Title
Hydroxymethyl furfural-modified urea–formaldehyde resin: synthesis and properties
Author
N. Esmaeili
S. Mohajeri
K.Kabiri
H. Bouhendi
Abstract
Considering the importance of urea–formaldehyde (UF) resins in the wood industry, this work reports on a new bio-based modification of UF resins. The use of 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) is motivated by the current concerns about the effects of formaldehyde on human health. UF and urea–HMF–formaldehyde (UHF) resins were synthesized by an alkaline-acid method and characterized by FTIR, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. The UHF, as a newly modified polymeric resin, was thermally characterized, and it was found that its thermo-stability and char yield was improved. In order to investigate the performance of the UHF, the preparation of particleboards with the UHF as adhesive, as well as its film formation ability have been studied. The UHF films formed on wood panels were uniform without any crack. Film formation ability of the UHF resin was improved due to the presence of more hydroxyl groups as well as furan rings of the HMF moieties resulting in more activated groups to be bonded by wood. Furthermore, formaldehyde release of the particleboards bonded by UHF was significantly lower than that of which bonded by the UF resin. Lab particleboards using the UHF resins showed higher modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, and internal bond compared to boards with UF resins, as well as lower water absorption and thickness swelling. Based on these results UHF resin can be considered as a possible candidate as adhesive for wood and wood based panels.
References
For further details log on website :
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00107-016-1072-8
Hydroxymethyl furfural-modified urea–formaldehyde resin: synthesis and properties
Abstract
Considering the importance of urea–formaldehyde (UF) resins in the wood industry, this work reports on a new bio-based modification of UF resins. The use of 5-hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) is motivated by the current concerns about the effects of formaldehyde on human health. UF and urea–HMF–formaldehyde (UHF) resins were synthesized by an alkaline-acid method and characterized by FTIR, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. The UHF, as a newly modified polymeric resin, was thermally characterized, and it was found that its thermo-stability and char yield was improved. In order to investigate the performance of the UHF, the preparation of particleboards with the UHF as adhesive, as well as its film formation ability have been studied. The UHF films formed on wood panels were uniform without any crack. Film formation ability of the UHF resin was improved due to the presence of more hydroxyl groups as well as furan rings of the HMF moieties resulting in more activated groups to be bonded by wood. Furthermore, formaldehyde release of the particleboards bonded by UHF was significantly lower than that of which bonded by the UF resin. Lab particleboards using the UHF resins showed higher modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, and internal bond compared to boards with UF resins, as well as lower water absorption and thickness swelling. Based on these results UHF resin can be considered as a possible candidate as adhesive for wood and wood based panels.
References
- Abdullah ZA, Park BD (2010) Influence of acrylamide copolymerization of urea formaldehyde resin adhesives to their chemical structure and performance. J Appl Polym Sci 117:3181–3186
- Ahamad T, Alshehri SM (2014) Thermal degradation and evolved gas analysis: a polymeric blend of urea formaldehyde (UF) and epoxy (DGEBA) resin. Arab J Chem 7:1140–1147CrossRef
- Basta AH, El-Saied H, Winandy JE, Sabo R (2011) Preformed amide-containing biopolymer for improving the environmental performance of synthesized urea–formaldehyde in agro-fiber composites. J Polym Environ 19:405–412CrossRef
- Birkeland MJ, Lorenz L, James M, Frihart CR (2010) Determination of native (wood derived) formaldehyde by the desiccator method in particleboards generated during panel production. Holzforschung 64:429–433CrossRef
- Bobrowski A, Grabowska B (2012) The impact of temperature on furan resin. Metall Foundry Eng 38:73–80CrossRef
- Bono A, Beng YK, Siambun NJ (2003) Melamine–urea–formaldehyde (MUF) resin: the effect of the number of reaction stages and mole ratio on resin properties. J Teknol 38:43–52
- Christjanson P, Siimer K, Pehk T, Lasn I (2002) Structural changes in urea–formaldehyde resins during storage. Eur J Wood Prod 60:379–384CrossRef
- Christjanson P, Pehk T, Siimer K (2006) Hydroxymethylation and polycondensation reactions in urea–formaldehyde resin synthesis. J Appl Polym Sci 100:1673–1680CrossRef
- Dim PE (2011) Application of keratin-modified urea–formaldehyde resin for bonding particleboard. Aust J Basic Appl Sci 5:196–200
- Ebewele RO (1995) Differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis of amine-modified urea–formaldehyde adhesives. J Appl Polym Sci 58:1689–1700CrossRef
- Esmaeili N, Zohuriaan-Mehr MJ, Bouhendi H, Bagheri-Marandi G (2016) HMF synthesis in aqueous and organic media under ultrasonication, microwave irradiation and conventional heating. Korean J Chem Eng 33:1964–1970CrossRef
- Ferra J (2010) Optimization of urea–formaldehyde resins for the manufacture of wood-based panels. PhD thesis dissertation, University of Porto, pp 3–27
- Ferra MM, Henriques A, Mendes M, Costa RN, Carvalho LH, Magalhaes F (2012) Comparison of UF synthesis by alkaline-acid and strongly acid processes. J Appl Polym Sci 123:1764–1772CrossRef
- Fink JK (2005) Reactive polymers fundamentals and applications, chaps 5 and 7. William Andrew Pub, Norwich
- Gancarz R (1995) Nucleophilic addition to carbonyl compounds. Tetrahedron 51:10627–10632CrossRef
- Gandini A (2010) Biocatalysis in polymer chemistry. Wiley, Singapore, pp 1–34CrossRef
- Gao Z, Wang X, Wan H, Liu Y (2008) Curing characteristics of urea–formaldehyde resin in the presence of various amounts of wood extracts and catalysts. J Appl Polym Sci 107:1555–1562CrossRef
- Han TL, Kumar RN, Rozman HD, Wan Daud WR (2008) Influence of process variables on the reactivity of low formaldehyde emission urea–formaldehyde resin. Polym Plast Technol Eng 47:551–557CrossRef
- Kandelbauer A, Despres A, Pizzi A, Taudes I (2007) Testing by Fourier transform infrared species variation during melamine–urea–formaldehyde resin preparation. J Appl Polym Sci 106:2192–2197CrossRef
- Li H, Zhang Y, Zeng X (2009) Two-step synthesis and characterization of urea–isobutyraldehyde–formaldehyde resins. Prog Org Coat 66:167–172CrossRef
- Liu Y, Tian Y, Zhao G, Sun Y, Zhu F, Gao Y (2008) Synthesis of urea–formaldehyde resin by melt condensation polymerization. J Polym Res 15:501–505CrossRef
- No BY, Kim MG (2007) Evaluation of melamine-modified urea–formaldehyde resins as particleboard binders. J Appl Polym Sci 106:30–37
- Paiva NT, Pereira J, Ferra JM, Cruz P, Carvalho L, Magalhaes FD (2012) Study of influence of synthesis conditions on properties of melamine–urea formaldehyde resins. Int Wood Prod J 3:51–57CrossRef
- Park BD, Kim JW (2008) Dynamic mechanical analysis of urea–formaldehyde resin adhesives with different formaldehyde-to-urea molar ratios. J Appl Polym Sci 108:2045–2051CrossRef
- Park BD, Chang Kang E, Yong Park J (2006) Effects of formaldehyde to urea mole ratio on thermal curing behavior of urea–formaldehyde resin and properties of particleboard. J Appl Polym Sci 101:1787–1792CrossRef
- Park B, Kang E, Park J (2008) Thermal curing behavior of modified urea–formaldehyde resin adhesives with two formaldehyde scavengers and their influence on adhesion performance. J Appl Polym Sci 110:1573–1580CrossRef
- Patel BK, Patel HS, Morekar MM (2013) Synthesis, characterization and glass reinforcement of dimethylolurea-3-aminophenol-epoxy resin curing systems. Polym Plast Technol Eng 52:332–336CrossRef
- Roumeli E, Papadopoulou E, Pavlidou E (2012) Synthesis, characterization and thermal analysis of urea–formaldehyde/nanoSiO2 resins. Thermochim Acta 527:33–39CrossRef
- Singh AP, Nuryawan A, Park BA (2013) Novel sample preparation method that enables ultrathin sectioning of urea–formaldehyde resin for imaging by transmission electron microscopy. Microsc Res 1:1–6CrossRef
- Sperling LH (2005) Introduction of polymer chemistry science. Wiley Press, New Jersey, pp 407–411CrossRef
- Taylor P, Hazarika A, Maji TK (2013) Study on the properties of wood polymer nanocomposites based on melamine formaldehyde–furfuryl alcohol copolymer and modified clay. J Wood Chem Technol 33:103–124CrossRef
- Tohmura S, Hse Y, Higuchi M (2000) Formaldehyde emission and high-temperature stability of cured urea–formaldehyde resins. J Wood Sci 46:303–309CrossRef
- Tumolva T, Kubouchi M, Aoki S, Sakai T (2009) Evaluating the carbon potential of furan resin-based green composites. In: 18th International conference on composite materials, Edinburgh, July 27–31
- Zhang J, Chen H, Pizzi A, Li Y, Gao Q, Li J (2014) Characterization and application of urea–formaldehyde–furfural co-condensed resins as wood adhesives. Bioresources 9:6267–6276
- Zorba T, Papadopoulou E, Hatjiissaak A, Paraskevopoulos KM, Chrissafis K (2008) Urea–formaldehyde resins characterized by thermal analysis and FTIR method. J Therm Anal Calorim 92:29–33CrossRef
For further details log on website :
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00107-016-1072-8
No comments:
Post a Comment