework for policy development in order to attain SFM while respecting the rights of the adat people.  We show that adaptive governance, adaptive management, and participatory learning are strategic approaches in  governance reform to achieve sustainable forest management securing the customary rights and traditional land use of forest dependent people.

Keywords

Forest management, adaptive governance, spatial planning, Indonesia, adat

Full Text:

PDF

References

AMAN. (2014). 2013 in review indigenous peoples’ alliance of the archipelago 28 February 2014. Retrieved 22 November 2016, 2016, from http://www.aman.or.id/2014/02/28/2013-in-review-indigenous-peoples-alliance-of-the-archipelago-aliansi-masyarakat-adat-nusantara-aman/at 22 November 2016.

Angelsen, A. (2009). Policy options to reduce deforestation. In A. Angelsen (Ed.), Realising REDD+ : National strategy and policy options (pp. 125-138). Bogor: Center for International Forestry Research.

Ardanaz, M., Leiras, M., & Tommasi, M. (2014). The politics of federalism in Argentina and its implications for governance and accountability. World Development, 53, 26-45. doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.01.004

Ardiansyah, F., & Jotzo, F. (2013). Decentralization and avoiding deforestation the case of Indonesia. In S. Howes & M. G. Rao (Eds.), Federal reform strategies: Lessons from Asia and Australia (pp. 273-300). Oxford, UK: Oxford Unversity Press.

Banjade, M. R., Herawati, T., Liswanti, N., & Mwangi, E. (2016) Tenure reform in Indonesia, When? What? Why?, Info Brief: Vol. 163 (December 2016 ed.). Bogor: CIFOR.

Barr, C., Resosudarmo, I. A. P., Dermawan, A., & Setiono, B. (2006). Decentralization’s effects on forest concessions and timber production. In C. Barr, I. A. P. Resosudarmo, A. Dermawan, J. McCarthy, M. Moeliono & B. Setiono (Eds.), Decentralization of forest administration in Indonesia : Implications for forest sustainability, economic development and community livelihoods (pp. 87-107). Bogor: CIFOR.

Bellver, A., & Kaufmann, D. (2005). ‘Transparenting transparency’ initial empirics and policy applications. Paper presented at the IMF conference on transparency and integrity.

Bennet, R. (2010) Decentralizing authority in post-Suharto Indonesia: The big bang theory, 1998-2010. Innovations for Successful Societies. New Jersey, USA: Princenton University.

Blaser, J. (2010). Forest law compliance and governance in tropical countries, A region-by-region assessment of the status of forest law compliance and governance, and recommendations for improvement. In A. Sarre (Ed.), (pp. 1-28): FAO and ITTO.

Boafo, J. (2013). The impact of deforestation on forest livelihoods in Ghana. Retrieved from http://www.africaportal.org/sites/default/files/Africa%20Portal%20Backgrounder%20No.%2049.pdf

Bottomley, S., & Denny, P. (2011). A participatory learning approach to biochemistry using student authored and evaluated multiple-choice questions. Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education, 39(5), 352-361. doi: 10.1002/bmb.20526

BPS. (2010). Kewarganegaraan, suku bangsa, agama, dan bahasa sehari-hari penduduk Indonesia, Hasil sensus penduduk 2010. Jakarta: Subdirektorat Statistik Demografi, Badan Pusat Statistik.

Bressers, H. T. A., & Kuks, S. M. M. (2003). What does governance mean? From conception to elaboration. In H. T. A. Bressers & W. A. Rosenbaum (Eds.), Achieving sustainable development: The challenge of governance across social scales (pp. 43-64.). Westport Connecticut: Praeger Publishers.

Bryan, B. A., Raymond, C. M., Crossman, N. D., & Macdonald, D. H. (2010). Targeting the management of ecosystem services based on social values: Where, what, and how? Landscape and Urban Planning, 97(2), 111-122. doi: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.05.002

Carothers, T., & Brechenmacher, S. (2014). Accountability, transparency, participation, and inclusion, a new development consensus? Washington DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.

Cimpoeru, M. V., & Cimpoeru, V. (2015). Budgetary transparency – an improving factor for corruption control and economic performance. Procedia Economics and Finance, 27, 579-586. doi: 10.1016/S2212-5671(15)01036-9

Cronkleton, P., Taylor, P. L., Barry, D., Stone-Jovicich, S., & Schmink, M. (2008). Environmental governance and the emergence of forest-based social movements (pp. 36p.). Bogor, Indonesia: CIFOR.

Drazkiewicz, A., Challies, E., & Newig, J. (2015). Public participation and local environmental planning: Testing factors influencing decision quality and implementation in four case studies from Germany. Land Use Policy, 46, 211-222. doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.02.010.

Ekayani, M., Nuva, Yasmin, R.K., Shaffitri, L.R., Tampubolon, B.I. (2014). Taman Nasional untuk siapa? Tantangan membangun wisata alam berbasis masyarakat di Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun Salak. Risalah Kebijakan Pertanian dan Lingkungan, 1 (1)

Ekayani, M., Nurrochmat, D.R., Darusman, D., (2016). The role of scientists in forest fire media discourse and its potential influence for policy-agenda setting in Indonesia. Journal of Forest Policy and Economics, 68 (2016), 22-29.

Eksva¨rd, K., & Rydberg, T. r. (2010). Integrating participatory learning and action research and systems ecology: A Potential for sustainable agriculture transitions. Systemic Practice Action Research, 23, 467-486. doi: 10.1007/s11213-010-9172-6

Fabinyi, M., Evans, L., & Foale, S. J. (2014). Social-ecological systems, social diversity, and power: insights from anthropology and political ecology. Ecology and Society, 19(4). doi: 10.5751/ES-07029-190428

Fadli, F. (2014). Analysis of direct and indirect effect of fiscal decentralization and regional disparity (Case study provinces in East and West Indonesia Year 2006-2012). Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 5(18).

Faguet, J.-P. (2014). Decentralization and governance. World Development, 53, 2-13. doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.01.002

Faludi, A. (2009). A turning point in the development of European spatial planning? The ‘territorial agenda of the European Union’ and the ‘First Action Programme’. Progress in Planning, 71(1), 1-42. doi: 10.1016/j.progress.2008.09.001

Florini, A. M. (1999). Does the invisible hand need a transparent glove? the politics of transparency. Paper presented at the The Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics, Washington, D.C.

FPP, Pusaka, & SHK, P. (2014). Securing forests securing rights. Report of the International Workshop on Deforestation and the Rights of Forest Peoples. Palangkaraya: Forest People Programme, Pusaka, and Kelompok Kerja Sistem Hutan Kerakyatan.

Frost, P., Campbell, B., Medina, G., & Usongo, L. (2006). Landscape-scale approaches for integrated natural resource management in tropical forest landscapes. Ecology and Society, 11(2): 30, 1-14.

Fung, B. (2014). The demand and need for transparency and disclosure in corporate governance. Universal Journal of Management, 2(2), 72-80.

Garmestani, A. S., Allen, C. R., & Cabezas, H. (2008). Panarchy, adaptive management and governance : policy options for building resilience. Nebraska Law Review, 87 (4)(5), 1-20.

Grimmelikhuijsen, S. (2012). Linking transparency, knowledge and citizen trust in government: an experiment. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 78(1), 50-73. doi: 10.1177/0020852311429667

Hadiz, V. R. (2004). Decentralization and democracy in Indonesia: A critique of neo-institutionalist perspectives. Development and Change, 35(4), 697–718.

Hartanto, H., Rangan, H., Thorburn, C., & Kull, C. (2008). Strategic engagement and dynamic adaptation : customary forest management in Kerinci, Central Sumatra, Indonesia. Paper presented at the The 12th Biennial Conference of the International Association for the Study of Commons, England.

Hasan, H. A. (2013). Transparency, trust and vonfidence in the public sector. British Journal of Arts and Social Sciences, Vol.13 No.I.

Heuer, M. (2011). Ecosystem cross-sector collaboration: conceptualizing an adaptive approach to sustainability governance. Business Strategy and the Environment, 20(4), 211-221. doi: 10.1002/bse.673

Huber, R., Briner, S., Peringer, A., Lauber, S., Seidl, R., Widmer, A., . . . Hirschi, C. (2013). Modeling social-ecological feedback effects in the implementation of payments for environmental services in pasture-woodlands. Ecology and Society, 18(2). doi: 10.5751/ES-05487-180241

IWGIA. (2011). Update 2011 - Indonesia. The Indigenous World, Asia. Retrieved 13 May, 2013, from http://www.iwgia.org/regions/asia/indonesia/871-update-2011-indonesia at 13 May 2013

IWGIA. (2016). The indigenous world 2016 (D. V. a. C. Mikkelsen Ed.). Copenhagen: The International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs.

Johnson, C. (2015). Indonesia: Declaration on Rights of Indigenous People to Forests. 29 April 2015. Retrieved from http://www.loc.gov/law/foreign-news/article/indonesia-declaration-on-rights-of-indigenous-people-to-forests/ at 22 November 2016, 2016.

Jordan, A., Wurzel, R. K. W., & Zito, A. (2005). The rise of ‘new’ policy instruments in comparative perspective: has governance eclipsed government? Political Studies, 53(3), 477-496. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9248.2005.00540.x

Kawharu, M. (2011). Forestry and indigenous issues: New Zealand and the Pacific. Paper presented at the International Expert Group Meeting Indigenous Peoples and Forests, New York.

Kolb, D. A. (1984). The process of experiential learning: experience as the source of learning and development. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey Prentice Hall.

Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi (2010). Paparan hasil KPK tentang kehutanan. Siaran Pers. Retrieved 1 April 2012, 2012, from http://www.kpk.go.id/modules/news/article.php?storyid=1726

Kusumanto, T. (2007). Shaping opportunities for improving forest quality and community livelihoods in Central Sumatra and East Kalimantan, Indonesia. In R. Fisher, R. Prabhu & C. McDougall (Eds.), Adaptive collaborative management of community forests in Asia experiences from Nepal, Indonesia and the Philippines (pp. 93-133). Bogor, Indnesia: Center for International Forestry Research.

Lesliea, H. M., Basurto, X., Nenadovic, M., Sievanena, L., Kyle C. Cavanaugh, Cota-Nieto, J. J., . . . Aburto-Oropezag, O. (2015). Operationalizing the social-ecological systems framework to assess sustainability. PNAS, 112/19, 5979–5984.

Lindstedt, C., & Naurin, D. (2010). Transparency is not enough: making transparency effective in reducing corruption. International Political Science Review, 31(3), 301-322. doi: 10.1177/0192512110377602

Loorbach, D. (2007). Transition management : New mode of governance for sustainable development. (Doctoral Thesis), Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam, Rotherdam.

Marwa, J., Purnomo, H., Nurrochmat, D.R. (2010). Managing the last frontier of Indonesian forest in Papua. Fakultas Kehutanan IPB, Bogor.

McGinnis, M. D., & Ostrom, E. (2014). Social-ecological system framework: initial changes and continuing challenges. Ecology and Society, 19(2). doi: 10.5751/ES-06387-190230

Moeliono, M., & Dermawan, A. (2006). The impacts of decentralization on tenure and livelihoods. In C. Barr, I. A. P. Resosudarmo, A. Dermawan, J. McCarthy, M. Moeliono & B. Setiono (Eds.), Decentralization of forest administration in Indonesia, implications for forest sustainability, economic development and community livelihoods (pp. 108-120). Bogor: Center for International Forestry Research.

Moniaga, S. (2009). Fighting over the land and forest. Retrieved from http://www.insideindonesia.org/fighting-over-the-land-and-forest at 22 November 2016.

Nizar, M. (2010). RTRW Aceh harus jamin hak masyarakat. Lingkungan Hidup. 15 August 2010. Retrieved from http://www.kabarindonesia.com/berita.p?pil=4&jd=RTRW+Aceh+Harus+Jamin+Hak+Masyarakat&dn=20100814121205 at 26 August 2010

Nurrochmat, D.R., 2005. The Impacts of regional autonomy on political dynamics, socio-economics and forest degradation. Case of Jambi-Indonesia. Cuvillier Verlag: Goettingen.

Nurrochmat, D.R., Darusman, D.R., Ekayani, M., (2016). Kebijakan pembangunan kehutanan dan lingkungan: teori dan implementasi. IPB Press, Bogor.

Osakede, K. O., & Ijimakinwa, S. O. (2015). Traditional institution and the modern dayadministration of nigeria: Issues and prospects. Journal of Research and Development (RnD), 2(9).

Peisakhin, L. (2012). Transparency and corruption: evidence from India. The Journal of Law & Economics, 55(1), 129-149. doi: 10.1086/663727

Prasad, K., Strzepek, K., & Kopen, B. v. (2004). Addressing socioeconomic objectives through enhanced decision support systems for water resources management: Vision, aps, and challenges in South Africa. Systemic, Cybernetics and Informatics, 3 (6), 1-6.

Raharjo, O. P. (2014). Evaluating the role of adat community in spatial planning in Paser, East Kalimantan. (Master of Science Theses), University of Twente, The Netherlands.

Kehutanan, UU 41 Tahun 1999 C.F.R. (1999).

Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup, Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2009 Nomor 140 C.F.R. (2009a).

Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup, UU 32 tahun 2009 C.F.R. (2009b).

Rhodes, R. A. W. (1996). The new governance: Governing without government. Political Studies, 44(4), 652-667. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9248.1996.tb01747.x

Rodríguez Bolívar, M. P., Navarro Galera, A., & Alcaide Muñoz, L. (2015). Governance, transparency and accountability: An international comparison. Journal of Policy Modeling, 37(1), 136-174. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpolmod.2015.01.010

Roslinda, E., Darusman, D., Suharjito, D., Nurrochmat, D.R. (2012). Stakeholders analysis on the management of Danau Sentarum National Park Kapuas Hulu Regency, West Kalimantan. Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika, 18 (2) 78-85.

Royer, S. D., Visser, L. E., Galudra, G., Pradhan, U., & Noordwijk, M. V. (2015). Self-identification of indigenous people in postindependence Indonesia: a historical analysis in the context of REDD+. International Forestry Review, 17(3).

Ryan, R. L. (2011). The social landscape of planning: Integrating social and perceptual research with spatial planning information. Landscape and Urban Planning, 100(4), 361-363. doi: 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2011.01.015

Schmeer, K. (1999). Guidlines for conducting a stakeholder analysis. Bethesda, MD: Abt Associates Inc.

Suwarno, A., Hein, L., & Sumarga, E. (2015). Governance, decentralisation and deforestation: The case of Central Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. Quarterly Journal of International Agriculture, 54, No. 1, 77-100.

Takim, R., Shaari, S. M., & Nordin, R. M. (2013). Transparency initiative (TI) for enhancing quality of life: behavioural components that lead to corruption in construction. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 101, 110-119. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.07.184

Tambunan, I. (2012). 33.000 konflik perlu kepastian hukum. Konflik Lahan. 6 Mei 2012. Retrieved from http://regional.kompas.com/read/2012/05/06/12084186/.33.000.Konflik.Perlu.Kepastian.Hukum At 2 Agustus 2012.

The Union for Ethical BioTrade (2013). Fair and equitable benefit sharing, Manual for the assessment of policies and practices along natural ingredient supply chains: The Union for Ethical BioTrade

UNEP. (2011). Emerging Perspectives on Forest Biodiversity. UNEP Year Book 2011. United Nations Environment Programme

UNEP. (2012). Deforestation Costing Kenyan economy millions of dollars each year and increasing water shortage risk.Retrieved from http://www.unep.org/Documents.Multilingual/Default.DocumentID=2698&ArticleID=9316&l=en at 5 November 2012

UNEP. (2013). Governance for Peace over natural Resources A review of transitions in environmental governance across Africa as a resource for peacebuilding and environmental management in Sudan. Kenya: United Nations Environment Programme.

Wijaya, T. (2014). Tokoh adat disidangkan, NGO akan gugat perusahaan perambah SM Dangku. Retrieved from http://www.mongabay.co.id/2014/09/24/tokoh-adat-disidangkan-ngo-akan-gugat-perusahaan-perambah-sm-dangku/ at 24 September 2014.

Wulan, Y. C., Yasmi, Y., Purba, C., & Wollenberg, E. (2004). Analisa konflik sektor kehutanan di Indonesia 1997-2003. Bogor: CIFOR.

Yazdi, S. V. (2013). Review of Centralization and decentralization approaches to curriculum development in Iran. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 3,(4) 97-115.

Zakaria, Y. (2017, 10 February 2017). After the customary forest recognition. 26 January 2017. Retrieved from http://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2017/01/26/after-the-customary-forest-recognition.html at 10 February 2017.

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/ijfr.2017.4.1.69-83
For further details log on website :
http://ejournal.forda-mof.org/ejournal-litbang/index.php/IJFR/article/view/2306