1. FAO. 1980. Carbohydrates in human nutrition, a Joint FAO/WHO Report. FAO Food and Nutrition Paper 15, Rome.
2. Asp, N-G. 1996. Dietary carbohydrates: classification by chemistry and physiology. Food Chemistry 57:9-14.
3. Cummings, J.H., Roberfroid, M.B., Andersson, H., Barth, C., Ferro-Luzzi, A. 1997. A new look at dietary carbohydrate: chemistry, physiology and health. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 52:1 -7.
4. Englyst, H.N. and Hudson, G.J. 1996. The classification and measurement of dietary carbohydrates. Food Chemistry, 57(1): 15-21.
5. Southgate, D.A.T. 1991. Determination of food carbohydrates. Elsevier Science Publishers, Ltd., Barking.
6. Greenfield, H. and Southgate D.A.T. 1992. Food composition data. Production, management and use. Elsevier Applied Science, London.
7. Asp, N.-G. 1995. Classification and methodology of food carbohydrates as related to nutritional effects. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 61(4(S)):930S -937S.
8. Department of Health. 1989. Dietary sugars and human health. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.
9. U.S. Senate Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs. 1977. Dietary goals for the United States. 2nd Ed. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C.
10. McCance, R.A. and Lawrence, R.D. 1929. The carbohydrate content of foods. Medical Research Council Special Report Series 135 Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.
11. Englyst, H.N. and Cummings, J.H. 1990. Non-starch polysaccharides (dietary fiber) and resistant starch. New Developments in Dietary Fiber. Physiological, Physicochemical, and Analytical Aspects. (Furda, I. and Brine, C.J. eds.). Plenum Press, New York and London, pp. 205-225.
12. Englyst, H.N., Kingman, S.M. and Cummings, J.H. 1992. Classification and measurement of nutritionally important starch fractions. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 46:S33-S50.
13. Wurzburg, O.B. 1986. Nutritional aspects and safety of modified food starches. Nutrition Reviews 44:74-79.
14. Björck, I., Gunnarsson, A. and Östergård, K. 1989. A study of native and chemically modified potato starch. Part II. Digestibility in the rat intestinal tract. Stärke 41:128-134.
15. Trowell, H. 1972. Dietary fibre and coronary heart disease. Revue Européenne d'Etudes Cliniques et Biologiques17(4) 345-349.
16. Burkitt, D.P. and Trowell, H.S. 1975. Refined carbohydrate foods and disease: some implications of dietary fibre.Academic Press, London.
17. British Nutrition Foundation. 1990. Complex carbohydrates in foods: report of the British Nutrition Foundation's Task Force. Chapman and Hall, London.
18. Asp, N-G., Schweizer, T.F., Southgate, D.A.T. and Theander, 0. 1992. Dietary fibre analysis. In Dietary fibre. A component of food. Nutritional function in health and disease (eds. T.F. Schweizer and C.A. Edwards), Springer, London, pp. 57-102.
19. Muir, J. and O'Dea, K. 1993. Validation of an in vitro assay for predicting the amount of starch that escapes digestion in the small intestine of humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 57:546.
20. Björck, I. 1996. Starch: nutritional aspects. In; Carbohydrates in food (Eliasson A-C. ed.). Marcel Dekker Inc, pp 505-554.
21. Asp, N-G., van Amelsvoort, J.M.M. and Hautvast, J.G.A.J. 1996. (eds.) Nutritional implications of resistant starch. Nutrition Research Reviews 9, 1-31 (final EURESTA report).
22. Englyst, H.N., Quigley, M.E. Hudson, G.J. and Cummings, J.H. 1992. Determination of dietary fibre as non-starch polysaccharides by gas-liquid chromatography. Analyst, 117:1707-1714.
23. Englyst, H.N., Quigley, M.E. and Hudson, G.J. 1994. Determination of dietary fibre as non-starch polysaccharides with gas-liquid chromatographic, high-performance liquid chromatographic or spectrophotometric measurement of constituent sugars. Analyst, 119:1497-1509
24. Pendlington, A.W. and Brookes, A. 1995. BCR studies in progress. In: Recent progress in the analysis of dietary fibre. COST 92 Metabolic and physiological aspects of dietary fibre in food. European Commission. Directorate-General XII Science, Research and Development, Luxemburg, ISBN 92-827-4981-9, p.p. 129-141.
25. Englyst, H.N., Quigley, M.E., Englyst, K.N., Bravo, L. and Hudson, G.J. 1996. Dietary fibre. Measurement by the Englyst NSP procedure. Measurement by the AOAC procedure. Explanation of the differences. J. Assoc. Publ. Analysts, 32:1-52.
26. FAOSTAT (PC version) [CD-ROM]. 1996. Available: Food and Agriculture Organisation, Rome.
27. Grigg, D. International variations in food consumption in the 1980's. Geography 1993;78:251-66.
28. Grigg, D. The starchy staples in world food consumption. Annals of the Association of American Geographers1996; 86:412-431.
29. Cho, W.J. Changing food consumption and dietary intake in AFO countries. Report of an APO Symposium,December 1994. Asia Productivity Organization, 1996.
30. Scrimshaw, N.S., Taylor, L. Food. Scientific American 1980;243:78-88.
31. Stoskopf, N.C. Cereal grain crops. Reston, VA: Reston Publishing Co., Inc., 1985.
32. Dyson, T. Population and Food. London: Routledge, 1996.
33. Food and Agriculture Organization. In: World agriculture: Towards 2010, an FAO study (ed. N. Alexandratos), London: J. Wiley & Sons, 1995.
34. Dowler, E.A., Ok Seo, Y.I. Assessment of energy intake. Food Policy 1985; August: 278-88.
35. Gibson, R.S. Principles of nutritional assessment. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.
36. Crane, N.T., Lewis, C.J., Yetley, E.A. Do time trends in food supply levels of macronutrients reflect survey estimates of macronutrient intake? American Journal of Public-Health 1992;82:862-6.
37. Stephen, A.M., Wald, N.J. Trends in individual consumption of dietary fat in the United States, 1920-1984. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition; 52:457-69.
38. Stephen, A.M., Sieber, G.M. Trends in individual fat consumption in the United Kingdom 1900-1988. British Journal of Nutrition 1994;71:775-788.
39. Stephen, A.M., Sieber, G.M., Gerster, Y.A., Morgan, D.R. Intake of carbohydrate and its components - international comparisons, trends over time and effects of changing to low fat diets. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1995;62:851S-67S.
40. Gregory, J., Foster, K., Tyler, H., Wiseman, M. The dietary and nutritional survey of British adults. London: HMSO, 1990.
41. Commonwealth Department of Community Services and Health. National dietary survey of adults: 1983. No. 2 Nutrient intakes. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, 1987.
42. Commonwealth Department of Community Services and Health. National dietary survey of schoolchildren (aged 10-15 years): 1985. No. 2 Nutrient intakes. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, 1989.
43. Morgan, K.J., Zabik, M.E. Amount and food sources of total sugar intake by children ages 5 to 12 years. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1981;34:404-13.
44. Gibson, S.A. Consumption and sources of sugars in the diets of British schoolchildren: Are high-sugar diets nutritionally inferior? Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 1993;6:355-71.
45. Englyst, H.N., Cummings, J.H. Improved method for measurement of dietary fibre as non-starch polysaccharides in plant foods. Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists 1988;71:808-14.
46. Cummings, J.H., Frolich, W. eds. Dietary fibre intakes in Europe. Brussels: Commission of the European Community, 1993.
47. Kuratsune, M., Honda, T., Englyst, H.N., Cummings, J.H. Dietary fiber in the Japanese diet as investigated in connection with colon cancer risk. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research. 1986;77:736-8.
48. Amaral, M.L.K. Dietary fibre and lipid metabolism. PhD Thesis, University of Saskatchewan, Canada. 1995.
49. Prosky, L., Asp, N-G., Furda, I., DeVries, J.W., Schweizer, T., Harland, B. Determination of total dietary fiber in foods, food products and total diets: Interlaboratory study. Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists1984;67:1044-52.57.
50. Southgate, D.A.T. Determination of carbohydrates in foods. II. Unavailable carbohydrate. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 1969;20:331-5.
51. Bursztyn, P.G. A diet survey in Zimbabwe. Human Nutrition. Applied Nutrition 1985; 39A:376-88.
52. Campbell, T.C., Junshi, C. Diet and chronic degenerative diseases: perspectives from China. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1994;59:1153S-61 S.
53. Beegom, R., Beegom, R., Niaz, M.A., Singh, R.B. Diet, central obesity and prevalence of hypertension in the urban population of South India. International Journal of Cardiology 1995;51:183-91.
54. Livesey, G. and Elia, M. 1995. Short chain fatty acids as an energy source in the colon: metabolism and clinical implications. Physiological and clinical aspects of short chain fatty acids, (J.H. Cummings, J.L. Rombeau and T. Sakata, eds.) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 472-482.
55. Roberfroid, M., Gibson, G.R. and Delzenne, N. 1993. The biochemistry of oligofructose, a non-digestible fibre: an approach to calculate its caloric value. Nutrition Reviews, 51:137-146.
56. Blundell, J.E., Green, Sue and Burley, Victoria. 1994. Carbohydrates and human appetite. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 59:728S-734S.
57. Rolls, B.J. and Hammer, V.A. 1995. Fat, carbohydrate and the regulation of energy intake. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 62:1086S-1095S.
58. Levin, R.J. 1994. Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates - from molecules and membranes to humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 59: 690S-698S.
59. Buller, H.A. and Grand, R.J. 1990. Lactose intolerance. Annual Review of Medicine, 41:141-148.
60. Gudmand-Hoyer, E. 1994. The clinical significance of disaccharide maldigestion. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 59:735S-741S.
61. Dills, W.L. 1993. Protein fructosylation: fructose and the Maillard reaction. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition58(5(S)):779S-787S.
62. MacDonald, R.B. 1995. Influence of dietary sucrose on biological aging. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition62(1(S)):284S-293S.
63. Lairon, D. 1994. Mechanisms of action of dietary fibre on lipid and cholesterol metabolism. Commission of the European Communities, Luxembourg.
64. Truswell, A.S. 1994. Food carbohydrates and plasma lipids - an update. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition59(3(S)):710S-718S.
65. Heijnen, M-L.A., Van Amelsvoort, J.M.M., Deurenberg, P. and Beynen, A.C. 1996. Neither raw nor retrograded starch lowers fasting serum cholesterol levels in healthy, normolipidemic subjects. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 64:312-318.
66. Cummings, J.H. and Macfarlane, G.T. 1991. The control and consequences of bacterial fermentation in the human colon. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 70:443-459.
67. Cummings, J.H. 1997. The large intestine in nutrition and disease. Danone Chair Monograph. 103-110, Institute Danone, Bruxelles.
68. Cummings, J.H. and Macfarlane, G.T. 1997. The role of intestinal bacteria in nutrient metabolism. Clinical Nutrition, 16:3-11.
69. Gibson, G.R. and Roberfroid, M. 1995. Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics. Journal of Nutrition, 125:1401-1412.
70. Thomas, C.D., Peters, J.C., Reed, G.W., Abumrad, N.N., Sun, M., and Hill, J.O. 1992. Nutrient balance and energy expenditure during ad libitum feeding of high-fat and high-carbohydrate diets in humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 55:934-942.
71. Stubbs, R.J., Harbron, C.G., Murgatroyd, P.R. and Prentice, A.M. 1995. Covert manipulation of dietary fat and energy density: Effect on substrate flux and food intake in men eating ad libitum. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition62:316-329.
72. Flatt, J.P. 1993. Dietary fat, carbohydrate balance and weight maintenance. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 683:122-140.
73. Horton, T.J., Drougas, H., Brachey, A., Reed, G.W., Peters, J.C. and Hill, J.O. 1995. Fat and carbohydrate overfeeding in humans: Different effects on energy storage. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 62:19-29.
74. Schwarz, J.M., Neese, R.A., Turner, S., Dare, D. and Hellerstein, M.K. 1995. Short-term alterations in carbohydrate energy intake in humans - Striking effects on hepatic glucose production, de novo lipogenesis, lipolysis and whole-body fuel selection. Journal of Clinical Investigation 96:2735-2743.
75. Bergstrom, J. and Hultman, E. 1966. Muscle glycogen synthesis after exercise: an enhancing factor localized to the muscle cells in man. Nature 210:309.
76. Vaisman, N., Voet, H., Akivis, A. and Vakil, E. 1996. Effect of breakfast timing on the cognitive functions of elementary school students. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 150:1089-1092.
77. White, J.W. and Wolraich, M. 1995. Effect of sugar on behavior and mental performance. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 62:S242-S249.
78. FAO/WHO. 1994. Codex Alimentarius, Volume 4, Foods for special dietary uses. STAN 72-1981, Codex Standard for Infant Formula. FAO, Rome.
79. Zimmet, P., Dowse, G., Finch, C. et al. 1990. The epidemiology and natural history of NIDDM; lessons from the South Pacific. Diabetes/Metabolism Reviews 6:91-124.
80. Cummings, J.H. 1994. Nutritional management of diseases of the stomach and bowel. Human Nutrition and Dietetics, (J.S. Garrow and W.P.T. James, eds.) Churchill Livingston, London: 480-506.
81. Cramer, D.W., Muto, M.G., Reichardt, J.K., Xu, H., Welch, W.R., Valles, B. and Ng, W.G. 1994. Characteristics of women with a family history of ovarian cancer. I. Galactose consumption and metabolism. Cancer 74(4):1309-1317.
82. Kaufman, F.R., Devgan, S., and Donnell, G.N. 1993. Results of a survey of carrier women for the galactosemia gene. Fertility and Sterility 60(4):727-728.
83. Hodgson, J.M., Hsu-Hage, B.H. and Wahlqvist, M.L. 1994. Food variety as a quantitative descriptor of food intake. Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 32:137-148.
84. Holt, S.H.A., Brand Miller, J.C. and Petocz, P. 1996. Interrelationships among postprandial satiety, glucose and insulin responses and changes in subsequent food intake. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 50:788-797.
85. Wolever, T.M.S. and Bolognesi, C. 1996. Source and amount of carbohydrate affect postprandial glucose and insulin in normal subjects. Journal of Nutrition 126:2798-2806.
86. Wolever, T.M.S. and Bolognesi, C. 1996. Prediction of glucose and insulin responses of normal subjects after consuming mixed meals varying in energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate and glycemic index. Journal of Nutrition126:2807-2812.
87. Salmerón, J., Ascherio, A., Rimm, E.B., Colditz, G.A., Spiegelman, D., Jenkins, D.J., Stampfer, M.J., Wing, A.L. and Willet, W.C. 1997. Dietary fiber, glycemic load and risk of NIDDM in men. Diabetes Care, 20:545-550.
88. Salmerón, J., Stampfer, M.J., Colditz, G.A., Manson, J.E., Wing, A.L. and Willet, W.C. 1997. Dietary fiber, glycemic load and risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in women. Journal of the American Medical Association,277:472-477.
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91. Wolever, T.M.S., Jenkins, D.J.A., Vuksan, V., Jenkins, A.L., Buckley, G.C., Wong, G.S. and Josse, R.G. 1992. Beneficial effect of a low-glycemic index diet in type 2 diabetes. Diabetic Medicine 9:451-458.
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2. Asp, N-G. 1996. Dietary carbohydrates: classification by chemistry and physiology. Food Chemistry 57:9-14.
3. Cummings, J.H., Roberfroid, M.B., Andersson, H., Barth, C., Ferro-Luzzi, A. 1997. A new look at dietary carbohydrate: chemistry, physiology and health. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 52:1 -7.
4. Englyst, H.N. and Hudson, G.J. 1996. The classification and measurement of dietary carbohydrates. Food Chemistry, 57(1): 15-21.
5. Southgate, D.A.T. 1991. Determination of food carbohydrates. Elsevier Science Publishers, Ltd., Barking.
6. Greenfield, H. and Southgate D.A.T. 1992. Food composition data. Production, management and use. Elsevier Applied Science, London.
7. Asp, N.-G. 1995. Classification and methodology of food carbohydrates as related to nutritional effects. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 61(4(S)):930S -937S.
8. Department of Health. 1989. Dietary sugars and human health. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.
9. U.S. Senate Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs. 1977. Dietary goals for the United States. 2nd Ed. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C.
10. McCance, R.A. and Lawrence, R.D. 1929. The carbohydrate content of foods. Medical Research Council Special Report Series 135 Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.
11. Englyst, H.N. and Cummings, J.H. 1990. Non-starch polysaccharides (dietary fiber) and resistant starch. New Developments in Dietary Fiber. Physiological, Physicochemical, and Analytical Aspects. (Furda, I. and Brine, C.J. eds.). Plenum Press, New York and London, pp. 205-225.
12. Englyst, H.N., Kingman, S.M. and Cummings, J.H. 1992. Classification and measurement of nutritionally important starch fractions. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 46:S33-S50.
13. Wurzburg, O.B. 1986. Nutritional aspects and safety of modified food starches. Nutrition Reviews 44:74-79.
14. Björck, I., Gunnarsson, A. and Östergård, K. 1989. A study of native and chemically modified potato starch. Part II. Digestibility in the rat intestinal tract. Stärke 41:128-134.
15. Trowell, H. 1972. Dietary fibre and coronary heart disease. Revue Européenne d'Etudes Cliniques et Biologiques17(4) 345-349.
16. Burkitt, D.P. and Trowell, H.S. 1975. Refined carbohydrate foods and disease: some implications of dietary fibre.Academic Press, London.
17. British Nutrition Foundation. 1990. Complex carbohydrates in foods: report of the British Nutrition Foundation's Task Force. Chapman and Hall, London.
18. Asp, N-G., Schweizer, T.F., Southgate, D.A.T. and Theander, 0. 1992. Dietary fibre analysis. In Dietary fibre. A component of food. Nutritional function in health and disease (eds. T.F. Schweizer and C.A. Edwards), Springer, London, pp. 57-102.
19. Muir, J. and O'Dea, K. 1993. Validation of an in vitro assay for predicting the amount of starch that escapes digestion in the small intestine of humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 57:546.
20. Björck, I. 1996. Starch: nutritional aspects. In; Carbohydrates in food (Eliasson A-C. ed.). Marcel Dekker Inc, pp 505-554.
21. Asp, N-G., van Amelsvoort, J.M.M. and Hautvast, J.G.A.J. 1996. (eds.) Nutritional implications of resistant starch. Nutrition Research Reviews 9, 1-31 (final EURESTA report).
22. Englyst, H.N., Quigley, M.E. Hudson, G.J. and Cummings, J.H. 1992. Determination of dietary fibre as non-starch polysaccharides by gas-liquid chromatography. Analyst, 117:1707-1714.
23. Englyst, H.N., Quigley, M.E. and Hudson, G.J. 1994. Determination of dietary fibre as non-starch polysaccharides with gas-liquid chromatographic, high-performance liquid chromatographic or spectrophotometric measurement of constituent sugars. Analyst, 119:1497-1509
24. Pendlington, A.W. and Brookes, A. 1995. BCR studies in progress. In: Recent progress in the analysis of dietary fibre. COST 92 Metabolic and physiological aspects of dietary fibre in food. European Commission. Directorate-General XII Science, Research and Development, Luxemburg, ISBN 92-827-4981-9, p.p. 129-141.
25. Englyst, H.N., Quigley, M.E., Englyst, K.N., Bravo, L. and Hudson, G.J. 1996. Dietary fibre. Measurement by the Englyst NSP procedure. Measurement by the AOAC procedure. Explanation of the differences. J. Assoc. Publ. Analysts, 32:1-52.
26. FAOSTAT (PC version) [CD-ROM]. 1996. Available: Food and Agriculture Organisation, Rome.
27. Grigg, D. International variations in food consumption in the 1980's. Geography 1993;78:251-66.
28. Grigg, D. The starchy staples in world food consumption. Annals of the Association of American Geographers1996; 86:412-431.
29. Cho, W.J. Changing food consumption and dietary intake in AFO countries. Report of an APO Symposium,December 1994. Asia Productivity Organization, 1996.
30. Scrimshaw, N.S., Taylor, L. Food. Scientific American 1980;243:78-88.
31. Stoskopf, N.C. Cereal grain crops. Reston, VA: Reston Publishing Co., Inc., 1985.
32. Dyson, T. Population and Food. London: Routledge, 1996.
33. Food and Agriculture Organization. In: World agriculture: Towards 2010, an FAO study (ed. N. Alexandratos), London: J. Wiley & Sons, 1995.
34. Dowler, E.A., Ok Seo, Y.I. Assessment of energy intake. Food Policy 1985; August: 278-88.
35. Gibson, R.S. Principles of nutritional assessment. New York: Oxford University Press, 1990.
36. Crane, N.T., Lewis, C.J., Yetley, E.A. Do time trends in food supply levels of macronutrients reflect survey estimates of macronutrient intake? American Journal of Public-Health 1992;82:862-6.
37. Stephen, A.M., Wald, N.J. Trends in individual consumption of dietary fat in the United States, 1920-1984. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition; 52:457-69.
38. Stephen, A.M., Sieber, G.M. Trends in individual fat consumption in the United Kingdom 1900-1988. British Journal of Nutrition 1994;71:775-788.
39. Stephen, A.M., Sieber, G.M., Gerster, Y.A., Morgan, D.R. Intake of carbohydrate and its components - international comparisons, trends over time and effects of changing to low fat diets. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1995;62:851S-67S.
40. Gregory, J., Foster, K., Tyler, H., Wiseman, M. The dietary and nutritional survey of British adults. London: HMSO, 1990.
41. Commonwealth Department of Community Services and Health. National dietary survey of adults: 1983. No. 2 Nutrient intakes. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, 1987.
42. Commonwealth Department of Community Services and Health. National dietary survey of schoolchildren (aged 10-15 years): 1985. No. 2 Nutrient intakes. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service, 1989.
43. Morgan, K.J., Zabik, M.E. Amount and food sources of total sugar intake by children ages 5 to 12 years. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1981;34:404-13.
44. Gibson, S.A. Consumption and sources of sugars in the diets of British schoolchildren: Are high-sugar diets nutritionally inferior? Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 1993;6:355-71.
45. Englyst, H.N., Cummings, J.H. Improved method for measurement of dietary fibre as non-starch polysaccharides in plant foods. Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists 1988;71:808-14.
46. Cummings, J.H., Frolich, W. eds. Dietary fibre intakes in Europe. Brussels: Commission of the European Community, 1993.
47. Kuratsune, M., Honda, T., Englyst, H.N., Cummings, J.H. Dietary fiber in the Japanese diet as investigated in connection with colon cancer risk. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research. 1986;77:736-8.
48. Amaral, M.L.K. Dietary fibre and lipid metabolism. PhD Thesis, University of Saskatchewan, Canada. 1995.
49. Prosky, L., Asp, N-G., Furda, I., DeVries, J.W., Schweizer, T., Harland, B. Determination of total dietary fiber in foods, food products and total diets: Interlaboratory study. Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists1984;67:1044-52.57.
50. Southgate, D.A.T. Determination of carbohydrates in foods. II. Unavailable carbohydrate. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 1969;20:331-5.
51. Bursztyn, P.G. A diet survey in Zimbabwe. Human Nutrition. Applied Nutrition 1985; 39A:376-88.
52. Campbell, T.C., Junshi, C. Diet and chronic degenerative diseases: perspectives from China. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1994;59:1153S-61 S.
53. Beegom, R., Beegom, R., Niaz, M.A., Singh, R.B. Diet, central obesity and prevalence of hypertension in the urban population of South India. International Journal of Cardiology 1995;51:183-91.
54. Livesey, G. and Elia, M. 1995. Short chain fatty acids as an energy source in the colon: metabolism and clinical implications. Physiological and clinical aspects of short chain fatty acids, (J.H. Cummings, J.L. Rombeau and T. Sakata, eds.) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 472-482.
55. Roberfroid, M., Gibson, G.R. and Delzenne, N. 1993. The biochemistry of oligofructose, a non-digestible fibre: an approach to calculate its caloric value. Nutrition Reviews, 51:137-146.
56. Blundell, J.E., Green, Sue and Burley, Victoria. 1994. Carbohydrates and human appetite. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 59:728S-734S.
57. Rolls, B.J. and Hammer, V.A. 1995. Fat, carbohydrate and the regulation of energy intake. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 62:1086S-1095S.
58. Levin, R.J. 1994. Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates - from molecules and membranes to humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 59: 690S-698S.
59. Buller, H.A. and Grand, R.J. 1990. Lactose intolerance. Annual Review of Medicine, 41:141-148.
60. Gudmand-Hoyer, E. 1994. The clinical significance of disaccharide maldigestion. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 59:735S-741S.
61. Dills, W.L. 1993. Protein fructosylation: fructose and the Maillard reaction. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition58(5(S)):779S-787S.
62. MacDonald, R.B. 1995. Influence of dietary sucrose on biological aging. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition62(1(S)):284S-293S.
63. Lairon, D. 1994. Mechanisms of action of dietary fibre on lipid and cholesterol metabolism. Commission of the European Communities, Luxembourg.
64. Truswell, A.S. 1994. Food carbohydrates and plasma lipids - an update. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition59(3(S)):710S-718S.
65. Heijnen, M-L.A., Van Amelsvoort, J.M.M., Deurenberg, P. and Beynen, A.C. 1996. Neither raw nor retrograded starch lowers fasting serum cholesterol levels in healthy, normolipidemic subjects. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 64:312-318.
66. Cummings, J.H. and Macfarlane, G.T. 1991. The control and consequences of bacterial fermentation in the human colon. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 70:443-459.
67. Cummings, J.H. 1997. The large intestine in nutrition and disease. Danone Chair Monograph. 103-110, Institute Danone, Bruxelles.
68. Cummings, J.H. and Macfarlane, G.T. 1997. The role of intestinal bacteria in nutrient metabolism. Clinical Nutrition, 16:3-11.
69. Gibson, G.R. and Roberfroid, M. 1995. Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics. Journal of Nutrition, 125:1401-1412.
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