Intake of Carbohydrate and its Components, Individual Countries by Continent Since 1980
2. Adams-Campbell L.L., Agurs, T.D. and Ukoli, F.A. 1993. Dietary assessment in Nigerian women: a pilot study. Ethnicity and Disease. 3:S62-S66.
3. Vorster H.H., Venter, C.S., Menssink, E., van Staden, D.A., Labadarios, D., Strydom, A.J.C., Silvis, N., Gericke, G.J. and Walker, A.R.P. 1994. Adequate nutritional status despite restricted dietary variety in adult rural vendas. South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition 7:3-16.
4. Bourne, L.T., Langenhoven, M.L., Steyn, K., Jooste, P.L., Laubscher, J.A. and Van der Vyver, E. 1993. Nutrient intake in the African population of the Cape Peninsula, South Africa: the BRISK study. Central Africa Journal of Medicine 39:238-247.
5. Steyn, K., Langenhoven, M.L., Joubert, G., Chalton, D.O., Benade, A.J.S. and Rossouw, J.E. 1990. The relationship between dietary factors and serum cholesterol values in the coloured population of the Cape peninsula. South African Medical Journal 78:63-67.
6. Bursztyn, P.G. 1985. A diet survey in Zimbabwe. Human Nutrition. Applied Nutrition 39A:376-388.
7. Steyn, N.P., Albertse, E.C., Van Wyck Kotze, T.J. and Van Heerden, L., 1986. Analysis of the diets of 12-year old children in Cape Town. South African Medical Journal. 69:739-742.
8. FAO. 1987. ESN - Nutrition country profile - Bangladesh. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome.
9. FAO. 1989. ESN - Nutrition country profile - China. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome.
10. Campbell, T.C. and Junshi, C., 1994. Diet and chronic degenerative diseases: perspectives from China. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 59:1153S-1161S.
11. Tian, H.G., Nan, Y., Hu, G., Dong, X.L., Pietinen, Y.P. and Nissinen, A. 1995. Dietary survey in a Chinese population. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 49:26-32.
12. Beegom, R., Niaz, M.A. and Singh, R.B. 1995. Diet, central obesity and prevalence of hypertension in the urban population of South India. International Journal of Cardiology. 51:183-191.
13. FAO. 1988. ESN - Nutrition country profile - Philippines. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome.
14. FAO. 1994. ESN - Apercu nutritionnel - Vietnam. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome.
15. Kornitzer, M. and Bara, L. 1989. Clinical and anthropometric data, blood chemistry and nutritional patterns in the Belgian population. Ada Cardiologica 44:101-144.
16. Asciutti-Moura, L.S., Guilland, J.C., Fuchs, F., Richard, D. and Klepping, J. 1988. Fatty acid composition of serum lipids and its relation to diet in an elderly institutionalised population. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 48:980-987.
17. Biro, G., Antal, M. and Zajkas, G. 1996. Nutrition survey of the Hungarian population in a randomised trial between 1992-1994. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 50:201-208.
18. Löwik, M.R.H., Brussaard, J.H., Hulshof, K.F.A.M., Kistemaker, C., Schaafsma, G., Ockhuizen, T. and Hermus, R.J.J., 1994. Adequacy of the diet in the Netherlands in 1987-88 (Dutch nutrition surveillance system). International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 45:81-862.
19. Goldbohm, R.A., vanden Brandt, P.A., Brants, H.A.M., van't Veer, P., Al, M., Sturmans, F. and Hermus, R.J.J. 1994. Validation of a dietary questionnaire used in a large-scale prospective cohort study on diet and cancer. European Journal Clinical Nutrition 48:253-265.
20. Gregory, J., Foster, K., Tyler, H. and Wiseman, M. 1990. The dietary and nutritional survey of British adults. Her Majesty's stationery Office, London.
21. Adamson, A., Rugg-Gunn, A., Butler, T., Appleton, D. and Hackett, A. 1992. Nutritional intake, height and weight of 11-12 year old Northumbrian children in 1990 compared with information obtained in 1980. British Journal of Nutrition.68:543-563.
22. Rugg-Gunn, A.J., Hackett, A.F., Jenkins, G.N. and Appleton, D.R. 1991. Empty calories? Nutrient intake in relation to sugar intake in English adolescents. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 4:101-111.
23. Lorenz, K.J. and Kulp, K. 1991. Handbook of cereal science and technology. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
24. Amaral, M.L.K. 1993. Dietary fibre and lipid metabolism. PhD Thesis, University of Saskatchewan, Canada. Nova Scotia Heart Health Program. Nova Scotia Nutrition Survey. Nova Scotia Department of Health, Halifax, Canada.
25. Nova Scotia Heart Health Program. 1993. Nova Scotia heart health survey. Nova Scotia Department of Health, Halifax, Canada.
26. Dreon, D.M., Frey-Hewitt, B., Ellsworth, N., Williams, P.T., Terry, R.B. and Wood, P.D. 1988. Dietary fat: carbohydrate ratio and obesity in middle-aged men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 47:995-1000.
27. Life Sciences Research Office, FASEB. 1995. Third report on nutrition monitoring in the United States. US Government Printing Office, Washington D.C.
28. Nicklas, T.A., Webber, L.S., Koshak, M. and Nerenson, G.S. 1992. Nutrient adequacy of low fat intakes for children: the Bogalusa heart study. Pediatrics 89:221-228.
29. Commonwealth Department of Community Services and Health. 1987. National dietary survey of adults: 1983. No. 2 Nutrient intakes. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
30. Wilson, N.C., Alien, J.B., Russell, D.G. and Herbison, P. 1993. Nutrient analysis II of 24 hour diet recall using 1992 DSIR database. Report No. 93-26. Life in New Zealand activity and Health Research Unit, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
31. Hodge, A.H., Dowse, G.K., Koki, G., Mavo, B., Alpers, M.P. and Zimmet, P.Z. 1995. Modernity and obesity in coastal and highland Papua New Guinea. International Journal of Obesity 19:154-161.
32. Eason, R.J., Pada, J., Wallace, R., Henry, A. and Thornton, R. 1987. Changing patterns of hypertension, diabetes, obesity and diet among Melanesians and Micronesians in the Solomon Islands. Medical Journal of Australia. 146:465-473.
33. Commonwealth Department of Community Services and Health. 1989. National dietary survey of schoolchildren (aged 10-15 years): 1985. No. 2 Nutrient intakes. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
34. Magarey, A.A., Nicholas, J. and Boulton, J. 1987. Food intake at age 8. 1. Energy, macro- and micronutrients. Australian Paediatric Journal 23:173-178.
35. George, J., Brinsdon, S.C., Paulin, J.M. and Aitken, E.F. 1993. What do young adolescent New Zealanders eat? Nutrient intakes of nationwide sample of Form 1 children. New Zealand Medical Journal 106:47-51.
36. Castillo, C., Atalah, E., Benavides, X. and Urteaga, C. 1997. Patrones alimentarios en adultos que asisten a consultorios de la Region Metropolitana. Revista Medica de Chile 125:283-289.
37. Santé Québec. 1995. Les Québécoises et les Québécois mangent-ils mieux? Rapport de l'enquête québécoise sur la nutrition. Government du Québec, Montréal.
For further details log on website :
http://www.fao.org/docrep/W8079E/w8079e0e.htm#TopOfPage
Country
|
Year
|
n
|
Energy kcal
|
Carbohydrate g % energy
|
g
|
Starch % energy
|
g
|
Sugars % energy
| |
| Africa - adults | |||||||||
| Malawi (1) |
1997
|
141
|
1457
|
287
|
78.7
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
| Nigeria (2) |
1987
|
67
|
2540
|
324
|
51.0
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
| South Africa-black (3) |
(1995)
|
61
|
1969
|
278
|
57.2
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
| South Africa- black (4) |
1990
|
649
|
1665
|
228
|
55.7
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
| So. Africa - coloured (5) |
1990
|
976
|
1981
|
224
|
45.2
|
147
|
29.7
|
77
|
15.6
|
| Zimbabwe -white (6) |
1985
|
99
|
2226
|
217
|
39.0
|
113
|
20.3
|
53*
|
9.5*
|
| Zim. - black urban (6) |
1985
|
91
|
2345
|
287
|
49.0
|
186
|
31.7
|
62*
|
10.6*
|
| Zim. - black rural (6) |
1985
|
49
|
2590
|
351
|
54.2
|
260
|
40.2
|
60*
|
9.2*
|
| Africa -children | |||||||||
| South Africa (7) |
1982
|
843
|
2058
|
262
|
50.9
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
| Asia - adults | |||||||||
| Bangladesh (8) |
1981-82
|
3141
|
1943
|
431
|
88.7
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
| China (9) |
1982
|
103,662
|
2963
|
514
|
69.4
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
| China (10) |
1983-84
|
6500
|
2650
|
473
|
71.4
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
| China (11) |
1992
|
3682
|
2396
|
355
|
59.3
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
| India (12) |
1983-84
|
563
|
2093
|
301
|
57.5
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
| Philippines (13) |
1985
|
400
|
1767
|
300
|
67.9
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
| Vietnam (14) |
1988
|
7462
|
1998
|
407
|
81.5
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
| Asia - children | |||||||||
| China (10) |
1982
|
63,343
|
-
|
368
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
| Europe -adults | |||||||||
| Belgium (15) |
1980-85
|
10,971
|
2473
|
240
|
38.9
|
144
|
23.3
|
97
|
15.7
|
| France (16) |
1988
|
25
|
1969
|
209
|
42.5
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
| Hungary (17) |
1990-92
|
2559
|
2799
|
314
|
44.9
|
207
|
296
|
107
|
15.3
|
| Netherlands (18) |
1987-88
|
4134
|
2309
|
244
|
42.2
|
122
|
21.1
|
119
|
20.6
|
| Netherlands (19) |
(1990)
|
107
|
2221
|
228
|
41.1
|
116
|
20.9
|
112
|
20.2
|
| UK (20) |
1986-87
|
2197
|
2061
|
232
|
42.3
|
130
|
252
|
100
|
19.4
|
| Europe - children | |||||||||
| Netherlands (18) |
1987-88
|
1409
|
2256
|
271
|
48.0
|
121
|
21.5
|
148
|
26.2
|
| UK (21) |
1980
|
405
|
2050
|
261
|
50.9
|
144
|
28.1
|
117
|
22.8
|
| UK (22) |
1981
|
120
|
2190
|
280
|
51 1
|
158
|
28.9
|
122
|
22.3
|
| UK (23) |
1986-87
|
4760
|
2369
|
278
|
46.9
|
154
|
26.0
|
124
|
20.9
|
| UK (21) |
1990
|
379
|
2015
|
258
|
51.2
|
139
|
27.6
|
119
|
23.6
|
| Latin America - adults | |||||||||
| Chile (36) |
1995
|
859
|
1981
|
287
|
58.0
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
| North America - adults | |||||||||
| Canada (24) |
1989
|
96
|
2053
|
269
|
52.2
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
| Canada (25) |
1989
|
2212
|
2070
|
244
|
47.1
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
| Canada (37) |
1990
|
2118
|
2196
|
262
|
47.7
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
| USA (26) |
(1984)
|
155
|
2570
|
240
|
37.4
|
105
|
16.3
|
35*
|
5.5*
|
| USA (27) |
1976-80
|
11864
|
1882
|
254
|
54.0
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
| USA (27) |
1988-91
|
7931
|
2109
|
244
|
46.3
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
| North America - children | |||||||||
| USA (28) |
1988
|
1463
|
1613
|
202
|
50.1
|
104
|
25.8
|
99
|
246
|
| USA (27) |
1976-80
|
8102
|
1830
|
227
|
49.6
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
| USA (27) |
1988-91
|
5999
|
1806
|
238
|
52.7
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
| Oceania - adults | |||||||||
| Australia (29) |
1983
|
6255
|
2190
|
232
|
42.4
|
125
|
22.8
|
107
|
19.5
|
| New Zealand (30) |
1992
|
-
|
2105
|
233
|
44.3
|
-
|
-
|
101
|
19.2
|
| Papua New Guinea (31) |
1991
|
750
|
2628
|
406
|
61.8
|
349
|
53.1
|
57
|
8.7
|
| Solomon Islands (32) |
1985
|
1071
|
2508
|
442
|
70.5
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
| Oceania - children | |||||||||
| Australia (33) |
1985
|
5224
|
2049
|
259
|
50.6
|
129
|
25.2
|
130
|
25.4
|
| Australia (34) |
1986
|
141
|
1666
|
208
|
49.9
|
99
|
23.8
|
108
|
25.9
|
| New Zealand (35) |
1993
|
251
|
1946
|
263
|
54.0
|
130
|
26.7
|
133
|
27.3
|
* sucrose onlyNote: Most countries in Africa, Asia, and North America calculate carbohydrate 'by difference'. Most countries in Europe and Oceania analyse carbohydrate directly. Values for Europe and Oceania therefore do not contain unavailable carbohydrate, while values for Africa, Asia and North America do. Method of deriving carbohydrate is rarely given
References cited in the foregoing table
1. Gibson R.S. 1997. Personal communication.2. Adams-Campbell L.L., Agurs, T.D. and Ukoli, F.A. 1993. Dietary assessment in Nigerian women: a pilot study. Ethnicity and Disease. 3:S62-S66.
3. Vorster H.H., Venter, C.S., Menssink, E., van Staden, D.A., Labadarios, D., Strydom, A.J.C., Silvis, N., Gericke, G.J. and Walker, A.R.P. 1994. Adequate nutritional status despite restricted dietary variety in adult rural vendas. South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition 7:3-16.
4. Bourne, L.T., Langenhoven, M.L., Steyn, K., Jooste, P.L., Laubscher, J.A. and Van der Vyver, E. 1993. Nutrient intake in the African population of the Cape Peninsula, South Africa: the BRISK study. Central Africa Journal of Medicine 39:238-247.
5. Steyn, K., Langenhoven, M.L., Joubert, G., Chalton, D.O., Benade, A.J.S. and Rossouw, J.E. 1990. The relationship between dietary factors and serum cholesterol values in the coloured population of the Cape peninsula. South African Medical Journal 78:63-67.
6. Bursztyn, P.G. 1985. A diet survey in Zimbabwe. Human Nutrition. Applied Nutrition 39A:376-388.
7. Steyn, N.P., Albertse, E.C., Van Wyck Kotze, T.J. and Van Heerden, L., 1986. Analysis of the diets of 12-year old children in Cape Town. South African Medical Journal. 69:739-742.
8. FAO. 1987. ESN - Nutrition country profile - Bangladesh. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome.
9. FAO. 1989. ESN - Nutrition country profile - China. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome.
10. Campbell, T.C. and Junshi, C., 1994. Diet and chronic degenerative diseases: perspectives from China. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 59:1153S-1161S.
11. Tian, H.G., Nan, Y., Hu, G., Dong, X.L., Pietinen, Y.P. and Nissinen, A. 1995. Dietary survey in a Chinese population. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 49:26-32.
12. Beegom, R., Niaz, M.A. and Singh, R.B. 1995. Diet, central obesity and prevalence of hypertension in the urban population of South India. International Journal of Cardiology. 51:183-191.
13. FAO. 1988. ESN - Nutrition country profile - Philippines. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome.
14. FAO. 1994. ESN - Apercu nutritionnel - Vietnam. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome.
15. Kornitzer, M. and Bara, L. 1989. Clinical and anthropometric data, blood chemistry and nutritional patterns in the Belgian population. Ada Cardiologica 44:101-144.
16. Asciutti-Moura, L.S., Guilland, J.C., Fuchs, F., Richard, D. and Klepping, J. 1988. Fatty acid composition of serum lipids and its relation to diet in an elderly institutionalised population. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 48:980-987.
17. Biro, G., Antal, M. and Zajkas, G. 1996. Nutrition survey of the Hungarian population in a randomised trial between 1992-1994. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 50:201-208.
18. Löwik, M.R.H., Brussaard, J.H., Hulshof, K.F.A.M., Kistemaker, C., Schaafsma, G., Ockhuizen, T. and Hermus, R.J.J., 1994. Adequacy of the diet in the Netherlands in 1987-88 (Dutch nutrition surveillance system). International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition. 45:81-862.
19. Goldbohm, R.A., vanden Brandt, P.A., Brants, H.A.M., van't Veer, P., Al, M., Sturmans, F. and Hermus, R.J.J. 1994. Validation of a dietary questionnaire used in a large-scale prospective cohort study on diet and cancer. European Journal Clinical Nutrition 48:253-265.
20. Gregory, J., Foster, K., Tyler, H. and Wiseman, M. 1990. The dietary and nutritional survey of British adults. Her Majesty's stationery Office, London.
21. Adamson, A., Rugg-Gunn, A., Butler, T., Appleton, D. and Hackett, A. 1992. Nutritional intake, height and weight of 11-12 year old Northumbrian children in 1990 compared with information obtained in 1980. British Journal of Nutrition.68:543-563.
22. Rugg-Gunn, A.J., Hackett, A.F., Jenkins, G.N. and Appleton, D.R. 1991. Empty calories? Nutrient intake in relation to sugar intake in English adolescents. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 4:101-111.
23. Lorenz, K.J. and Kulp, K. 1991. Handbook of cereal science and technology. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York.
24. Amaral, M.L.K. 1993. Dietary fibre and lipid metabolism. PhD Thesis, University of Saskatchewan, Canada. Nova Scotia Heart Health Program. Nova Scotia Nutrition Survey. Nova Scotia Department of Health, Halifax, Canada.
25. Nova Scotia Heart Health Program. 1993. Nova Scotia heart health survey. Nova Scotia Department of Health, Halifax, Canada.
26. Dreon, D.M., Frey-Hewitt, B., Ellsworth, N., Williams, P.T., Terry, R.B. and Wood, P.D. 1988. Dietary fat: carbohydrate ratio and obesity in middle-aged men. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 47:995-1000.
27. Life Sciences Research Office, FASEB. 1995. Third report on nutrition monitoring in the United States. US Government Printing Office, Washington D.C.
28. Nicklas, T.A., Webber, L.S., Koshak, M. and Nerenson, G.S. 1992. Nutrient adequacy of low fat intakes for children: the Bogalusa heart study. Pediatrics 89:221-228.
29. Commonwealth Department of Community Services and Health. 1987. National dietary survey of adults: 1983. No. 2 Nutrient intakes. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
30. Wilson, N.C., Alien, J.B., Russell, D.G. and Herbison, P. 1993. Nutrient analysis II of 24 hour diet recall using 1992 DSIR database. Report No. 93-26. Life in New Zealand activity and Health Research Unit, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
31. Hodge, A.H., Dowse, G.K., Koki, G., Mavo, B., Alpers, M.P. and Zimmet, P.Z. 1995. Modernity and obesity in coastal and highland Papua New Guinea. International Journal of Obesity 19:154-161.
32. Eason, R.J., Pada, J., Wallace, R., Henry, A. and Thornton, R. 1987. Changing patterns of hypertension, diabetes, obesity and diet among Melanesians and Micronesians in the Solomon Islands. Medical Journal of Australia. 146:465-473.
33. Commonwealth Department of Community Services and Health. 1989. National dietary survey of schoolchildren (aged 10-15 years): 1985. No. 2 Nutrient intakes. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
34. Magarey, A.A., Nicholas, J. and Boulton, J. 1987. Food intake at age 8. 1. Energy, macro- and micronutrients. Australian Paediatric Journal 23:173-178.
35. George, J., Brinsdon, S.C., Paulin, J.M. and Aitken, E.F. 1993. What do young adolescent New Zealanders eat? Nutrient intakes of nationwide sample of Form 1 children. New Zealand Medical Journal 106:47-51.
36. Castillo, C., Atalah, E., Benavides, X. and Urteaga, C. 1997. Patrones alimentarios en adultos que asisten a consultorios de la Region Metropolitana. Revista Medica de Chile 125:283-289.
37. Santé Québec. 1995. Les Québécoises et les Québécois mangent-ils mieux? Rapport de l'enquête québécoise sur la nutrition. Government du Québec, Montréal.
For further details log on website :
http://www.fao.org/docrep/W8079E/w8079e0e.htm#TopOfPage
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