Everything About Wood

Hi everyone! Welcome to my blog, where you can find information such as human life, natural resource, forestry, agriculture, biotechnology, biodiversity, wood and non-wood materials.

Wednesday, 26 October 2016

Hydrophobically modified starch using long-chain fatty acids for preparation of nanosized starch particles

Published Date
June 2011, Vol.18(3):439–445, doi:10.1016/j.scient.2011.05.006
Open Access, Creative Commons license, Funding information

  • Author 
  • H. Namazi a,b,,
  • F. Fathi a
  • A. Dadkhah a

  • aResearch Laboratory of Dendrimers and Nanopolymers, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, P.O. Box 51666, Iran

    bResearch Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran

    Received 10 September 2010. Revised 13 January 2011. Accepted 28 February 2011. Available online 27 May 2011. 

    Abstract

    An efficient method for synthesis of hydrophobically modified starch without using organic solvents is described. The esterification of starch was performed with long chain fatty acid chlorides ( ,  ,  ), in two steps. In the first step, native starch was dispersed in an alkali reaction medium, and in the second step, it was treated for esterification. Finally, hydrophobic starch esters were obtained with moderate degrees of substitution (DS-values < 0.45). The reactivity of corn and potato starches under the same reaction conditions was also studied. The chemical structural determinations of the obtained products were investigated using common spectroscopy methods, such as FTIR and 1H NMR spectra. Starch nanoparticles and nanodispersion solutions were prepared via a dialysis method. The particle size distribution of the nanoparticles was determined using a laser diffraction particle size analyzer in an aqueous dispersion. The morphology investigation of the starch and the grafted starch nanoparticles was performed using SEM after freeze drying.

    Keywords 

  • Esterification
  • Hydrophobically modified starch
  • Nanoparticle
  • Dialysis method

  • 1 Introduction

    The chemical modification of starch has been widely studied for producing hydrophobic and water-resistant materials, by way of a chemical reaction with hydroxyl groups in the starch molecule. Starch esters are a kind of modified starch, which is synthesized with various reactants, such as acid anhydrides, Octenyl Succinic Anhydride (OSA), dodecenyl succinic anhydride (DDSA) fatty acids and fatty acid chlorides [1], [2], [3], [4] and [5]. Hydroxyethyl starch was esterified with long chain fatty acids under mild reaction conditions, using DCC and DMAP [6]. The synthesis of modified hydrophobic starch using fatty acids was performed by means of using potassium persullphate as a catalyst in DMSO [7]. Several substituted starches were prepared through an acylation reaction, using fatty acid chlorides in organic solvents, such as pyridine or dimethylacetamide [8] and [9].
    However, the utilization of an organic solvent is prohibited for industrial applications. There are also economical, environmental and safety problems involved. In some reactions, the problems of waste, corrosive atmospheres, and purification of products created difficulties [10] and [11]. Recently, the hydrophobically modification of polysaccharides has received increased attention, because they can form self-assembled nanoparticles for biomedical uses. Chitosan, dextran and pullulan are polysaccharides that have been hydrophobically modified with various reactants. After the modification step, the self-assembled nanoparticles, based on hydrophobically modified polysaccharides, were prepared using the dialysis method [12], [13], [14], [15], [16] and [17]. The dialysis method is a simple and effective preparation method for small and narrow size distribution of nanoparticles in using modified biopolymers and amphiphilic materials. Their utilization for the preparation of drug carriers, such as liposomes and polymeric micelles has been developed [18] and [19]. Biodegradable nanoparticles of starch were prepared by an acid treatment process. The obtained starch nanoparticles were hydrophobically modified in the aqueous media under mild conditions [20]. Nanoparticles are defined as particulate dispersions or solid particles with sizes in the range of 10–1000 nm. Depending upon the method of preparation, nanoparticles, nanocapsules or nanospheres can be obtained. Usually, the drug is dissolved, entrapped, adsorbed, attached or encapsulated into the nanoparticle matrix [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29] and [30]. Modified starches are known for their suitablity in biomedical applications, because in the aqueous phase, the hydrophobic cores of polymeric nanoparticles are surrounded by hydrophilic outer shells. Thus the inner core can serve as a nano-container for hydrophobic drugs [31] and [32]. Also, hydrophobically modified polysaccharides are emerging as novel carriers of drugs, because of their controlled solublity and biocompatibility in vivo. In addition, their improved properties, as compared to original starch, could be used as a thickener or an emulsifier [33], [34] and [35].
    Here, the modification of potato and corn starches, using different long-chain fatty acid chlorides through a simple and convenient method, is reported. The esterification of starches using fatty acid chlorides, has several advantages in comparison to previous classic methods, including: (a) utilizing water as a green solvent instead of organic solvents, (b) the reaction time is very short and is completed just over several minutes, and (c) the hydrophobically modified products are precipitated in water and are separated without any need for a nonsolvent. The chemically modified starch, through this method, has an amphiphilic character and could be used for the preparation of starch nanoparticles utilizing a dialysis method. The stability of nanoparticles in aqueous dispersion after freeze drying was investigated using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM).

    2 Experimental

    2.1 Materials

    Potato starch and waxy maize (corn starch) were purchased from Fluka and dried at 110°C for about 10 h to remove absorbed moisture. Octanoyl, lauroyl and palmitoyl chloride, as the reagent grade, were purchased from Sigma Chemicals. The dialysis membranes, with a molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) of 12,000 g/mol, were purchased from spectra/ProTM membranes. All other chemicals and solvents were reagent grade and used as received, except dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), which was stored over 3 Å molecular sieves for drying.

    2.2 Methods

    2.2.1 Preparation of esterified potato and corn starches

    The starch esterification was carried out in two steps. In the first step, native starch was dispersed in an alkali reaction medium, and in the second step, it was treated for esterification. Finally, hydrophobic starch esters were obtained. The starch was dried at 100 °C for 2 h before reaction was accomplished. Starch (1 g) was added to the NaOH solution (10 ml, 0.25 M) at room temperature, then starch and water alkaline were mixed under low speed conditions for approximately 10 min. The selected amount of fatty acid chlorides (see Table 1) was added dropwise to the reaction container, under stirring at 300 rmp and room temperature. The reaction was allowed to stir until the modified products precipitated in water and was ended by filtering the precipitated esterified starch. Finally, it was extracted by MeOH in a soxhlet extractor for 1 day to completely remove unreacted fatty acid chlorides from the esterified starch. The esterified starch was then washed with water and ethanol and dried under vacuum at 40 °C. Precipitation time was very short and completed over just several minutes (3–5 min). Table 1 includes a list of the materials, used during synthesis, and their amounts. The recuperation yield of the modified starches was calculated according to Eq. (1). This formula is for 1 gram of starch. 
    equation1
    Table 1. Reaction conditions for starch esterification, calculated degree of substitution (DS) and yields of modified starches.
    Starch (0.006 mol)Acyl chainFatty acid chlorideAcid chloride (ml)Yield (%)Actual DS-valueTheoretical DS-value
    Potato and corn starchC1Acetyl0.42n.r a–1
    C3Propionyl0.53n.r–1
    C5Pentanoyl0.72n.r–1
    Potato starchC8Octanoyl1.0500.411
    C12Lauroyl1.5750.211
    C16Palmitoyl2.0850.101
    Corn starchC8Octanoyl1.0560.451
    C12Lauroyl1.5850.321
    C16Palmitoyl2.0870.111
    • a
      No reaction.

    2.2.2 Preparation of hydrophobically modified starch nanoparticles

    The nanoparticles were prepared by the dialysis method. An appropriate amount of esterified starch (20–25 mg) was dissolved in 10 mL DMSO. The solution was stirred at room temperature and completely solubilized. The solution was introduced into the dialysis tube (molecular cutoff 12,000 g/mol), dialyzed 3 times against 1.0 L of distilled water for 3 h, and then the distilled water was exchanged at intervals of 3–4 h over 24 h to remove the organic solvent. The resulting suspension was used for immediate analysis or freeze-dried.

    2.2.3 Determining the degree of substitution (DS)

    Each glucose unit in a polymer chain of starch contains three free hydroxyl groups that can be substituted. The average degree of substitution (DS) can range from 0 up to 3.0. The samples were dried at 105 °C for 2 h before analysis. The Degree of Substitution (DS) was determined by proton NMR (1HNMR). The peaks between 4.58 and 5.50 ppm corresponded to the signals from the four protons of the glycoside structure. The three protons of the CH3 terminal of the acyl chain were observed as a triplet at 0.86 ppm. The DS was obtained from the ratio of the area of the proton peak at 0.86 ppm to that of the proton peak between 4.40 and 5.10.

    2.2.4 Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectra

     NMR spectra analysis was recorded on a Bruker 400 MHz for a carbon 13 isotope. The sample was dissolved in DMSO at 60 °C and the solution concentration was 15% w/v. The spectra were obtained at 60 °C with a pulse angle of 30°, a delay time of 10 s and an acquisition time of 2 s. All chemical shifts are reported in parts per million (ppm) using HMDS as references, which is usually used as an internal standard for NMR measurements at elevated temperature.

    2.2.5 Fourier transformation infra red (FTIR) spectra

    The FTIR analysis was performed using a FTIR Bruker-Tensor 270 spectrometer. The modified starches were mixed with analytical grade KBr at a weight ratio of 5/200 mg.

    2.2.6 Particle size distribution measurement

    The particle size of polymeric micelles was measured with a SALD-2101 Laser Diffraction Particle Size Analyzer. The particle size is calculated by measuring the angle of light scattered by the particles as they pass through a laser beam. This technique allows for continuous measurement of bulk material across a wide size range (10 nm–3 mm). A sample solution prepared by the dialysis method was used for particle size measurement (concentration: 0.2 wt.%).

    2.2.7 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation

    Scanning electron micrographs were obtained with a LEO 440i scanning electron microscope, under vacuum, at an operating voltage of 10 kV. The morphology of the starch, grafted with fatty acid chlorides and polymeric nanoparticles (after freeze drying), was observed using a scanning electron microscope. Dried modified starch samples were gold coated by sputtering for 15 s.

    2.2.8 Freeze-drying of nanoparticles

    The resulting solution of nanoparticles was freeze-dried using a freeze dryer, Christ alpha 1–4. Freezing is the first step of freeze-drying. During this step, the liquid suspension of modified starch nanoparticles is cooled at −70 °C for 24 h and ice crystals of pure water form. The primary drying stage involves sublimation of ice from the frozen product at 0.07 mbar pressure at −25 °C for 24 h, and secondary drying involves the removal of absorbed water from the product at 25 °C for 2 h.

    3 Results and discussion

    3.1 Esterification of starch

    In order to prepare hydrophobically modified starches, esterified starch was prepared in a NaOH solution (0.25 M) at room temperature in the presence of fatty acid chlorides (as shown in Figure 1). A hydrophobically modified starch polymer was chemically modified using long-chain fatty acids as the hydrophobic functionalities. When starch, as a polysaccharide, is modified through a hydrophobic reagent, such as fatty acids, some of its free hydroxyl groups are substituted, but not all of them. Therefore, after the hydrophobic modification of starch, it is still soluble in water and the solubility behavior of hyrophobically modified starch can vary, depending on the Degree of Substitution (DS). The DS of the products could be controlled by varying reaction conditions, such as reaction temperature, concentration of reactants and the reaction solvent. In other words, native starch is highly soluble in water, however, after hydrophobic modification, starch is still soluble, but its solubility is decreased. For this reason, Hydrophobically Modified starch polymers (HM polymers) are amphiphilic macromolecules that are mainly constituted of a hydrophilic backbone and hydrophobic side chains. Therefore, to archive the designed compounds, starch and fatty acid chloride were added in the molar ratio 1:1, respectively. Indeed, recent work by Fang [36] has demonstrated the suitability of the method for the aqueous esterification of four starches (Corn, Hylon VII, Hylon, Amioca). They reported the successful esterification reaction of starch with fatty acids, which was limited to acid chlorides containing 6–10 carbon chains, because outside that range, the acyl chlorides were hydrolyzed under reaction conditions and converted to their salt. But we succeeded in carrying out the esterification reaction of potato starch and corn starch for fatty acids, even with longer carbon chain acid chlorides with some modifications, such as decreasing NaOH concentration, reaction, temperature and reaction time, in this method. The reaction was completed just over several minutes, and the hydrophobically modified products precipitated from water and separated without any need for a non solvent, because of their low solubility in water, unlike starch. However, the same conditions applied to the shorter fatty acid chloride (C1, C3, C5) led to no reaction. It is clear that competition between the acyl group substitution and acid chloride hydrolysis occurred, particularly for those acyl chlorides (propionyl, pentanoyl) that were water-miscible. Also this reaction cannot be performed for higher degrees of substitution (2, 3), choosing starch and fatty acid chloride in the molar ratio 1:2 and 1:3, and no precipitated products have been observed. Only unreacted starches (no reaction products) were isolated when acetyl, propionyl and pentanoyl chlorides were used as acylating agents.
    Figure 1. Scheme for reaction of starch with fatty acid chlorides (R: C8, C12, C16).

    3.2 FTIR measurements

    The FTIR analysis of modified potato starch and corn starch was performed using a FTIR Bruker-Tensor spectrometer. The absorption bands of esterified starches are summarized in Table 2. FTIR spectra of esterified starches with octanoyl, lauroyl, and palmitoyl chloride showed some new absorption bands at 1738–1742 cm−1. These new absorptions suggested that the esterified starch products were formed during the esterification process, because the vibrations of the carbonyl group in ester used to reside in this region. The band at 2850 cm−1 was assigned to aliphatic C–H stretching vibrations. The C–H stretching absorbance at 2926 cm−1 is increased in intensity upon grafting.
    Table 2. The FTIR analysis data of esterified starches.
    Absorption band (cm−1)Cdouble bond; length as m-dashOsingle bondCH2single bondsingle bondCH3Cdouble bond; length as m-dashOsingle bondCH2single bondsingle bondCH3
    Acyle chainPotato starchCorn starch
    C81738.529282857174229282859
    C12173929252853174129252853
    C16174129282859174029262857

    3.3 1H NMR measurements

    A typical 1H NMR spectrum of native starch (Figure 2(a)), modified potato starch (Figure 2(b)) and modified corn starch (Figure 2(c)) dissolved in  -DMSO is shown in Figure 2. We assigned 1H-chemical shifts of the protons at 3.15–3.64 ppm connecting to the proton at 3.36 ppm to H-4, 3.64 ppm to H-3, 3.31 ppm to H-2, 3.57 ppm to H-5, and 3.15 ppm to H-4 (end group). The chemical shifts of H-1 and OH-2, 3, 6 were possible to assign peaks between 4.58 and 5.50 ppm to four protons (Figure 2(a)). With the esterification process, aceyl groups were introduced into the starch, and proton resonances of the anhydroglucose unit showed some changes, compared with native starch (1H NMR spectra of aceylated starches are presented in Figure 2(b)). The 1H NMR spectra of the esterified starch showed three protons of the terminal methyl group of the acyl chain, as a triplet, around 0.85 ppm (peak e in Figure 2(b)). The peak at 2.10–2.25 ppm (peak a) is related to the methylene group, beside the carbonyl group, and the one at 1.45 ppm (peak b) is the methylene group directly before it. All other methylene groups have a peak at 1.22 ppm (peak d). The clear broadening of the peaks for the methylene groups close to the ester bond (at 2.1 and 1.45 ppm) indicates successful esterification. Thus the DS could be determined from the ratio of the normalized, integrated intensities of the signals of three protons of the terminal methyl group of the acyl chain to four protons of the anhydroglucose units, according to Eq. (2): 
    equation2
    where 3 is the number of protons from the signal of the methyl proton, and IAGU is the integral for the 4 protons of the AGU between 4.58 and 5.50 ppm.
    Figure 2. 1H NMR spectra. (a) Native starch; (b) esterified potato starch; and (c) esterified corn starch.

    3.4 Influence of acyl chain length and starch source upon DSn and yield of modified starch

    The degree of substitution diminishes with increasing the length of the acyl chain, due to the steric hindrance effect (Figure 3(a)). Changing the shorter chain of octanoyl chloride (C8) to longer chain palmitoyl chloride (C16) led to a higher size of the corresponding acylium ion and consequently a more pronounced steric hindrance, which provokes a decrease in the esterification reaction. A decreasing degree of substitution, by increasing the acyl chain length, was observed for both types of corn starch and potato starch. But in comparison to potato starch and corn starch, the degree of substitution corn starch was slightly higher than potato starch, as a result of different amounts of amylase and amylopectin.
    Figure 3. Influence of the length of the fatty acid chloride chain and type of starch on (a) degree of substitution (DS) and (b) product yields.
    Grafting efficiency or the percentage graft-yield depends on the acyl chain length and the source of the starch. By altering these variables, the percentage graft yield can be improved. Product yields were determined from the weight of the recovered starch product and the obtained results are shown in Figure 3(b). The product yields increase with increasing acyl chain length, because with a lower Degree of Substitution (DS), the final modified products remain soluble in water and do not precipitate during the separation step. However, the solubility of long chain modified starch in water becomes lower (hidrophobicity is higher) than those of short chains. Consequently, the precipitation of the product and the yield of the product increased. Meanwhile, the long chain modified starches usually precipitated better than the short chain ones. This increase was observed for both corn starch and potato starch, but corn starch had higher yield in comparison to potato starch.

    3.5 Particle size analysis

    Hydrophobically modified starch, as natural polymers (HM polymers), are amphiphilic macromolecules mainly constituted of a hydrophilic backbone and hydrophobic side groups. The preparation of nanoparticles from polysaccharides, such as dextran, chitosan and pullulan, has been previously performed using the dialysis method. Their nanoparticles have been produced after hydrophobically modified polysaccharides.
    In order to prepare nanoparticles, hydrophobically modified starch was dissolved in DMSO, the nanoparticles were prepared by the dialysis method against water and the particle size was evaluated by a laser diffraction particle size analyzer. A laser diffraction particle size analyzer gives us two types of data that include surface diameter ( ) and volume diameter ( ). In the dialysis method, solvent systems to make nanoparticles are limited to water-miscible solvents, because water-immiscible solvents, such as dichloromethane or chloroform, cannot diffuse out or evaporate from the dialysis membrane to the outer aqueous environment. Knowledge and control of the size and the size range of particles is of profound importance in pharmacy. The size of a sphere is readily expressed in terms of its diameter. A sphere has minimum surface area per unit volume. The surface diameter,  , is the diameter of a sphere having the same surface area as the particle. The diameter of a sphere having the same volume as the particle is the volume diameter,  .
    The particle size distribution diagrams have been presented in Figure 4. As indicated, in these diagrams, the volumetric diameter of the particle size has been changed with increasing the acyl chain of the grafted starch. For modified potato starch with acyl chain C16 (DS: 0.1), the median volumetric diameter of the particle size ( ) was 490 nm, and the median volumetric diameters of the particle size ( ) for modified starch with acyl chain C12 (DS: 0.21) and C8 (DS: 0.41) were 360 nm and 400 nm, respectively (Figure 4(a)). For modified starch with acyl chains C16 (DS: 0.1), C12 (DS: 0.21) and C8 (DS: 0.41), the median surface diameters of the particle size ( ) were 420, 316 and 320 nm, respectively.
    Figure 4. The particle size distribution. (a) Modified potato starch nanoparticles with acyl chains C16 (DS: 0.1), C12 (DS: 0.21) and C8 (DS: 0.41); and (b) modified corn starch nanoparticles with acyl chains C16 (DS: 0.11), C12 (DS: 0.32) and C8 (DS: 0.45).
    For modified corn starch with acyl chain C16 (DS: 0.11), the median volumetric diameter of the particle size ( ) was 505 nm, and median volumetric diameters of the particle size ( ) for modified starch with acyl chains C12 (DS: 0.32) and C8 (DS: 0.45) were 410 and 480 nm, respectively (Figure 4(b)). For modified starch with acyl chains C16 (DS: 0.11), C12 (DS: 0.32) and C8 (DS: 0.45) the median surface diameters of particle size ( ) were 410, 350 and 405 nm, respectively.
    The closer the size of volumetric diameter and surface diameter, the more spherical the shape of the particle will be. These results indicated that hydrophobically modified starch was associated in the aqueous solution by the hydrophobic properties of the acyl chain domain. It is expected that hydrophobically modified starch nanoparticles will be formed by a self-assembling process in an aqueous environment.

    3.6 Effect of dialysis time upon nanoparticles size

    The effect of dialysis time upon nanoparticle size was discovered on one synthesized sample of modified starch (modified potato starch with lauroyl chloride). The modified starch was dissolved in DMSO and was dialyzed for 3 h and 20 h, respectively. Measurements of the laser diffraction particle size analyzer showed that particle size reduces with increasing dialysis time. As the particle size distribution shows in Figure 5, the particle size of the sample (dialyzed for 3 h) was 450 nm, and the particle size of the same sample (dialyzed for 24 h) was 360 nm; this is probably because of reducing the concentration of polymer solution inside the dialysis membrane during dialysis time.
    Figure 5. Impact of dialysis time upon nanoparticle size.

    3.7 Morphological investigation

    The scanning electron micrographs of native potato starch were shown in Figure 6(a). The SEM of native potato starch showed typical granules of spheroid forms of size 10–20 μm. Smaller particles of damaged starch granules were also seen. Figure 6(b) shows SEM micrographs of starch nanoparticles prepared by dialysis, after freeze-drying, for the modified potato starch (acyl chain: c8, DS: 0.41). The granular structure of potato starch was completely destroyed and, also, we can see particles of modified potato starch ranging between 500–800 nm, which is similar to the particle size analyzer. Images suggested that the particles somewhat gather together after freeze drying. But, an overall difference has been created in the structure and size of the granules after preparation of nanoparticles in the dialysis method.
    Figure 6. Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) micrographs of the: (a) native potato starch; (b) nanoparticles of modified potato starch with (C8, DS: 0.41); (c) native corn starch; and (d) nanoparticles of modified corn starch with (C8, DS: 0.45).
    Scanning electron micrographs of native corn starch, and nanoparticles of modified corn starch (acyl chain: c8, DS: 0.45) were shown in Figure 6(c, d). The SEM image of corn starch is completely different from potato starch nanoparticles, because nanoparticles of corn starch have not been able to stabilize after freeze drying.

    4 Conclusion

    In summary, hydrophobic modification of potato and corn starch was successfully carried out in a mild esterification reaction using acyl chlorides (octanoyl, lauroyl and palmitoyl chloride) in aqueous media, which resulted in good yields. The evidence for the formation of chemical modification was confirmed by using common spectroscopy methods, such as FT-IR and 1H NMR. Corn starch grafted with acyl chlorides has a good yield in comparison to potato starch. Hydrophobically modified starch was able to form nanoparticles using the dialysis method. The formation and size of hydrophobically modified starch nanoparticles were confirmed by the laser diffraction particle size analyzer measurement, and their particle size was in the range of 360–500 nm. Study of the effect of dialysis time upon nanoparticle size indicated that particle size reduces with increasing dialysis time. SEM investigations of starch and grafted starch nanoparticles showed that hydrophobically modified starch nanoparticles were aggregated after freeze-drying.

    Acknowledgments

    We would like to thank the Department of Material Engineering for SEM Images and the Faculty of Pharmacology, Medical University of Tabriz, for particle size analysis. The authors also gratefully acknowledge the Center of Excellence for New Materials and Clean Chemistry, Tabriz University, for financial support of this work.

    References

      • [1]
      • R. Bhosale, R. Singha
      • Process optimization for the synthesis of octenyl succinyl derivativeof waxy corn and amaranth starches
      • Carbohydr. Polym., Volume 66, 2006, pp. 521–527
      • Article
         | 
         PDF (804 K)
         | 
        View Record in Scopus
        Citing articles (60)
      • [2]
      • T. Tukomane, S. Varavinit
      • Influence of octenyl succinate rice starch on rheological properties of gelatinized rice starch before and after retrogradation
      • Starch/Stärke, Volume 60, 2008, pp. 298–304
      • View Record in Scopus
         | 
        CrossRef
        Citing articles (4)
      • [3]
      • H. Chi, K. Xu, D. Xue, C. Song, W. Zhang, P. Wang
      • Synthesis of dodecenyl succinic anhydride (DDSA) corn starch
      • Food Res. Int., Volume 40, 2007, pp. 232–238
      • Article
         | 
         PDF (330 K)
         | 
        View Record in Scopus
        Citing articles (28)
      • [4]
      • J. Aburto, I. Alric, E. Borredon
      • Preparation of long-chain esters of starch using fatty acid chlorides in the absence of an organic solvent
      • Starch/Stärke, Volume 51, 1999, pp. 132–135
      • View Record in Scopus
        Citing articles (54)
      • [5]
      • J.M. Fang, P.A. Fowler, J. Tomkinson, C.A.S. Hill
      • The preparation and characterisation of a series of chemically modified potato starches
      • Carbohydr. Polym., Volume 47, 2002, pp. 245–252
      • Article
         | 
         PDF (160 K)
         | 
        View Record in Scopus
        Citing articles (257)
      • [6]
      • B. Ahmed, G. Hause, J. Kressler, K. Mader
      • Hydrophobically modified hydroxyethyl starch: synthesis, characterization, and aqueous self-assembly into nano-sized polymeric micelles and vesicles
      • Biomacromolecules, Volume 8, 2007, pp. 359–367
      • View Record in Scopus
        Citing articles (1)
      • [7]
      • C.K. Simi, E. Emilia Abraham
      • Hydrophobic grafted and cross-linked starch nanoparticles for drug delivery
      • Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng., Volume 30, 2007, pp. 173–180
      • View Record in Scopus
         | 
        CrossRef
        Citing articles (87)
      • [8]
      • J. Kapusniak, P.J. Siemion
      • Thermal reactions of starch with long-chain unsaturated fatty acids. Part 2. Linoleic acid
      • Food Eng., Volume 78, 2007, pp. 323–332
      • Article
         | 
         PDF (305 K)
         | 
        View Record in Scopus
        Citing articles (36)
      • [9]
      • H. Chi, K. Xu, X. Wu, Q. Chen, D. Xue, C. Song, W. Zhang, P. Wang
      • Effect of acetylation on the properties of corn starch
      • Food Chem., Volume 106, 2008, pp. 923–928
      • Article
         | 
         PDF (275 K)
         | 
        View Record in Scopus
        Citing articles (79)
      • [10]
      • Caldwell, C.G. and Wurzburg, O.B. “Modification of starch with octenyl succinic anhydride”, US Pat. 2661349 (1953).
      • [11]
      • W.J. Liu
      • Nanoparticles and their biological and environmental applications
      • Biosci. Bioeng., Volume 102, 2006, pp. 1–7
      • Article
         | 
         PDF (383 K)
         | 
        View Record in Scopus
         | 
        CrossRef
        Citing articles (108)
      • [12]
      • C. Duval, J. Huguet, G. Muller
      • Self-assembly and hydrophobic clusters of amphiphilic polysaccharides colloids and surfaces
      • Physicochem. Eng. Aspects, Volume 220, 2003, pp. 105–115
      • [13]
      • Y. Xindu, Z. Qiqing, G. Yinsong, C. Han
      • Self-aggregated nanoparticles from methoxy poly (ethylene glycol)-modified chitosan: synthesis; characterization; aggregation and methotrexate release
      • Colloids Surf., Volume 61, 2008, pp. 125–131
      • [14]
      • A. Neide, V. Blaz, A. Vera
      • Aggregation behavior of hydrophobically modified dextran in aqueous solution
      • Carbohydr. Polym., Volume 53, 2003, pp. 137–143
      • [15]
      • P. Calvo, L. Remunan, J. Vila, M.J. Alonose
      • Novel hydrophilic chitosan-polyethylene oxide nanoparticles
      • Appl. Polymer Sci., Volume 63, 1997, pp. 125–132
      • View Record in Scopus
         | 
        CrossRef
        Citing articles (810)
      • [16]
      • A. Aumelas, A. Serrero, A. Durand, E. Dellacherie, M. Leonard
      • Nanoparticles of hydrophobically modified dextrans as potential drug carrier systems
      • Colloids Surf., Volume 59, 2007, pp. 74–80
      • Article
         | 
         PDF (371 K)
         | 
        View Record in Scopus
        Citing articles (71)
      • [17]
      • J. Zhang, T.J. Elder, Y. Pu
      • Facile synthesis of spherical cellulosenanoparticles
      • Carbohydr. Polym., Volume 69, 2007, pp. 607–611
      • Article
         | 
         PDF (495 K)
         | 
        View Record in Scopus
        Citing articles (89)
      • [18]
      • G.S. Kwon, M. Naito, M. Yokoyama, T. Okano, Y. Sakurai, K. Kataoka
      • Physical entrapment of adriamycin in block-copolymer micelles
      • Pharm. Res., Volume 12, 1995, pp. 192–195
      • View Record in Scopus
         | 
        CrossRef
        Citing articles (132)
      • [19]
      • D.D. Lasic
      • Mixed micelles in drug delivery
      • Nature, Volume 355, 1992, pp. 279–280
      • View Record in Scopus
         | 
        CrossRef
        Citing articles (134)
      • [20]
      • H. Namazi, A. Dadkhah
      • Convenient method for preparation of hydrophobically modified starch nanocrystals with using fatty acids
      • Carbohydr. Polym., Volume 79, 2010, pp. 731–737
      • Article
         | 
         PDF (530 K)
         | 
        View Record in Scopus
        Citing articles (41)
      • [21]
      • S.K. Sahoo
      • Nanotech approaches to drug delivery and imaging
      • Drug Discov. Today, Volume 8, 2003, pp. 1112–1120
      • Article
         | 
         PDF (113 K)
         | 
        View Record in Scopus
        Citing articles (318)
      • [22]
      • S. Chakraborty, B. Sahoo, I. Teraoka, R. Gross
      • Solution properties of starch nanoparticles in water and DMSO as studied by dynamic light scattering
      • Carbohydr. Polym., Volume 60, 2005, pp. 475–481
      • Article
         | 
         PDF (151 K)
         | 
        View Record in Scopus
        Citing articles (18)
      • [23]
      • J.-Y. Kim, S. Lim
      • Preparation of nanosized starch particles by complex formation with  -butanol
      • Carbohydr. Polym., Volume 76, 2009, pp. 110–116
      • Article
         | 
         PDF (660 K)
         | 
        View Record in Scopus
         | 
        CrossRef
        Citing articles (40)
      • [24]
      • J. Szymonska, M. Targosz-Korecka, F. Krok
      • Characterization of starch nanoparticles
      • J. Phys. Conf. Ser., Volume 146, 2009, p. 012027
      • View Record in Scopus
         | 
        CrossRef
        Citing articles (1)
      • [25]
      • E. Kristo, C.G. Biliaderis
      • Physical properties of starch nanocrystal-reinforced pullulan films
      • Carbohydr. Polym., Volume 68, 2007, pp. 146–158
      • Article
         | 
         PDF (477 K)
         | 
        View Record in Scopus
        Citing articles (92)
      • [26]
      • R. Langer
      • Biomaterials in drug delivery and tissue engineering: one laboratory experience
      • Acc Chem. Res., Volume 33, 2000, pp. 94–101
      • View Record in Scopus
         | 
        CrossRef
        Citing articles (287)
      • [27]
      • H. Namazi, M. Mosadegh, A. Dadkhah
      • New intercalated layer silicate nanocomposites based on synthesized starch-g-PCL prepared via solution intercalation and in situ polymerization methods: as a comparative study
      • Carbohydr. Polym., Volume 75, 2009, pp. 665–669
      • Article
         | 
         PDF (689 K)
         | 
        View Record in Scopus
        Citing articles (28)
      • [28]
      • J.L. Putaux, S. Molina-Boisseau, T. Momaur, A. Dufresne
      • Platelet nanocrystals resulting from disruption of waxy maize starch granules by acid hydrolysis
      • Biomacromolecules, Volume 4, 2003, pp. 1198–1202
      • View Record in Scopus
         | 
        CrossRef
        Citing articles (156)
      • [29]
      • H. Namazi, M. Adeli
      • Dendrimers of citric acid and polyethylene glycol as the new drug delivery agents
      • Biomaterials, Volume 26, 2005, pp. 1175–1183
      • Article
         | 
         PDF (295 K)
         | 
        View Record in Scopus
        Citing articles (79)
      • [30]
      • H. Namazi, R. Sharifzadeh
      • Synthesis of vinylic derivatives of common monosaccharides through their activated stannylene acetal intermediates
      • Molecules, Volume 10, 2005, pp. 772–782
      • View Record in Scopus
         | 
        CrossRef
        Citing articles (7)
      • [31]
      • H. Namazi, A. Kanani
      • Investigation diffusion mechanism of b-lactam conjugated telechelic polymers of PEG and b-cyclodextrin as the new nanosized drug carrier devices
      • Carbohydr. Polym., Volume 76, 2009, pp. 46–50
      • Article
         | 
         PDF (307 K)
         | 
        View Record in Scopus
        Citing articles (23)
      • [32]
      • J.-H. Kim, Y.-S. Kim, S. Kim, J.H. Park, I.C. Kwon
      • Hydrophobically modified glycol chitosan nanoparticles as carrier for Paclitaxel
      • J. Control. Release, Volume 111, 2006, pp. 228–234
      • Article
         | 
         PDF (171 K)
         | 
        View Record in Scopus
         | 
        CrossRef
        Citing articles (122)
      • [33]
      • M.J. Alonso, A. Sanches, S. Wadhawan, R. Kaushik, R. Kumaria, K. Nansal
      • Chitosan microspheres as a potential carrier for drugs
      • Int. J. Pharm., Volume 274, 2004, pp. 1–33
      • [34]
      • B. VanVeen, J. Pajander, K. Zuurman, R. Lappalainen, A. Poso, H.W. Frijlink, J. Ketolainen
      • The effect of powder blend and tablet structure on drug release mechanisms of hydrophobic starch acetat matrix tablets
      • Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., Volume 61, 2005, pp. 149–157
      • Article
         | 
         PDF (278 K)
         | 
        View Record in Scopus
        Citing articles (13)
      • [35]
      • L. Qiao, Q. Gu, H.N. Cheng
      • Enzyme-catalyzed synthesis of hydrophobically modified starch
      • Carbohydr. Polym., Volume 66, 2006, pp. 135–140
      • Article
         | 
         PDF (140 K)
         | 
        View Record in Scopus
        Citing articles (33)
      • [36]
      • J.M. Fang, P.A. Fowler, C. Sayers, P.A. Williams
      • The chemical modification of a range of starches under aqueous reaction conditions
      • Carbohydr. Polym., Volume 55, 2004, pp. 283–289
      • Article
         | 
         PDF (155 K)
         | 
        View Record in Scopus
        Citing articles (61)

    Vitae

    Hassan Namazi received his B.S. and M.S. degrees in Pure Chemistry and Polymer Chemistry from the University of Tabriz, in 1985 and 1988, respectively, and his Ph.D. degree in Natural Polymer Chemistry from the University of Dalhousie, Canada, in 1995, with a minor in Dendrimer and Carbohydrate Chemistry. Since then, he has served in the University of Tabriz as a Faculty Member and now as Full Professor. He has published more than 4 books in his related field, more than 56 scientific papers in highly ranked, respected international journals, and more than 120 conference proceedings. In 2010, he was honored to receive an Award and Honorary Diploma from the Iranian Academy of Medical Sciences for being one of the top three distinguished researchers in Iran. In 2006, he also was honored to receive an award from the Iranian Nanotechnology Initiative for being one of the top ten distinguished researchers in Iran. Prof. Namazi is the referee of more than 15 ISI ranked, International Journals in the fields of Polymer Chemistry, Dendrimers and Nanostructure Compounds. He has won many academic awards and, also, the national medal of merit for outstanding research activities (2004, 2003, 2001 and 2000).
    Farzaneh Fathi received B.S. and M.S. degrees in Pure Chemistry and Organic Chemistry from Tabriz University in 2006 and 2009, respectively. She has been working since 2006 in the Laboratory of Dendrimers and Nanopolymers, on a project in ‘Modified Starch’. She has published more than 4 papers at conference proceedings.
    Abbas Dadkhah received a B.S. degree in Pure Chemistry from the Faculty of Chemistry, Yazd University, in 2001, and an M.S. degree in Organic Chemistry from the University of Tabriz in 2005. He has published eight scientific papers in highly ranked, respected international journals. His research interests include Starch, Characteristic, Properties and Nanotechnology, and the Chemical Modification of Starch. He received his Ph.D. in Polymer Chemistry from the Department of Organic Chemistry in Tabriz University in 2010.
    • ⁎ 
      Corresponding author at: Research Laboratory of Dendrimers and Nanopolymers, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, P.O. Box 51666, Iran.


    For further details log on website :
    http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S102630981100071X
    Posted by A. Haikal at 8:50:00 am
    Email ThisBlogThis!Share to TwitterShare to FacebookShare to Pinterest

    No comments:

    Post a Comment

    Newer Post Older Post Home
    Subscribe to: Post Comments (Atom)

    Follower

    Follow by Email

    Google+ Followers

    Translate

    Blog Archive

    • ►  2018 (326)
      • ►  April (53)
        • ►  Apr 25 (6)
        • ►  Apr 24 (10)
        • ►  Apr 18 (2)
        • ►  Apr 12 (4)
        • ►  Apr 10 (5)
        • ►  Apr 09 (9)
        • ►  Apr 05 (17)
      • ►  March (65)
        • ►  Mar 27 (7)
        • ►  Mar 22 (2)
        • ►  Mar 20 (4)
        • ►  Mar 13 (14)
        • ►  Mar 12 (11)
        • ►  Mar 08 (7)
        • ►  Mar 06 (1)
        • ►  Mar 05 (1)
        • ►  Mar 01 (18)
      • ►  February (103)
        • ►  Feb 28 (25)
        • ►  Feb 27 (27)
        • ►  Feb 26 (10)
        • ►  Feb 20 (1)
        • ►  Feb 19 (9)
        • ►  Feb 09 (13)
        • ►  Feb 06 (6)
        • ►  Feb 05 (5)
        • ►  Feb 02 (7)
      • ►  January (105)
        • ►  Jan 25 (11)
        • ►  Jan 23 (5)
        • ►  Jan 16 (6)
        • ►  Jan 15 (9)
        • ►  Jan 14 (7)
        • ►  Jan 10 (1)
        • ►  Jan 09 (2)
        • ►  Jan 08 (4)
        • ►  Jan 04 (24)
        • ►  Jan 03 (2)
        • ►  Jan 02 (21)
        • ►  Jan 01 (13)
    • ►  2017 (6165)
      • ►  December (11)
        • ►  Dec 30 (11)
      • ►  November (31)
        • ►  Nov 26 (9)
        • ►  Nov 07 (8)
        • ►  Nov 06 (3)
        • ►  Nov 01 (11)
      • ►  October (345)
        • ►  Oct 31 (4)
        • ►  Oct 25 (42)
        • ►  Oct 24 (5)
        • ►  Oct 23 (15)
        • ►  Oct 22 (3)
        • ►  Oct 18 (7)
        • ►  Oct 17 (27)
        • ►  Oct 16 (14)
        • ►  Oct 15 (6)
        • ►  Oct 13 (18)
        • ►  Oct 12 (44)
        • ►  Oct 11 (57)
        • ►  Oct 09 (47)
        • ►  Oct 06 (14)
        • ►  Oct 05 (1)
        • ►  Oct 04 (13)
        • ►  Oct 03 (17)
        • ►  Oct 02 (11)
      • ►  September (186)
        • ►  Sep 29 (3)
        • ►  Sep 26 (7)
        • ►  Sep 25 (18)
        • ►  Sep 21 (29)
        • ►  Sep 20 (10)
        • ►  Sep 19 (11)
        • ►  Sep 18 (2)
        • ►  Sep 14 (19)
        • ►  Sep 13 (28)
        • ►  Sep 11 (3)
        • ►  Sep 10 (15)
        • ►  Sep 08 (5)
        • ►  Sep 06 (22)
        • ►  Sep 05 (14)
      • ►  August (158)
        • ►  Aug 29 (10)
        • ►  Aug 28 (73)
        • ►  Aug 27 (2)
        • ►  Aug 21 (4)
        • ►  Aug 18 (17)
        • ►  Aug 17 (4)
        • ►  Aug 14 (13)
        • ►  Aug 11 (5)
        • ►  Aug 10 (4)
        • ►  Aug 09 (7)
        • ►  Aug 08 (1)
        • ►  Aug 06 (3)
        • ►  Aug 04 (2)
        • ►  Aug 03 (13)
      • ►  July (293)
        • ►  Jul 26 (9)
        • ►  Jul 25 (7)
        • ►  Jul 24 (26)
        • ►  Jul 23 (5)
        • ►  Jul 21 (15)
        • ►  Jul 18 (19)
        • ►  Jul 17 (18)
        • ►  Jul 14 (17)
        • ►  Jul 13 (75)
        • ►  Jul 12 (10)
        • ►  Jul 11 (64)
        • ►  Jul 10 (26)
        • ►  Jul 09 (2)
      • ►  June (522)
        • ►  Jun 30 (1)
        • ►  Jun 27 (3)
        • ►  Jun 22 (13)
        • ►  Jun 21 (41)
        • ►  Jun 20 (3)
        • ►  Jun 19 (68)
        • ►  Jun 16 (33)
        • ►  Jun 15 (87)
        • ►  Jun 13 (25)
        • ►  Jun 12 (26)
        • ►  Jun 09 (20)
        • ►  Jun 08 (60)
        • ►  Jun 07 (54)
        • ►  Jun 06 (53)
        • ►  Jun 05 (35)
      • ►  May (684)
        • ►  May 31 (6)
        • ►  May 22 (3)
        • ►  May 21 (14)
        • ►  May 20 (12)
        • ►  May 19 (3)
        • ►  May 18 (26)
        • ►  May 17 (63)
        • ►  May 16 (27)
        • ►  May 15 (25)
        • ►  May 14 (16)
        • ►  May 07 (9)
        • ►  May 06 (26)
        • ►  May 05 (74)
        • ►  May 04 (126)
        • ►  May 03 (51)
        • ►  May 02 (153)
        • ►  May 01 (50)
      • ►  April (759)
        • ►  Apr 29 (56)
        • ►  Apr 28 (37)
        • ►  Apr 27 (67)
        • ►  Apr 26 (87)
        • ►  Apr 25 (6)
        • ►  Apr 10 (4)
        • ►  Apr 09 (5)
        • ►  Apr 08 (78)
        • ►  Apr 07 (57)
        • ►  Apr 06 (52)
        • ►  Apr 05 (53)
        • ►  Apr 04 (43)
        • ►  Apr 03 (94)
        • ►  Apr 02 (28)
        • ►  Apr 01 (92)
      • ►  March (1745)
        • ►  Mar 31 (90)
        • ►  Mar 30 (74)
        • ►  Mar 29 (58)
        • ►  Mar 28 (50)
        • ►  Mar 27 (95)
        • ►  Mar 26 (58)
        • ►  Mar 25 (98)
        • ►  Mar 24 (94)
        • ►  Mar 23 (78)
        • ►  Mar 22 (43)
        • ►  Mar 21 (54)
        • ►  Mar 20 (43)
        • ►  Mar 19 (88)
        • ►  Mar 18 (65)
        • ►  Mar 17 (63)
        • ►  Mar 16 (94)
        • ►  Mar 15 (79)
        • ►  Mar 14 (35)
        • ►  Mar 11 (10)
        • ►  Mar 10 (43)
        • ►  Mar 09 (40)
        • ►  Mar 08 (27)
        • ►  Mar 07 (40)
        • ►  Mar 06 (62)
        • ►  Mar 05 (48)
        • ►  Mar 04 (63)
        • ►  Mar 03 (54)
        • ►  Mar 02 (13)
        • ►  Mar 01 (86)
      • ►  February (715)
        • ►  Feb 28 (10)
        • ►  Feb 27 (61)
        • ►  Feb 26 (31)
        • ►  Feb 24 (22)
        • ►  Feb 23 (31)
        • ►  Feb 22 (42)
        • ►  Feb 21 (30)
        • ►  Feb 20 (42)
        • ►  Feb 19 (43)
        • ►  Feb 18 (46)
        • ►  Feb 17 (39)
        • ►  Feb 16 (39)
        • ►  Feb 15 (24)
        • ►  Feb 14 (54)
        • ►  Feb 13 (25)
        • ►  Feb 12 (78)
        • ►  Feb 10 (53)
        • ►  Feb 09 (22)
        • ►  Feb 01 (23)
      • ►  January (716)
        • ►  Jan 30 (25)
        • ►  Jan 28 (19)
        • ►  Jan 27 (36)
        • ►  Jan 26 (27)
        • ►  Jan 24 (27)
        • ►  Jan 22 (22)
        • ►  Jan 21 (58)
        • ►  Jan 20 (20)
        • ►  Jan 19 (30)
        • ►  Jan 18 (39)
        • ►  Jan 17 (27)
        • ►  Jan 16 (36)
        • ►  Jan 15 (62)
        • ►  Jan 14 (22)
        • ►  Jan 13 (20)
        • ►  Jan 12 (33)
        • ►  Jan 11 (32)
        • ►  Jan 10 (26)
        • ►  Jan 05 (11)
        • ►  Jan 04 (22)
        • ►  Jan 03 (35)
        • ►  Jan 02 (34)
        • ►  Jan 01 (53)
    • ▼  2016 (6885)
      • ►  December (986)
        • ►  Dec 31 (12)
        • ►  Dec 30 (23)
        • ►  Dec 29 (15)
        • ►  Dec 28 (29)
        • ►  Dec 27 (32)
        • ►  Dec 26 (29)
        • ►  Dec 25 (39)
        • ►  Dec 24 (43)
        • ►  Dec 23 (29)
        • ►  Dec 22 (28)
        • ►  Dec 21 (46)
        • ►  Dec 20 (28)
        • ►  Dec 19 (36)
        • ►  Dec 18 (14)
        • ►  Dec 17 (24)
        • ►  Dec 16 (10)
        • ►  Dec 15 (43)
        • ►  Dec 14 (55)
        • ►  Dec 13 (38)
        • ►  Dec 12 (45)
        • ►  Dec 11 (26)
        • ►  Dec 10 (48)
        • ►  Dec 09 (34)
        • ►  Dec 08 (22)
        • ►  Dec 07 (29)
        • ►  Dec 06 (15)
        • ►  Dec 05 (45)
        • ►  Dec 04 (38)
        • ►  Dec 03 (41)
        • ►  Dec 02 (41)
        • ►  Dec 01 (29)
      • ►  November (600)
        • ►  Nov 30 (38)
        • ►  Nov 29 (36)
        • ►  Nov 28 (43)
        • ►  Nov 27 (22)
        • ►  Nov 26 (27)
        • ►  Nov 25 (39)
        • ►  Nov 24 (27)
        • ►  Nov 23 (37)
        • ►  Nov 22 (21)
        • ►  Nov 21 (32)
        • ►  Nov 20 (20)
        • ►  Nov 19 (31)
        • ►  Nov 18 (34)
        • ►  Nov 17 (29)
        • ►  Nov 16 (21)
        • ►  Nov 15 (33)
        • ►  Nov 14 (16)
        • ►  Nov 13 (3)
        • ►  Nov 12 (3)
        • ►  Nov 11 (1)
        • ►  Nov 09 (2)
        • ►  Nov 07 (14)
        • ►  Nov 04 (16)
        • ►  Nov 03 (17)
        • ►  Nov 02 (23)
        • ►  Nov 01 (15)
      • ▼  October (374)
        • ►  Oct 31 (15)
        • ►  Oct 30 (2)
        • ►  Oct 29 (4)
        • ►  Oct 28 (25)
        • ►  Oct 27 (19)
        • ▼  Oct 26 (16)
          • Surface modification of starch based biomaterials ...
          • Synthesis and properties of nano ZnO using polysac...
          • Open Access Articles- Top Results for Genetically ...
          • Synthesis and Characterization of Starch-based Aqu...
          • Estimation of fiber orientation and fiber bundles ...
          • Numerical modelling of flax short fibre reinforced...
          • Numerical prediction of the stiffness and strength...
          • Determining thermal physical properties of pyrolyz...
          • The Study of Temperature vs Time Dependence on the...
          • Combustion and charring properties of five common ...
          • Modelling pyrolysis of charring materials: determi...
          • Comparison of Weight-Loss Diets with Different Com...
          • The Characterization of Modified Starch Branching ...
          • Hydrophobically modified starch using long-chain f...
          • Residence time distributions of coarse biomass par...
          • Biomass gasification bottom ash as a source of CaO...
        • ►  Oct 25 (11)
        • ►  Oct 24 (14)
        • ►  Oct 23 (12)
        • ►  Oct 21 (14)
        • ►  Oct 20 (19)
        • ►  Oct 19 (21)
        • ►  Oct 18 (17)
        • ►  Oct 17 (15)
        • ►  Oct 16 (20)
        • ►  Oct 15 (12)
        • ►  Oct 14 (11)
        • ►  Oct 13 (21)
        • ►  Oct 12 (13)
        • ►  Oct 11 (6)
        • ►  Oct 10 (12)
        • ►  Oct 09 (17)
        • ►  Oct 08 (10)
        • ►  Oct 07 (11)
        • ►  Oct 06 (19)
        • ►  Oct 05 (13)
        • ►  Oct 03 (5)
      • ►  September (406)
        • ►  Sep 29 (6)
        • ►  Sep 28 (2)
        • ►  Sep 27 (12)
        • ►  Sep 16 (20)
        • ►  Sep 15 (34)
        • ►  Sep 14 (39)
        • ►  Sep 13 (32)
        • ►  Sep 12 (36)
        • ►  Sep 11 (18)
        • ►  Sep 10 (16)
        • ►  Sep 07 (6)
        • ►  Sep 06 (26)
        • ►  Sep 05 (14)
        • ►  Sep 04 (44)
        • ►  Sep 03 (17)
        • ►  Sep 02 (38)
        • ►  Sep 01 (46)
      • ►  August (777)
        • ►  Aug 31 (13)
        • ►  Aug 29 (22)
        • ►  Aug 28 (13)
        • ►  Aug 27 (26)
        • ►  Aug 26 (18)
        • ►  Aug 25 (14)
        • ►  Aug 24 (13)
        • ►  Aug 23 (22)
        • ►  Aug 22 (23)
        • ►  Aug 21 (20)
        • ►  Aug 20 (23)
        • ►  Aug 19 (13)
        • ►  Aug 18 (31)
        • ►  Aug 17 (36)
        • ►  Aug 16 (17)
        • ►  Aug 15 (33)
        • ►  Aug 14 (24)
        • ►  Aug 13 (28)
        • ►  Aug 12 (28)
        • ►  Aug 11 (28)
        • ►  Aug 10 (59)
        • ►  Aug 09 (33)
        • ►  Aug 08 (39)
        • ►  Aug 07 (23)
        • ►  Aug 06 (36)
        • ►  Aug 05 (23)
        • ►  Aug 04 (25)
        • ►  Aug 03 (17)
        • ►  Aug 02 (26)
        • ►  Aug 01 (51)
      • ►  July (890)
        • ►  Jul 31 (27)
        • ►  Jul 30 (31)
        • ►  Jul 29 (29)
        • ►  Jul 28 (40)
        • ►  Jul 27 (32)
        • ►  Jul 26 (16)
        • ►  Jul 25 (5)
        • ►  Jul 24 (45)
        • ►  Jul 23 (16)
        • ►  Jul 22 (42)
        • ►  Jul 21 (11)
        • ►  Jul 20 (41)
        • ►  Jul 19 (31)
        • ►  Jul 18 (35)
        • ►  Jul 17 (41)
        • ►  Jul 16 (21)
        • ►  Jul 15 (23)
        • ►  Jul 14 (38)
        • ►  Jul 13 (49)
        • ►  Jul 12 (42)
        • ►  Jul 11 (25)
        • ►  Jul 10 (48)
        • ►  Jul 09 (33)
        • ►  Jul 08 (38)
        • ►  Jul 07 (19)
        • ►  Jul 06 (10)
        • ►  Jul 05 (14)
        • ►  Jul 04 (13)
        • ►  Jul 03 (20)
        • ►  Jul 02 (26)
        • ►  Jul 01 (29)
      • ►  June (1003)
        • ►  Jun 30 (29)
        • ►  Jun 29 (43)
        • ►  Jun 28 (27)
        • ►  Jun 27 (33)
        • ►  Jun 26 (49)
        • ►  Jun 25 (30)
        • ►  Jun 24 (32)
        • ►  Jun 23 (42)
        • ►  Jun 22 (38)
        • ►  Jun 21 (20)
        • ►  Jun 20 (30)
        • ►  Jun 19 (37)
        • ►  Jun 18 (15)
        • ►  Jun 17 (12)
        • ►  Jun 16 (52)
        • ►  Jun 15 (59)
        • ►  Jun 14 (49)
        • ►  Jun 13 (38)
        • ►  Jun 12 (39)
        • ►  Jun 11 (44)
        • ►  Jun 10 (22)
        • ►  Jun 09 (34)
        • ►  Jun 08 (39)
        • ►  Jun 07 (28)
        • ►  Jun 06 (38)
        • ►  Jun 05 (19)
        • ►  Jun 04 (20)
        • ►  Jun 03 (27)
        • ►  Jun 02 (27)
        • ►  Jun 01 (31)
      • ►  May (648)
        • ►  May 31 (32)
        • ►  May 30 (48)
        • ►  May 29 (46)
        • ►  May 28 (43)
        • ►  May 27 (19)
        • ►  May 26 (37)
        • ►  May 25 (29)
        • ►  May 24 (22)
        • ►  May 23 (23)
        • ►  May 22 (18)
        • ►  May 21 (18)
        • ►  May 20 (22)
        • ►  May 19 (28)
        • ►  May 18 (12)
        • ►  May 17 (24)
        • ►  May 16 (9)
        • ►  May 15 (18)
        • ►  May 14 (13)
        • ►  May 13 (16)
        • ►  May 12 (6)
        • ►  May 11 (15)
        • ►  May 10 (15)
        • ►  May 09 (25)
        • ►  May 08 (14)
        • ►  May 07 (15)
        • ►  May 06 (10)
        • ►  May 04 (21)
        • ►  May 03 (22)
        • ►  May 02 (9)
        • ►  May 01 (19)
      • ►  April (490)
        • ►  Apr 30 (7)
        • ►  Apr 29 (21)
        • ►  Apr 28 (19)
        • ►  Apr 27 (15)
        • ►  Apr 26 (12)
        • ►  Apr 25 (19)
        • ►  Apr 24 (13)
        • ►  Apr 23 (24)
        • ►  Apr 22 (24)
        • ►  Apr 21 (22)
        • ►  Apr 20 (19)
        • ►  Apr 19 (46)
        • ►  Apr 18 (24)
        • ►  Apr 17 (15)
        • ►  Apr 16 (19)
        • ►  Apr 15 (8)
        • ►  Apr 14 (19)
        • ►  Apr 13 (22)
        • ►  Apr 12 (18)
        • ►  Apr 11 (11)
        • ►  Apr 10 (13)
        • ►  Apr 09 (12)
        • ►  Apr 08 (12)
        • ►  Apr 07 (15)
        • ►  Apr 06 (16)
        • ►  Apr 05 (10)
        • ►  Apr 04 (8)
        • ►  Apr 03 (15)
        • ►  Apr 01 (12)
      • ►  March (445)
        • ►  Mar 31 (7)
        • ►  Mar 30 (10)
        • ►  Mar 29 (17)
        • ►  Mar 28 (15)
        • ►  Mar 27 (8)
        • ►  Mar 26 (11)
        • ►  Mar 25 (10)
        • ►  Mar 24 (9)
        • ►  Mar 23 (13)
        • ►  Mar 22 (9)
        • ►  Mar 21 (13)
        • ►  Mar 20 (9)
        • ►  Mar 19 (15)
        • ►  Mar 18 (14)
        • ►  Mar 17 (11)
        • ►  Mar 16 (15)
        • ►  Mar 15 (23)
        • ►  Mar 14 (26)
        • ►  Mar 13 (20)
        • ►  Mar 12 (14)
        • ►  Mar 11 (18)
        • ►  Mar 10 (27)
        • ►  Mar 09 (18)
        • ►  Mar 08 (25)
        • ►  Mar 07 (11)
        • ►  Mar 06 (15)
        • ►  Mar 05 (18)
        • ►  Mar 04 (9)
        • ►  Mar 03 (14)
        • ►  Mar 02 (7)
        • ►  Mar 01 (14)
      • ►  February (258)
        • ►  Feb 29 (22)
        • ►  Feb 28 (14)
        • ►  Feb 27 (12)
        • ►  Feb 26 (4)
        • ►  Feb 25 (17)
        • ►  Feb 24 (16)
        • ►  Feb 23 (16)
        • ►  Feb 22 (8)
        • ►  Feb 21 (23)
        • ►  Feb 20 (6)
        • ►  Feb 19 (5)
        • ►  Feb 18 (3)
        • ►  Feb 17 (9)
        • ►  Feb 16 (17)
        • ►  Feb 15 (20)
        • ►  Feb 14 (10)
        • ►  Feb 13 (17)
        • ►  Feb 11 (3)
        • ►  Feb 10 (1)
        • ►  Feb 08 (2)
        • ►  Feb 07 (5)
        • ►  Feb 05 (2)
        • ►  Feb 04 (10)
        • ►  Feb 03 (7)
        • ►  Feb 02 (1)
        • ►  Feb 01 (8)
      • ►  January (8)
        • ►  Jan 30 (4)
        • ►  Jan 10 (4)
    • ►  2013 (23)
      • ►  February (18)
        • ►  Feb 07 (1)
        • ►  Feb 06 (2)
        • ►  Feb 05 (8)
        • ►  Feb 04 (5)
        • ►  Feb 02 (1)
        • ►  Feb 01 (1)
      • ►  January (5)
        • ►  Jan 31 (4)
        • ►  Jan 30 (1)

    About Me

    My photo
    A. Haikal
    View my complete profile

    Popular Posts

    • Politeknik Kota Kinabalu : Wood Technology Centre ( WTEC ) Polytechnic Kota Kinabalu Sabah Malaysia
      EXTRACTION OF OIL PALM STARCH: A COMPARATIVE STUDY Potential of oil palm starch from oil palm trunk as a starch based adhesive wa...
    • Anugerah Malaysia Technology Expo 2017 (MTE)
      Sekalung ucapan tahniah diucapkan atas Anugerah  yang diperolehi di Malaysia Technology Expo 2017 (MTE) pada 16-18 Februari 2017 di Putra W...
    • Tree biomass and carbon stock of a community‐managed mangrove forest in Bohol, Philippines
      Author Leni D. Camacho , Dixon T. Gevaña  , Antonio P. Carandang , Sofronio C. Camacho , Edwin A. Combalicer , Lucrecio L. Rebugi...
    • Assessment of species diversity, biomass and carbon sequestration potential of a natural mangrove stand in Samar, the Philippines
      Author Azyleah C. Abino , Jose Alan A. Castillo  & Young Jin Lee Pages 2-8 | Received 08 Feb 2013, Accepted 07...
    • Evaluation of properties of starch-based adhesives and particleboard manufactured from them
      Author Kushairi Mohd Salleh , Rokiah Hashim , Othman Sulaiman , Salim Hiziroglu , Wan Noor Aidawati Wan Nadhari , Norani Abd Karim ,...
    • HOW LONG DO YOU HAVE TO RIDE A BIKE TO START LOSING WEIGHT?
      Author Andrew It's only fair to share. I love it when I’ve got a target. I like steps to follow and predictable o...
    • The collaboration with FPT University is a steppingstone for Covenant Polytechnic Aba toward future growth
      Author by  Huong Hoang FPT University has been making a big step toward globalization strategy development by establishment of an overs...
    • Desa Cattle Dairy Farm, Kundasang
      When you and your family travel to the area around Kinabalu Park, the one place that you should not miss is Desa Cattle Dairy Farm at  Kun...
    • SINGAPORE POLYTECHNIC : A CARING COMMUNITY OF INSPIRED LEARNERS COMMITTED TO SERVE WITH MASTERY
      Comprising Technology & Innovation Centres (TIC) and Technology Development Centre, Department for Technology, Innovation and E...
    • The university as the engine of growth: an analysis of how universities can contribute to the economy
      Author   : Harm-Jan Steenhuis, Denis O. Gray Addresses : Eastern Washington University, College of Business and Public Administration, 6...

    Total Pageviews

    Sparkline


    nuffnang ads

    Nuffnang Ads

    nuffnang ads

    Nuffnang Ads

    nuffnang ads

    Watermark theme. Powered by Blogger.