Origin of adventitious roots in black walnut (Juglans nigra) softwood cuttings rooted under optimized conditions in a fog chamber

Published Date
September 2017, Volume 48, Issue 5, pp 685–697

First Online: 

20 June 2017

Author

• Micah E. Stevens
• Paula M. Pijut

Abstract

High-quality black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) logs are of great economic value and are used in the manufacture of high-end products. Indigenous to the central hardwood region, black walnut has been commercially cultivated for many years, and genetic improvement and selections have resulted in superior timber genotypes. The recalcitrance of black walnut cuttings to form adventitious roots is the greatest hurdle for mass propagation of improved material. The goal of this research was to improve the frequency of adventitious root formation in black walnut cuttings, and investigate anatomical changes during root development. Softwood cuttings (15–20 cm) were collected from juvenile and mature sources of elite genotypes, dipped for 60 s in 31.1, 62.2, or 93.2 mM indole-3-butyric acid-potassium salt (K-IBA), or 36.9, 73.8, or 110.7 mM indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), and then inserted into a moist medium consisting of 3 perlite: 1 coarse vermiculite (v/v). Cuttings were placed in bench-top fog chambers or a mist bench for 5 weeks. To visualize anatomical changes during root formation, stems were fixed in formaldehyde, embedded in paraffin, serially sectioned, and stained on sequential days throughout root development. Rooting was greatest (72%) for cuttings exposed to 93.2 mM K-IBA and placed in the fog chamber, while cuttings treated with IBA rooted at lower frequencies (16–22.2%). Cuttings in the mist bench often deteriorated and rooted at lower frequencies independent of the auxin type. Anatomical analysis revealed adventitious root initials by day 16 and root primordia formation by day 18. Rooted cuttings survived acclimatization to the greenhouse.

References

1. Avanzato D, Cappellini P (1988) Anatomical investigation on walnut shoots after IBA application. Acta Hortic 227:155–158CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2. Ballester A, San-Jose MC, Vidal N, Fernandez-Lorenzo JL, Vieitez AM (1999) Anatomical and biochemical events during in vitro rooting of microshoots from juvenile and mature phases of chestnut. Ann Bot 83:619–629CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3. Beakbane A (1961) Structure of the plant stem in relation to adventitious rooting. Nature 192:954–955CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4. Beineke WF (1983) The genetic improvement of black walnut for timber production. In: Janick J (ed) Plant breeding reviews, vol 1. AVI Publishing Co, Westport, pp 236–266CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5. Beineke WF (1984) Grafting black walnut. Purdue Univ Coop Ext Publ FNR-105, p 4Google Scholar
6. Carpenter S (1975) Rooting black walnut cuttings with Ethephon. Tree Plant Notes 26(3):29Google Scholar
7. Cassens DL (2004) Factors affecting quality of hardwood logs for face veneer. FNR-239 West Lafayette, IN, Purdue UniversityGoogle Scholar
8. Chen S, Fichtner E, Morgan D, Michailides T (2013) First report of Lasiodiplodia citricola and Neoscytalidium dimidiatum causing death of graft union of English walnut in California. Plant Dis 97:993CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9. Claudot A-C, Drouet A, Jay-Allemand C (1992) Tissue distribution of phenolic compounds in annual shoots from adult and rejuvenated hybrid walnut trees. Plant Physiol Biochem 30:565–572Google Scholar
10. Coggeshall MV, Beineke WF (1997) Black walnut vegetative propagation: the challenge continues. Annual Report of the Northern Nut Growers Association, vol 88, pp 83–92Google Scholar
11. Dick JMCP, Leakey RRB (2006) Differentiation of the dynamic variables affecting rooting ability in juvenile and mature cuttings of cherry (Prunus avium). J Hortic Sci Biotech 81:296–302CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12. Esau K (1977) Anatomy of seed plants, 2nd edn. Wiley, New YorkGoogle Scholar
13. Farmer RE (1971) Rooting black walnut cuttings. Plant Propag 17:7–9Google Scholar
14. Farmer RE, Hall GC (1973) Rooting black walnut after pretreatment of shoots with indolebutyric acid. Plant Propag 19:13–14Google Scholar
15. Funk DT, Schlesinger RC, Ponder F Jr (1979) Autumn-olive as a nurse crop for black walnut. Bot Gaz 140(Suppl):110–114CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16. Gautam DR, Chauhan JS (1990) A physiological analysis of rooting cuttings of juvenile walnut (Juglans regia). Acta Hortic 284:33–44CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17. Geyser WA, Rink G (1998) Interaction effects of seed source, culture, and pest managements on growth of Juglans nigra in plantations. Silvae Genet 47:51–58Google Scholar
18. Goodman R, Oliet J, Paradillo G, Jacobs DF (2013) Nitrogen fertilization of black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) during plantation establishment. Morphology and production efficiency. For Sci 59:453–463Google Scholar
19. Goodman R, Oliet J, Sloan J, Jacobs DF (2014) Nitrogen fertilization of black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) during plantation establishment. Physiology of production. Eur J For Res 133:153–164CrossRefGoogle Scholar
20. Gunes T (1999) An investigation on rooting of Juglans regia L. hardwood cuttings. Turk J Bot 23:367–372Google Scholar
21. Hackett W (1988) Donor plant maturation and adventitious root formation. In: Davis TD, Haissig BE, Sankhla N (eds) Adventitious root formation in cuttings, vol 2. Dioscorides Press, Portland, pp 11–28Google Scholar
22. Hartmann HT, Kester DE, Davies FT, Geneve RL (2011) Plant propagation: principles and practices, 8th edn. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle RiverGoogle Scholar
23. Hasey J, Westerdahl B, Micke W, Ramos D, Yeager J (2001) Yield performance of own-rooted ‘Chandler’ walnut versus ‘Chandler’ walnut on Paradox rootstock. Acta Hortic 544:482–489Google Scholar
24. Jackson MB (1986) Developments in plant and soil science. New root formation in plants and cuttings, vol 20. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, DordrechtCrossRefGoogle Scholar
25. Jensen W (1962) Botanical histochemistry: principles and practices. WH Freeman and Co, San FranciscoGoogle Scholar
26. Lee C, Paul J, Hackett WP (1976) Root promotion on stem cuttings of several ornamental plant species by acid or base pretreatment. Proc Int Plant Propag Soc 26:95–99Google Scholar
27. Lopez J (2001) Field behaviour of self-rooted walnut trees of different cultivars produced by tissue culture and planted in Murcia (Spain). Acta Hortic 544:543–546CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28. Lowe W, Beineke WF (1969) Comparing grafting techniques for black walnut. In: Proceedings of the 10th southern conference on forest tree improvement, pp 231–235Google Scholar
29. Maynard B, Bassuk N (1996) Effects of stock plant etiolation, shading, banding, and shoot development on histology and cutting propagation of Carpinus betulus L. fastigiata. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 121:853–860Google Scholar
30. Michler CH, Woeste KE, Pijut PM (2007) Black walnut. In: Kole C (ed) Genome mapping and molecular breeding in plants, vol 7. Forest trees. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 189–198Google Scholar
31. Parlak S, Semizer-Cuming D (2012) Anatomical examination of root formation on bay laurel (Laurus nobilis L.) cuttings. J Plant Biol Res 1:145–150Google Scholar
32. Pijut PM (2004) Vegetative propagation of butternut (Juglans cinerea) field results. In: Michler CH, Pijut PM, Van Sambeek JW, Coggeshall MV, Seifert J, Woeste K, Overton R, Ponder F Jr (eds) Black walnut in a new century, Proceedings of the 6th walnut council research symposium, Lafayette, IN. Gen Tech Rep NC-243 St Paul, MN, US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Research Station, pp 37–44Google Scholar
33. Pijut PM, Moore MJ (2002) Early season softwood cuttings effective for vegetative propagation of Juglans cinerea. HortScience 37:697–700Google Scholar
34. Pijut PM, Woeste KE, Michler CH (2011) Promotion of adventitious root formation of difficult-to-root hardwood tree species. Hortic Rev 38:213–251Google Scholar
35. Ponder F Jr (1983) Effect of autumn-olive on the mineral composition of black walnut leaves. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 14:1253–1263CrossRefGoogle Scholar
36. Ponder Jr F, Baines DM (1988) Growth and nutrition of planted black walnut in response to several cultural treatments. In: Proceedings of the 5th central hardwoods forest conference, April 15–17 1985 Urbana-Champaign, IL, pp 15–18Google Scholar
37. Rasmussen A, Hosseini S, Hajirezaei M-R, Druege U, Geelen D (2015) Adventitious rooting declines with the vegetative to reproductive switch and involves a changed auxin homeostasis. J Exp Bot 66:1437–1452CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
38. Reil WO, Leslie CA, Forde HI, McKenna JR (1998) Propagation. In: Ramos DE (ed) Walnut production manual. University of California, The Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Oakland, pp 71–83Google Scholar
39. Serr EF (1964) Walnut rootstock. Proc Int Plant Propag Soc 14:327–329Google Scholar
40. Shreve LW (1972) Propagation of walnut, chestnut, and pecan by rooted cuttings. In: Proceedings of the 8th central states forest tree improvement conference, pp 20–23Google Scholar
41. Shreve LW, Miles NW (1972) Propagating black walnut clones from rooted cuttings. Plant Propag 18:4–8Google Scholar
42. Tajbakhsh M, Korkan M, Ghiyasi M (2009) Effect of timing on callus formation and rooting ability in IBA-treated hardwood stem cuttings of Persian walnut, hazelnut and apple. Not Bot Horti Agrobot Cluj 37:103–107Google Scholar
43. Team RDC (2006) R: a language and environment for statistical computing, 2.12.1 edn., Vienna, AustriaGoogle Scholar
44. Thomas A, Brauer D, Sauer T, Coggeshall MV, Ellersieck M (2008) Cultivar influences early rootstock and scion survival of grafted black walnut. J Am Pomol Soc 62:3–12Google Scholar
45. Victory E, Woeste K, Rhodes OE (2004) History of black walnut genetics research in North America. In: Michler CH, Pijut PM, Van Sambeek JW, Coggeshall MV, Seifert J, Woeste K, Overton R, Ponder F Jr (eds) Black walnut in a new century, Proceedings of the 6th Walnut council research symposium, Lafayette, IN. Gen Tech Rep NC-243 St Paul, MN, US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Research Station, pp 1–8Google Scholar
46. Vieitez E, Vieitez AM (1976) Juvenility factors related to the rootability to chestnut cuttings. Acta Hortic 56:269–272CrossRefGoogle Scholar
47. Wang J, Park M, Wang L, Koo Y, Chen X, Weigel D, Poethig S (2011) MiRNA control of vegetative phase change in trees. PLoS Genet 7:e1002012CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentralGoogle Scholar
48. Williams RD (1990) Juglans nigra L., Black walnut. In: Silvics of North America, vol 2: Hardwoods (tech coords: Burns R and Honkala B) USDA For Serv Agric Handbook 654, Washington, DC, pp 386–390Google Scholar
49. Xu M, Hu T, Smith M, Poethig R (2016) Epigenetic regulation of vegetative phase change in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 28:28–41PubMedGoogle Scholar
50. Zhao X, Zheng H, Li S, Yang C, Jiang J, Liu G (2014) The rooting of poplar cuttings: a review. New For 45:21–34CrossRefGoogle Scholar

For further details log on website :
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11056-017-9592-6