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Tuesday, 2 May 2017

Innovation, product development and market value: evidence from the biotechnology industryinnovation in biotechnology industry

Author
Zaur Rzakhanov
Economics of Innovation and New Technology, 2004, vol. 13, issue 8, pages 747-760

Abstract: The subject of the paper is financial valuation of firm's knowledge assets and returns to innovation in the biotechnology industry, where such assets appear to play key role in the commercial success of a product. The biotechnology industry is extremely research-intensive, and successful R&D drives profitability. Further, the pharmaceutical product development advances in a number of well-defined stages that allow relatively precise measurement of product development outcomes. The study reports recent biotechnology R&D statistics, and provides estimates of private returns to innovation and product development activity in the biotechnology industry. The conclusions indicate that the financial market recognizes the value of drugs in product development stage, as it expects the innovative knowledge embodied in drug development projects to become marketable products in the future.
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Propriété industrielle et biotechnologies:Application au règne végétal (Industrial property and biotechnology: an application to the plant kingdom)

Author
Philippe Chagnon (chagnon@univ-littoral.fr)
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Abstract: Mises en place progressivement au cours du XXeme siècle en Europe et aux Etats-Unis. Elles ont suivi les avancées scientifiques réalisées à partir des premières recherches en génétique et ont pris leur essor après le développement des outils biologiques et techniques moléculaires apparus à la fin des années 1960. Nous distinguons trois périodes dans la création de matériel végétal qui ont mobilisé des acteurs spécifiques et auxquelles correspondent des systèmes de protection distincts : les paysans procédaient à une sélection empirique des végétaux pendant la période traditionnelle et n’obtenaient pas de monopoles sur le résultat de leur activité ; les avancées scientifiques et techniques (lois de l’hérédité, biotechnologies, etc.) caractérisent la période conventionnelle, au cours de laquelle les institutions publiques et les organismes agricoles deviennent des acteurs essentiels et où se construit le système de protection par certificat d’obtention végétale. Enfin, la période moderne est marquée par l’émergence des technosciences, impulsées par les firmes biotechnologiques qui agissent pour renforcer les droits privatifs (brevets sur des organismes vivants) afin de rentabiliser leurs investissements. In this document, we study the forms of protection of biological innovations developed during the 20th century in Europe and in the United States. They have followed the results of the scientific progress based on the first research in genetics and have gained ground with the creation of biologic tools and molecular techniques at the end of the 1960s. We present three periods in the creation of vegetal material, which have involved specific actors and to which correspond distinct systems of protection: during the traditional period, farmers empirically selected plants and did not obtain monopolies on their achievements. The conventional period is characterized by scientific and technical progress (heredity laws, biotechnology, etc.), the emergence of public institutions and agriculture organisms as main actors, and the development of a system of protection based on plant variety protection certificates. Finally, during the modern period, technosciences are developed with the support of biotechnological firms, that act to reinforce privative rights (patents on living parts) in order to recoup their investments.
Keywords: industrial property; biotechnology; plant kingdom; biological innovations (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: L52 O25 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2007-04
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Published in Cahiers du Lab.RII, Avril 2007
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Koltsovo: acteurs régional de la promotion des biotechnologies en Russie KOLTSOVO: A REGIONAL ACTOR OF THE PROMOTION OF BIOTECHNOLOGIES IN RUSSIA

Author
Guillem Achermann (rii@univ-littoral.fr)
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Abstract: Le secteur des biotechnologies en Russie hérite de structures scientifiques matérielles et organisationnelles du régime soviétique disséminées sur tout le territoire. Celles-ci ont été confrontées dans les années 1990 à une situation inattendue dans leur développement : la réduction drastique de financements étatiques et l'absence d'une politique industrielle cohérente. Ce n'est qu'après l'arrivée de Vladimir Poutine au pouvoir en 2000 que des priorités en matière de développement industriel sont initiées. Entre stratégies de conservation et de restructuration, de nombreux acteurs régionaux ont mis en avant leurs spécificités dans la formation d'une politique fédérale d'innovation. Ainsi, un emboîtement de statuts juridiques et programmes de développement a permis à certains territoires de redéfinir leur poids économique dans la réorganisation de l'appareil productif national. La formation municipale de Koltsovo, à quelques kilomètres de la ville de Novossibirsk (Sibérie) en est un exemple concret. Ce document retrace la place grandissante de l'innovation dans les politiques économiques du jeune Etat russe et l'évolution du territoire de Koltsovo. The sector of biotechnologies in Russia has inherited the scientific material and organizational structures of the Soviet regime on the whole territory of the country. These structures have been confronted in the 90s to a situation which was unexpected in their development: the drastic reduction of the financing and an absence of coherent industrial policy. Some priorities in industrial development were determined only with the ascension of Vladimir Putin as the head of the country in 2000. In the formation of a federal innovation policy a lot of regional actors chose between the strategy of conservation and the restructuring one depending on their peculiarities. Thus, the nesting of juridical status and program of development has allowed for some territories to redefine their economic impact in the reorganization of the domestic production capacity. The municipality of Koltsovo, located a short distance away from the town of Novosibirsk (Siberia), is a concrete example. This document traces the growing place of innovation in the economic policies of the young Russian State and the evolution of the Koltsovo territory.
Keywords: biotechnologies; fnancement de la recherche; Koltsovo (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O31 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
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Date: 2012-09
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Published in Cahiers du Lab.RII, Septembre 2012
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The Economics of Agricultural Biotechnology

Author

Abstract: This paper examines the economic determinants and impacts of agricultural research, particularly biotechnology research, with a view to understanding the potential of agricultural biotechnology to address the needs of the poor in developing countries. It surveys public and private agricultural research in developed and developing countries since the green revolution and discusses the public goods nature of much agricultural research. Unlike the research that launched the green revolution, agricultural biotechnology research is primarily being conducted by private firms in industrialized countries to address problems of temperate-zone commercial agriculture. These differences have important implications for the development and diffusion of new technologies to meet the needs of the poor. This paper was prepared as background material for the 2003 issue of The State of Food and Agriculture, which has the theme “Agricultural Biotechnology: Meeting the Needs of the Poor?” Several companion papers are also available in the ESA Working Paper series.
Keywords: Agricultural research; Biotechnology; Developing countries; Economic development; Innovation; Research policies; Technological changes (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: H41 O13 Q16 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2003
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Bioceres: AG Biotechnology from Argentina

Author
Roberto Feeney, Carlos Perez and Pablo Mac Clay

Abstract: In this case we present a business decision-making situation in which the CEO of an Argentine Ag Biotech company, Bioceres, has to decide the best way to commercialize a new drought-tolerant transgenic technology. The company was founded by twenty three farmers, who shared a common dream that Argentina could become a benchmark in the development of Ag biotechnology. The case has strategic and financial implications, as well as decision-making situation involving a joint venture with an American biotechnology company. It also introduces to discussion the business models of Ag biotechnology companies in developing countries.
Keywords: Business Case; Ag Biotechnology; Joint-Ventures; Business Models; Agribusiness (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2016
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A comparison of the Lithuanian and Russian Biotechnology sectors

Author
Vincentas Giedraitis and Alina Alekseyko

Abstract: The goal of this paper is to compare the development of the Lithuanian and Russian biotechnology sectors. In case of Lithuania we tried to uncover what are the circumstances surrounding the favorable development of the biotechnology sectors in Lithuania. In case of Russian Federation we looked at encouraging as well as discouraging circumstances surrounding this segment of economy. Drawing upon Schumpeter’s ideas of innovation and Porter’s business cluster theory, we argue that Lithuania is “at the right place and the right time” to make it a regional leader in Baltic biotechnology. Russia, on the other hand, is in the process of developing biotech sector in order to at least to catch up with other countries (including Lithuania). It will take time and continuous governmental support for Russia before this sector starts contributing significantly to Russian economy.
Keywords: Biotechnology; innovation; Lithuania; Russia; Schumpeter; business cluster theory (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: B59 F23 O52 O57 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2012
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Perspectives of Innovation in Economics and Business (PIEB) is currently edited by Frantisek Bostl
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The Birth of the Biotechnology Era: Penicillin in Australia, 1943-80

Author
John Mathews
Prometheus, 2008, vol. 26, issue 4, pages 317-333

Abstract: As Australia and other countries seek to establish biotechnology industries, it is timely to review successes and failures in this field. One of the most notable stories is the development of penicillin, as a wartime project, to which Australians made major contributions. Australians during and immediately after the war contributed much to the scientific identification and purification of penicillin, and to the industrial scaling up in its production at the Commonwealth Serum Laboratories in Melbourne. This was a classic instance of war accelerating innovations in public administration. Yet the nascent antibiotic industry was never allowed to gain international competitiveness, and was allowed to run down and eventually disappeared by the end of the 1970s. This article is concerned to tease out the puzzle posed by this contrast in aspirations, between the highest levels of scientific and technical achievement in bringing penicillin into widespread use (Australia being the first country in the world to provide penicillin to the civilian population in 1944) and shockingly poor performance in sustaining and developing a national antibiotics industry. As the stirrings of a biotechnology industry may be observed in the first decade of the twenty-first century, it would be unfortunate to ignore the lessons of this earlier experience at the birth of the biotechnology era.
Keywords: penicillin; antibiotics; Commonwealth Serum Laboratories; national industry nurturing; biotechnology (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2008
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Does New Zealand have an Innovation System for Biotechnology?

Author

Abstract: While there is a large and growing international literature on economic aspects of biotechnology innovation (e.g. work by Carlsson, McKelvey, Orsenigo, Zucker and Darby) these studies concentrate on the United States and Europe. The New Zealand biotechnology industry may be expected to develop along a different trajectory as a consequence of a markedly different set of initial and framework conditions. This paper presents the results of an ongoing study that aims to fill some of the gaps in our knowledge of innovation processes in New Zealand while using the international literature as a benchmark. The size and structure of modern biotech activity in New Zealand is described and compared to other OECD countries using biotech patent data and results from the New Zealand and Canadian biotechnology surveys. The paper then focuses on factors affecting innovation in biotechnology; framework conditions, government policy R&D funding and the role of networks and other linkages.
Keywords: biotechnology; innovation system; survey data; New Zealand (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: L65 L66 O31 O32 O38 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2002-04-25
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Acceptance of biotechnology and social-cultural implications in Ghana

Author
Wilhemina Quaye, Ivy Yawson, Robert Yawson and Irene E. Williams

Abstract: Despite major scientific progress in the application of biotechnology in agriculture, public attitudes towards biotechnology in general and genetically modified food (GM food) products in particular remain mixed in Africa. Examining responses on acceptance of GM food through a stakeholder survey in Ghana, it was established that half of the 100 people sample interviewed were not in favor of GM foods. To this group acceptance of GM foods would make farmers loose focus on the traditional ways of cultivation, putting the whole nation at the mercy of profit driven foreign companies who produce GM foods. In order to have clear and unbiased attitudes towards agricultural biotechnology in Africa, there is the need to substitute dominant ideologies in the way biotechnology research and dissemination are conducted in developed countries with tailor-made methodologies in developing countries. This paper emphasizes the social dynamic force of food focusing on the need for social shaping of biotechnologies to reflect local and regional needs. Respondents’ perceptions of GM foods suggest that food is seen as not just a commodity to be consumed but food has both cultural and national identities. Generally, people are identified by their consumption and nutrition lifestyles and therefore take pride in what they eat. A proposal is made to set biotechnology research agenda in the context of social choices; social scientific coalition of biotechnology with endogenous development pathways’ as opposed to ‘exogenous biotechnology research’. Also there is the need for adequate capacity building of the existing regulatory institutions to handle ethical and moral issues associated with biotechnology research since survey findings showed lacked of public confidence in them.
Keywords: Biotechnology; survey; acceptability; social shaping; Ghana (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O1 L65 Q1 Z1 D71 Q17 O13 Z13 P32 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2009-02-23
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Priority Setting for Agricultural Biotechnology Research in Thailand

Author
Orachos Napasintuwong (orachos.n@ku.ac.th) and Pongthep Akratanakkul (agrpta@ku.ac.th)
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Abstract: Recognizing unfocused research policy and unclear priorities in agricultural biotechnology research, this study aims to set research priorities for agricultural biotechnology, specifically for public institutions. The scoring method is used by surveying researchers, experts and stakeholders. The initiative of this study is to classify scoring alternatives using technology platforms instead of research projects or commodities as commonly used in agricultural research policy. The agricultural biotechnology platforms are identified into four areas. Based on five criteria used to evaluate the importance of this technology, fifty-five random samples are asked to score all technology platforms according to each criterion. The overall ranking combining with the necessity of the biotechnology platforms towards the goals reveals that detection and diagnostics, molecular breeding, and cell and tissue culture/embryo transfer/and cloning, should be given highest priorities, respectively. Gene transformation, genomic and post-genomic research should be given less priorities while vaccine technology should also not be ignored.
Keywords: agricultural biotechnology; priority setting; research priority (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: O38 Q18 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
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Date: 2010-10
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Published in ARE Working Paper No. 2553/3 (October 2010)
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