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Processing of nanostructured polymers and advanced polymeric based nanocomposites
Published Date November 2014, Vol.85:1–46,doi:10.1016/j.mser.2014.08.002
Title
Processing of nanostructured polymers and advanced polymeric based nanocomposites
Author
Laura Peponi b,,
Debora Puglia a
Luigi Torre a
Luca Valentini a
José M. Kenny a,b,c,,
aMaterials Science and Technology Centre, University of Perugia, Loc. Pentima, 4, 05100 Terni, Italy
bInstitute of Polymer Science and Technology, ICTP-CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
cInstitute of Macromolecular Compounds of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoy pr. 31, 199004 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
Available online 14 September 2014. Guiding Editor: Philippe Dubois
Abstract
The control of the nanostructure and the addition of nanoparticles to polymers have led to structural and functional property enhancements in a number of polymeric systems as a material answer to continuous requirements from advanced industrial sectors. The availability of new nanoparticles with extraordinary properties (i.e. carbon nanotubes, graphenes, but also nanoclays, nanocellulose, metals and ceramics) have determined new and exciting possibilities for a continuous enlargement of polymer markets. However, the potentialities of these new materials are still strongly dependent on the development and scaling-up of reliable processing routes. Therefore, the purpose of this report is to review the main processing approaches for nanostructured polymers and nanocomposites starting with a brief review of available nanoparticles and on their functionalization to promote a better polymer–particle interaction. Regarding processing, the review firstly addresses the bottom-up approaches typically adopted for nanostructured polymers, blends and copolymers. Then, the different technologies required by the top-down processing of thermoplastic and thermosetting polymer matrix systems are reviewed. Finally, the report addresses the recent applications of nanostructured polymers and nanocomposites as matrices of advanced composite materials. In all cases, the main processing approaches and the main structural and functional properties characterizing these materials and their potential and current industrial applications are specifically addressed.
Keywords
Nanostructured polymers
Nanocomposites
Block copolymers
Processing
Carbon nanotubes
Graphene
Nanocellulose
Abbreviations and symbols
AFM, atomic force microscopy
APTS, aminopropyltriethoxylsilane
ATRP, atom transfer radical polymerization
BC, block copolymer
BCC, body-centered cubic structure
BGY, Born–Green–Yvon theory
CEC, cation exchange capacity
CNC, cellulose nanocrystal
CNF, cellulose nanofibril
CNS, cellulose nanostructure
CNT, carbon nanotube
CNW, cellulose nanowhisker
CCVD, catalytic chemical vapor deposition
CVD, chemical vapor deposition
DDM, diaminodiphenyl methane
DDS, 4,4-diaminodiphenylsulfone
DETA, diethylenetriamine
DGEBA, diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A
DMF, dimethylformamide
DPD, dissipative particle dynamics
DT, dodecanethiol
DTA, dodecyltrimethylammonium
E, Young's modulus
EFM, electrostatic force microscopy
FITC, fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
FRP, fiber reinforced polymer
FTIR, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
GFET, graphene field-effect transistor
GFRP, glass fiber reinforced polymer
GNP, graphite nanoplatelet
GO, graphene oxide
GONP, oxidized graphite nanoplatelet
GRAPOSS, graphene-POSS hybrid
HDT, heat distortion temperature
HEX, hexagonal microphase (cylinders)
HRR, heat release rate
ISO, International Organization for Standardization
ITO, indium tin oxide
kB, Boltzmann constant
LAM, lamellar morphology
MCDEA, 4,4′-methylene bis (3 chloro 2,6 diethylaniline)
Corresponding authors at: Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, ICTP-CSIC, C/Juan de la Cierva, 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain. Tel.: +34 912587424; fax: +34 915644853.
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