Rice straw supply chain for electricity generation in Malaysia: Economical and environmental assessment

Published Date
15 December 2014, Vol.135:299–308, doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.08.101

Title 
Rice straw supply chain for electricity generation in Malaysia: Economical and environmental assessment

• Author 

• S.M. Shafie ^a,b,,
• H.H. Masjuki ^b
• T.M.I. Mahlia ^c,d

• aSchool of Technology Management and Logistics, College of Business, University Utara Malaysia, Sintok 06010, Kedah, Malaysia
• bDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
• cDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
• dDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Syiah Kuala University, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia

Received 16 March 2014. Revised 18 August 2014. Accepted 26 August 2014. Available online 16 September 2014.

Highlights

• •
  Logistic cost, ready at the power plant between RM 39.95 and RM 65.80 per bale.
• •
  Life cycle emission of logistic system is between 0.0234 t CO₂-_Eq ± 0.11 percent per bale.
• •
  Power plant less than 10 MW, the number of collection centre is not significant.
• •
  Number of collection centre effect the total cost at higher plant capacity.

Abstract

Rice straw supply costs were estimated and the supply potential was analyzed to determine the optimum amount of recourses and rice straw power plants. The logistic cost consists of rice straw collection, transportation to collection centre, collection centre cost and transportation to power plant. The total logistic cost, ready at power plant is found to be between RM 39.95 per bale and RM 65.80 per bale. The carbon emission and the environmental impact are analyzed throughout the life cycle involved in each process. Life cycle emission of logistic system is between 0.0234 t CO₂-_Eq ± 0.11 percent per bale, ready at 10 MW power plants. Climate change has a significant impact on environment compared to other parameters like toxicity and acidification. For a small power plant having a capacity of less than 10 MW, the number of collection centres is not significant with respect to the total transportation cost parameter.

Keywords

• Supply chain
• Economic
• Environment
• Rice straw
• Power generation
• Malaysia

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Nomenclature

A_S

area served (km²)

BRS

number of rice straw bale require

CC_PG

capital cost of power generation (RM)

CD

driver cost (RM/km)

CH_4RSC

CH₄ emission (kg/bale)

CP_T1

personnel cost lorry driver (RM/bale)

DR

discount rate (%)

C_T1

transportation cost of rice straw to collection centre RM

C_T2

transportation cost of rice straw to power generation (RM)

d_a,T1

average distance to collection centre (km)

d_a,T2

average distance to power generation (km)

DPC1

driver personnel cost

E_O

electrical output (MW)

F

fuel price (RM/l)

h

plant operating hours

L_AS

average salary

LC_PG

labour cost of power generation (RM)

LHV_RS

low heating value of rice straw (MJ/kg)

ŋ

plant efficiency

NPV

net present value

P_P

paddy production in tonne

PPC

power plant capacity in MW

Q_RS

rice straw quantity in ton

RS_AD

annual demand of rice straw (tonne/year)

RS_Y

rice straw yield

TC₁

truck capacity of rice straw to collection centre (baler/lorry)

TCC

total collection centre cost (RM)

TCC_RS

total of rice straw collection cost (RM)

TPC

total plant cost (RM)

TTC

total transportation cost (RM)

W

the load (kg)

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2.

 Table 1

Table 1.

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Table 3.

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 Table 6

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 Table 7

Table 7.

 Table 8

Table 8.

 Table 9

Table 9.

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 Table 10

Table 10.

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Fig. 12.

Fig. 13.

Fig. 14.

 Table 11

Table 11.

• ⁎ 
  Corresponding author at: School of Technology Management and Logistics, College of Business, University Utara Malaysia, Sintok 06010, Kedah, Malaysia. Tel.: +60 4 9287038/+60 17 499 4562.

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http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261914009246