Author
Poh Lye Yong
Forest Economist
Forestry Department, Malaysia
Report from FAO Report, 26/06/2016
Royalties collected from non-wood forest products contribute substantially to the revenue of each state. On average (1981 to 1990), rattan contributed about 13.8 percent of the total royalties collected from non-wood forest products, while bamboo accounted for about 71 percent.
In addition, these two products are foreign exchange earners: earnings from rattan increased from US$ 3 million (M$8 million) in 1981 to US$ 26.5 million (M$71.5 million) in 1990. Foreign exchange earnings from bamboo increased from US$ 81,150 (M$219,106) in 1988 to US$ 176,474 (M$476,480) in 1990.
Besides generating revenue and being important foreign exchange earners, these two forest industries employ 24,370 individuals, mostly rural people, in 1,685 factories.
These factories primarily focus on handicraft production with little interest in venturing into manufacturing furniture or higher value bamboo products marketed locally or to neighboring countries. Nonetheless, these small industries play a significant role in raising the living standards of the rural people.
Other social benefits contributed by non-wood forest products include various kinds of environmental protection. The dense interlocking root system of bamboo, for example, prevents soil erosion and minimizes damage from floods.
Of the approximately 600 species of rattan in the world, 104 species, belonging to 8 genera, are found in the forests of Malaysia (Appendix 1). Only 21 of these species, however, are currently utilized and marketed (Dransfield, 1979). The most important rattans and their main uses are shown in Table 1.
In Peninsular Malaysia, rattan is sometimes found together with bamboo. In Sarawak, rattan is found both in swamp and hill forests.
Table 1. Major commercial rattan species in Malaysia
Table 2. Rattan resources in virgin and logged-over forests of Malaysia, millions of clumps (3 meters per clump average)
Table 3. Estimated rattan clumps (3m/clump) per hectare in virgin and logged-over forest in Malaysia
C. manan and C. ornatus are mainly found in the virgin forests, while C. caesius, C. scipionum and Korthalsia spp. grow in logged-over forests (Table 3).
Most of Malaysia's rattan is found in Sarawak (47.5 percent), followed by Peninsular Malaysia (30.1 percent) and Sabah (22.4 percent). About 51.7 percent of the rattan clumps are in virgin forests.
The total value of rattan growing stock, based on the prevailing market price for each species is US$ 1.4 billion (M$3.7 billion). C. manan accounts for US$ 942.2 million (M$2.5 billion); C. casesius for US$ 35.6 million (M$96.2 million); C. scipionum for US$ 89.0 million (M$240.2 million); C. ornatus for US$ 190.7 million (M$514.8 million); and Korthalsai spp. for US$ 99.8 million (M$269.7 million) (Table 4).
The total estimated value of the rattan growing stock in Peninsular Malaysia is US$ 400.1 million (M$ 1.1 billion). Sarawak's growing stock is valued at US$ 653.9 (M$ 1.8 billion) and Sabah's at US$ 297.2 million (M$0.8 billion).
Rattan Plantations
In Malaysia, large-scale rattan plantations were started some 10 years ago, mainly in logged-over forests. Lately, they also have been planted in rubber smallholdings to supplement the incomes of the planters.
Between 1980 and 1990, 15,615.1 hectares of rattan plantations were established, with 5,031 hectares (32.2 percent) in Peninsular Malaysia, 224 hectares (1.4 percent) in Sarawak and 10,360 hectares (66.4 percent) in Sabah. Of this total, 14,031 hectares (89.9 percent) were planted in logged-over forests and the balance, 1,584 hectares (10.1 percent), in rubber smallholdings.
About 69.6 percent of the logged-over forests planted with rattan is in Sabah, followed by Peninsular Malaysia with 28.8 percent and Sarawak with 1.6 percent. Peninsular Malaysia has 62.1 percent of the rattan planted in rubber smallholdings, with the rest in Sabah. No rattan has been planted in rubber smallholdings in Sarawak (Table 5).
Under the Sixth Malaysia Plan (1991 to 1995), 26,100 hectares of rattan plantation are expected to be established in Peninsular Malaysia. Of this total, 15,500 hectares are to be planted by the Forest Department, 4,600 hectares by the Rubber Industry Smallholders Development Authority (RISDA), 2,000 hectares each by the Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA), the Federal Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Authority (FELCRA), and the private sector. About 22,100 hectares of the total area will be planted with C. manan and the balance with C. caesius.
Table 4. Value of rattan resources in Malaysia, 1989 (thousand M$)
Table 5. Areas planted with rattan in Malaysia, 1980-1990 (hectares)
Harvesting
In Peninsular Malaysia, a license is required to harvest rattan from the forest. A monthly fee of M$5 per person is charged by the Forest Department. In Sarawak, a monthly fee of M$ 1 is charged for collection of rattan. No permit is required if rattan is collected for domestic Use. A permit and license is required in Sabah for the extraction of rattan. The monthly fee is M$5 per person.
Harvesting rattan in the forest consists of dragging the rattan out of the canopy, removing dead leaf sheaths and debris, discarding the upper 2 to 3 meters, and cutting the cane into lengths suitable for bundling and transporting to the processors. Removal of leaf sheaths and debris is Usually carried out by coiling the rattan stem around a small tree trunk and pulling it. Big stem rattan is usually cut into 3-meter lengths, while small stem rattan is usually cut into 9-meter lengths, bent into two and bound into bundles. The cutting is done as the rattan is pulled.
Cutting of rattan is done mostly by forest dwellers. Normally a group of 10 people stays for a week or two in the forest to gather rattan. About 2,000 rattan sticks are usually extracted during the dry season by each cutter.
Production and Revenues
Direct production data are not available because of variations in the units of measurement used in Peninsular Malaysia. However, production levels can be indirectly ascertained by reviewing the royalties collected by the Forestry Department, Peninsular Malaysia.
Fees vary according to state and species. On average, however, the rate for C. manan and C. caesius is M$0.20 per meter and M$0.10 per meter respectively.
Royalties collected from rattan in Peninsular Malaysia averaged US$ 57,131 (M$154,254) per year between 1981 and 1990 (Table 6). Rattan contributed between 9.2 and 23.2 percent of the total of all non-wood forest products royalties from 1981 to 1990.
Table 6. Royalties collected for rattan, Peninsular Malaysia, 1981-1990
Although rattan is heavily exploited in Sarawak, there are no records of production levels. The reason is that royalties are not collected by the state for this forest product. In Sabah, royalties collected from rattan are lumped under miscellaneous forest revenue. The present rate is M$400 per ton, irrespective of species.
Production of rattan can also be ascertained from the estimated monthly production figures for the country. Monthly production of C. manan is about 2 million sticks (3-meter length per stick); for C. caesius, monthly production is 60 tons. Details of other rattan species are shown in Table 7.
Table 7. Estimated monthly production of rattan, Malaysia, 1987
At present, there are 653 rattan mills throughout the country manufacturing rattan furniture and rattan products such as walking sticks, rattan balls, baskets, toys and mats. Of this total, 46 percent are classified as cottage enterprises, 34 percent as small-scale enterprises, and the remainder as medium and large-scale enterprises (Razak, Hamdan and Latif, 1989).
About 15.5 percent (101 mills) are involved in rattan processing, 12.6 percent (82 mills) operate in both processing and manufacturing, and the remaining 71.9 percent (470 mills) are involved only in manufacturing. The industry employs 16,120 people. Cottage enterprises employ 4 to 5 workers each, small-scale factories employ 10 to 20 workers each, and medium-scale or large-scale firms employ 50 to 100 workers each, (Razak, Hamdan and Latif, 1989).
Trade
Malaysia exports rattan in two forms, whole rattan and split rattan. As such, the country has lost substantially in terms of potentially higher export earnings from value-added products.
In 1981, rattan exports accounted for 0.2 percent of the total export value of forest products. The level of contribution rose until it peaked in 1988 at 1.14 percent. This sharp increase in the export value of rattan in 1987 and 1988 is attributed to the high price of whole rattan and split rattan. The FOB price of whole rattan increased from M$1,915 per ton in 1987 to M$2,754 in 1988, while the FOB prices of split rattan rose from M$1,468 per ton to M$2,878 per ton. One reason for the increase in price was Indonesia's 1986 ban on the export of rattan not processed beyond fine polishing or converted into furniture parts.
Malaysia's export of whole rattan, split rattan and rattan furniture increased from US$ 3 million (M$8 million) in 1981 to US$ 26.5 million (M$71.5 million) in 1990. There was a surge in rattan exports in 1987, when the exports rose to US$ 18.9 million (M$51.1 million). This rise was caused by a 547 percent increase in the export of whole canes in 1987 as compared with 1986 and a 57.6 percent increase in the exports of rattan furniture during the same period. Since 1987, exports of whole and split rattan are decreasing, while exports of rattan furniture are rising.
In volume, Malaysia's exports of whole rattan and split rattan increased from 9,413 tons in 1981 to 26,185 tons in 1989, then decreased to 7,785 tons in 1990. The sudden drop was the result of the fall in the exports of whole rattan (Table 8).
To encourage the domestic processing of rattan, an export duty of M$1,350 per ton was imposed in October 1981. This was increased to M$2,700 per ton in August 1987. The export of raw rattan was banned in December 1989. The ban is meant to ensure a consistent supply of raw material at reasonable prices to meet the Industrial Master Plan export target of M$400 million worth of rattan furniture by 1995.
Whole canes are exported mainly to Singapore and Taiwan. Split rattan is exported mainly to Singapore, with lesser volumes exported to Taiwan, the Philippines, and the Netherlands. Major importers of rattan furniture are the United Kingdom, the United States, Denmark, Germany, Japan, Australia, Belgium, Sweden and Singapore.
Seven genera, with 44 species, of bamboo are known in Malaysia (Appendix 2), but only 12 are commercially utilized. Table 9 lists the most common species.
In Malaysia, bamboo is common from sea level up to 1,000 meters. Bamboo occurs in significant quantities in disturbed areas such as logged-over forests, wasteland or in marginal localities fringing the forest, river banks and hill slopes. It grows in pure stands or with other tree species in the forest. It does not favor water-logged conditions and is seldom found in swampy areas. Bamboo is commonly cultivated in the rural areas for daily use by local communities and in urban areas as ornamental plants.
As with rattan, information on distribution in natural forests is lacking. Distribution can be estimated from data in the Second National Forest Inventory (1981 to 1982). The estimated number of bamboo sticks per hectare according to forest types and species is shown in Table 10.
Table 8. Volume of rattan exports from Malaysia, 1981-1990
Table 9. Commercially utilized bamboos in Malaysia
Table 10. Estimated number of bamboo sticks (6m/stick) per hectare by forest types in Malaysia
About 31 percent of Malaysia's bamboo sticks are found in Peninsular Malaysia, 45 percent in Sarawak and 24 percent in Sabah.
In terms of weight, the estimated bamboo in Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak and Sabah is 10.3 million tons, 14.9 million tons and 8.1 million tons, respectively, for a total of 33.3 million tons (Table 11). The estimated market value is US$ 862.8 million (M$2.3 million). The virgin forests of Malaysia produce 16.3 million tons of bamboo, while the balance of 17.0 million tons is from logged-over forests.
Table 11. Estimated wet weight and value of bamboo resources in Malaysia, 1989
Bamboo Plantations
Planting of bamboo on a large-scale has been done only by Forest Departments and the Forest Research Institute of Malaysia. Although there are no plantations in Malaysia, bamboo is cultivated by rural folk along their rice fields and around their homes. As bamboo does not require much land, logged-over forests can be allocated.
Harvesting
Permits are required for the extraction of bamboo from the forest. The monthly fee is M$5 per person. Other sources of bamboo are land under FELDA, FELCRA rural development schemes, river banks, hill sides and ridge tops. Harvesting of bamboo is usually done during the dry season when the starch content is lower and borer attacks are fewer. Bamboo must be processed within three days after harvesting as it is prone to discoloration.
Production
Production figures for bamboo are not available and can only be estimated by examining the royalties collected for Peninsular Malaysia (Table 12). Rates vary according to condition and length. The average rate ranges from 2 to 6 cents per pole.
Royalties averaged US$ 29,002 (M$78,306) between 1981 and 1990. Royalties collected for bamboo contributed 5.3 to 11.6 percent of the total collected from non-wood forest products. Based on the average royalty rate of 4 cents per pole, the estimated annual production of bamboo is 2 million sticks or 25,000 tons. Thus the annual production value is US$ 64,815 (M$175,000).
Table 12. Royalties collected for bamboo, Peninsular Malaysia, 1981-1990
Industry
There are about 1,032 bamboo processing factories in Malaysia. At present, the industry mainly manufactures finished products such as satay sticks, toothpicks, chopsticks, bamboo splits, basketry, handicrafts, and furniture meant for the domestic market. Most of these mills are small and found in the west coast states of Peninsular Malaysia which offers bigger market potential, more developed infrastructure, communication services and other supporting services.
Of the 1,032 mills, 694 (67.3 percent) are engaged in handicraft making, 336 mills (32.5 percent) make disposable utensils such as skewers, chopsticks and toothpicks, and 2 mills (0.2 percent) make furniture.
The work force in the bamboo factories is comprised primarily of rural housewives and children who work during free time to supplement their family income. The labor force in the bamboo industry is 8,250 persons.
Trade
Exports of bamboo from Malaysia increased from 483.7 tons, valued at M$219,106 (US$ 81,150) in 1988 to 585.6 tons valued at M$476,480 (US$ 176,474) in 1990 (Table 13).
Table 13. Volume and value of bamboo exports from Malaysia, 1988-1990
Malaysia is blessed with an abundant and diverse flora, much of which is believed to possess medicinal value. Most of these potentially useful plant resources grow wild in the lowland and hill dipterocarp forests, which are under serious threat of being replaced by mono-specific tree crops (rubber and oil palm), intensive logging or conversion to non-forestry land uses such as hydroelectric dams and rural settlements.
Plant species from the families Euphorbiaceae, Leguminosae, Graminae, Verbenaceae, Solanaceae, Simaroubiaceae, Vitaceae, Malavaceae, Palmae and Rubiaceae are commonly used to treat various ailments and diseases. These include diarrhoea, skin problems, headache, fever, cough, wounds, hypertension, diabetes, and rheumatism. Certain products derived from medicinal plants are of economic value and have been traded for a long time. Some of these products and their uses are shown in Table 14.
Harvesting
Forest medicinal plants (roots, barks, stems, leaves, fruit and flowers) are usually collected by the aboriginal communities and sold to the traditional practitioners in fresh or dried form. The fresh or dried parts of the forest medicinal plants are boiled or pounded to extract their juices and mixed with other forest plants. The "processed" forest plants are either applied externally or taken orally.
Production
No production figures are available because no royalty is collected, but a license is required for extraction. Forest medicinal plants are primarily used by aboriginal communities, especially those who live deep in the jungle where medical help is not available.
Widespread use of forest medicinal plants may increase their economic value, but uncontrolled collection of these products can damage the ecosystem.
Rattan collection is a common source of income and employment for indigenous people of Indonesia. Malaysia, and the Philippines.
References
Chin, Y.M. 1990. Country study on the expansion of trade: in rattan and rubberwood furniture. In ESCAP Workshop, Bangkok, 30 April-3 May 1991.
Choo, K.T. and Daljeet K. Singh 1985. Rattan processing and utilization in Peninsular Malaysia. In Proceedings of the Rattan Seminar. Kuala Lumpur, 2-4 October 1984. pp. 155-162.
Dransfield, J. 1979. A manual of the rattan of the Malay Peninsula. Kuala Lumpur.
Latif, Abdul Mohmod, Ali Abdul Razak Mohd, and Hamdan Husain. 1990. Rattan processing industry in Peninsular Malaysia: its status, problems and prospects. Paper prepared for IUFRO XIXTH World Congress, Montreal, Canada, 5- 11 August 1990.
Latif, Abdul Mohmod, Razak Wahab and Roslan Ali. 1989. Current status of machine intensive bamboo processing industry in Peninsular Malaysia. Paper prepared for International Bamboo Symposium, Nanjing, China, 24 to 27 July 1989.
Latif, Abdul Mohmod and Shukri Mohamad 1989. The rattan industries in Peninsular Malaysia. RIC Occasional Paper No. 6.
Manokaran, N. 1990. The state of the rattan and bamboo trade. RIC Occasional paper No. 7.
Nor, Salleh Mohd. and K.M. Wong. 1985. The bamboo resource in Malaysia: strategies for development. Paper presented at the Bamboo Workshop, Guangzhou, China, 7-14 October 1985.
Ooi, S.H. 1991. The bamboo industry in Malaysia: potential for integrated development. Mida Report.
Wahab, Razak, Hamdan Husain and Abdul Mohmod Latif. 1989. Rattan and bamboo as a major industrial resource for rural people in Peninsular Malaysia, In Proceedings of the Meeting: Strategies and Methods for Orienting MPTS Research To Small-Scale Farm Use, Jakarta, 20 to 23 November 1989.
Wong, W.C. 1988. Non-wood forest products: prospects for development. In Workshop on Forest Sector Evaluation and Industrial Planning, South East Asian Countries. Serdang, Malaysia, 3 to 14 October 1988.
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Poh Lye Yong
Forest Economist
Forestry Department, Malaysia
Report from FAO Report, 26/06/2016
Introduction
In Malaysia, minor forest products are defined as all forest products other than logs because of their relatively small contribution to revenue generation. The term "minor forest product" has recently been replaced by a more appropriate term, "non-wood forest product," recognizing that these products are important for their market and non-market values. Non-wood forest products include rattan, bamboo, firewood, charcoal, damar, palm, wood-oil, gums, resins, medicinal plants and others. This paper will discuss only rattan and bamboo (two of the most important and valuable non-wood forest products) and medicinal plants.Royalties collected from non-wood forest products contribute substantially to the revenue of each state. On average (1981 to 1990), rattan contributed about 13.8 percent of the total royalties collected from non-wood forest products, while bamboo accounted for about 71 percent.
In addition, these two products are foreign exchange earners: earnings from rattan increased from US$ 3 million (M$8 million) in 1981 to US$ 26.5 million (M$71.5 million) in 1990. Foreign exchange earnings from bamboo increased from US$ 81,150 (M$219,106) in 1988 to US$ 176,474 (M$476,480) in 1990.
Besides generating revenue and being important foreign exchange earners, these two forest industries employ 24,370 individuals, mostly rural people, in 1,685 factories.
These factories primarily focus on handicraft production with little interest in venturing into manufacturing furniture or higher value bamboo products marketed locally or to neighboring countries. Nonetheless, these small industries play a significant role in raising the living standards of the rural people.
Other social benefits contributed by non-wood forest products include various kinds of environmental protection. The dense interlocking root system of bamboo, for example, prevents soil erosion and minimizes damage from floods.
Rattan
ResourcesOf the approximately 600 species of rattan in the world, 104 species, belonging to 8 genera, are found in the forests of Malaysia (Appendix 1). Only 21 of these species, however, are currently utilized and marketed (Dransfield, 1979). The most important rattans and their main uses are shown in Table 1.
In Peninsular Malaysia, rattan is sometimes found together with bamboo. In Sarawak, rattan is found both in swamp and hill forests.
Table 1. Major commercial rattan species in Malaysia
Species
|
Local name
|
Uses
|
| Calamus manan | Rotan manau | Furniture |
| C. caesius | Rotan sega | Binding and weaving basket ware |
| C. scipionum | Rotan semambu | Walking sticks, umbrella handles |
| C. ornatus | Rotan dok | Cheap furniture |
| Korthalsia spp. | Rotan dahan | Cheap furniture, broom handles |
Source: Department of Forestry, Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak and Sabah
Table 2. Rattan resources in virgin and logged-over forests of Malaysia, millions of clumps (3 meters per clump average)
Forest types
|
C. manan
|
C. caesium
|
C. scipionum
|
C. ornatus
|
Korthalsia spp.
|
Total
|
| Peninsular | ||||||
| Malaysia | ||||||
| Virgin forest |
129.3
|
18.0
|
38.4
|
74.6
|
69.9
|
330.0
|
| Logged-over forest |
124.4
|
48.8
|
59.4
|
41.2
|
93.7
|
367.5
|
| Sub total |
254.6
|
66.8
|
97.8
|
115.7
|
163.5
|
697.5
|
| Sarawak | ||||||
| Virgin forest |
270.8
|
37.6
|
80.4
|
156.2
|
146.4
|
691.4
|
| Logged-over forests |
138.1
|
54.2
|
66.0
|
45.7
|
104.0
|
408.0
|
| Sub total |
408.9
|
91.8
|
146.4
|
201.9
|
250.4
|
1,099.4
|
| Sabah | ||||||
| Virgin forest |
69.1
|
9.6
|
20.5
|
39.9
|
37.3
|
176.4
|
| Logged-over forest |
116.3
|
45.6
|
55.6
|
35.5
|
87.6
|
343.6
|
| Sub total |
185.4
|
55.2
|
76.1
|
78.4
|
124.9
|
520.0
|
| Malaysia-Total | ||||||
| Virgin forest |
468.1
|
65.2
|
139.3
|
270.6
|
253.6
|
1,197.8
|
| Logged-over forest |
378.8
|
148.6
|
181.0
|
125.4
|
285.3
|
1,119.1
|
| Total |
847.9
|
213.8
|
320.3
|
396.0
|
538.8
|
2,316.9
|
Source: Department of Forestry. Peninsular Malaysia. Sarawak and Sabah.
Table 3. Estimated rattan clumps (3m/clump) per hectare in virgin and logged-over forest in Malaysia
Forest types
|
C. manan
|
C. caesius
|
C. scipionum
|
C. orantus
|
Korthalisia spp.
|
| Virgin Forest |
55.7
|
7.7
|
16.5
|
32.1
|
30.1
|
| Logged-over Forests |
40.4
|
15.8
|
19.3
|
13.4
|
30.4
|
Source: Department of Forestry Peninsular Malaysia Sarawak and SabahThe Second National Forest Inventory of Malaysia (1981 to 1982) describes rattan resources. The total estimated stock of rattan is 2.3 billion clumps, (3m/clump), consisting of 847.9 million clumps (36.6 percent) of Calamus manan, 213.8 million clumps (9.2 percent) of C. caesius, 320.3 million clumps (13.8 percent) of C. scipionum, 396.0 million clumps (17.1 percent) of C. ornatus and 538.8 million clumps (23.3 percent) of Korthalsia spp. (Table 2).
C. manan and C. ornatus are mainly found in the virgin forests, while C. caesius, C. scipionum and Korthalsia spp. grow in logged-over forests (Table 3).
Most of Malaysia's rattan is found in Sarawak (47.5 percent), followed by Peninsular Malaysia (30.1 percent) and Sabah (22.4 percent). About 51.7 percent of the rattan clumps are in virgin forests.
The total value of rattan growing stock, based on the prevailing market price for each species is US$ 1.4 billion (M$3.7 billion). C. manan accounts for US$ 942.2 million (M$2.5 billion); C. casesius for US$ 35.6 million (M$96.2 million); C. scipionum for US$ 89.0 million (M$240.2 million); C. ornatus for US$ 190.7 million (M$514.8 million); and Korthalsai spp. for US$ 99.8 million (M$269.7 million) (Table 4).
The total estimated value of the rattan growing stock in Peninsular Malaysia is US$ 400.1 million (M$ 1.1 billion). Sarawak's growing stock is valued at US$ 653.9 (M$ 1.8 billion) and Sabah's at US$ 297.2 million (M$0.8 billion).
Rattan Plantations
In Malaysia, large-scale rattan plantations were started some 10 years ago, mainly in logged-over forests. Lately, they also have been planted in rubber smallholdings to supplement the incomes of the planters.
Between 1980 and 1990, 15,615.1 hectares of rattan plantations were established, with 5,031 hectares (32.2 percent) in Peninsular Malaysia, 224 hectares (1.4 percent) in Sarawak and 10,360 hectares (66.4 percent) in Sabah. Of this total, 14,031 hectares (89.9 percent) were planted in logged-over forests and the balance, 1,584 hectares (10.1 percent), in rubber smallholdings.
About 69.6 percent of the logged-over forests planted with rattan is in Sabah, followed by Peninsular Malaysia with 28.8 percent and Sarawak with 1.6 percent. Peninsular Malaysia has 62.1 percent of the rattan planted in rubber smallholdings, with the rest in Sabah. No rattan has been planted in rubber smallholdings in Sarawak (Table 5).
Under the Sixth Malaysia Plan (1991 to 1995), 26,100 hectares of rattan plantation are expected to be established in Peninsular Malaysia. Of this total, 15,500 hectares are to be planted by the Forest Department, 4,600 hectares by the Rubber Industry Smallholders Development Authority (RISDA), 2,000 hectares each by the Federal Land Development Authority (FELDA), the Federal Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Authority (FELCRA), and the private sector. About 22,100 hectares of the total area will be planted with C. manan and the balance with C. caesius.
Table 4. Value of rattan resources in Malaysia, 1989 (thousand M$)
Region
|
Calamus manan
|
Calamus caesius
|
Calamus scipionum
|
Calamus ornatus
|
Korthalsia spp.
|
Total
|
| P. Malaysia |
760,947
|
30,047
|
73,363
|
150,459
|
81,768
|
1,096,584
|
| Sarawak |
1,226,706
|
41,321
|
109,792
|
262,495
|
125,185
|
1,765,499
|
| Sabah |
556,194
|
24,857
|
57,071
|
101,860
|
62,464
|
802,446
|
| Malaysia |
2,543,847
|
96,225
|
240,226
|
514,814
|
269,417
|
3,664,529
|
Source: Department of Forestry, Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak and Sabah.
Note: 1 US$ = M$ 2.70 in 1990
Table 5. Areas planted with rattan in Malaysia, 1980-1990 (hectares)
Region
|
Logged-over forests
|
Rubber small holdings
|
Total
|
| P. Malaysia |
4,046.4
|
984.4
|
5,030.8
|
| Sarwak |
224.0
|
0
|
224.0
|
| Sabah |
9,760.3
|
600.0
|
10,360.3
|
| Total |
14,030.7
|
1,584.4
|
15,615.1
|
Source: Ministry of Primary IndustriesIn Sabah, the Sabah Forestry Development Authority (SAFODA) plans to plant 15,000 hectares of rattan in addition to the 7,000 hectares of C. insignis already planted in natural forests. Rattan planting triads have been initiated in Sarawak and commercial planting of rattan will commence over an area of 2,800 hectares during the Sixth Malaysia Plan period.
Harvesting
In Peninsular Malaysia, a license is required to harvest rattan from the forest. A monthly fee of M$5 per person is charged by the Forest Department. In Sarawak, a monthly fee of M$ 1 is charged for collection of rattan. No permit is required if rattan is collected for domestic Use. A permit and license is required in Sabah for the extraction of rattan. The monthly fee is M$5 per person.
Harvesting rattan in the forest consists of dragging the rattan out of the canopy, removing dead leaf sheaths and debris, discarding the upper 2 to 3 meters, and cutting the cane into lengths suitable for bundling and transporting to the processors. Removal of leaf sheaths and debris is Usually carried out by coiling the rattan stem around a small tree trunk and pulling it. Big stem rattan is usually cut into 3-meter lengths, while small stem rattan is usually cut into 9-meter lengths, bent into two and bound into bundles. The cutting is done as the rattan is pulled.
Cutting of rattan is done mostly by forest dwellers. Normally a group of 10 people stays for a week or two in the forest to gather rattan. About 2,000 rattan sticks are usually extracted during the dry season by each cutter.
Production and Revenues
Direct production data are not available because of variations in the units of measurement used in Peninsular Malaysia. However, production levels can be indirectly ascertained by reviewing the royalties collected by the Forestry Department, Peninsular Malaysia.
Fees vary according to state and species. On average, however, the rate for C. manan and C. caesius is M$0.20 per meter and M$0.10 per meter respectively.
Royalties collected from rattan in Peninsular Malaysia averaged US$ 57,131 (M$154,254) per year between 1981 and 1990 (Table 6). Rattan contributed between 9.2 and 23.2 percent of the total of all non-wood forest products royalties from 1981 to 1990.
Table 6. Royalties collected for rattan, Peninsular Malaysia, 1981-1990
Year
|
Rattan(M$)
|
Total Non-Wood Forest Products (M$)
|
Contribution of rattan to total Non-Wood Forest Products (percent)
|
1981
|
179,374
|
1,687,714
|
10.6
|
1982
|
131,562
|
841,713
|
15.6
|
1983
|
119,430
|
874,225
|
13.7
|
1984
|
117,604
|
1,041,395
|
11.3
|
1985
|
97,706
|
934,986
|
10.5
|
1986
|
94,333
|
893,307
|
10.6
|
1987
|
236,486
|
1,128,186
|
21.0
|
1988
|
162,051
|
1,339,604
|
12.1
|
1989
|
286,975
|
1,238,404
|
23.2
|
1990
|
117,013
|
1,279,306
|
9.2
|
Source: Department of Forestry, Peninsular Malaysia
Note: Total non-wood forest products column includes royalties from firewood, charcoal, rattan, bamboo, damar, palm and wood-oil
Although rattan is heavily exploited in Sarawak, there are no records of production levels. The reason is that royalties are not collected by the state for this forest product. In Sabah, royalties collected from rattan are lumped under miscellaneous forest revenue. The present rate is M$400 per ton, irrespective of species.
Production of rattan can also be ascertained from the estimated monthly production figures for the country. Monthly production of C. manan is about 2 million sticks (3-meter length per stick); for C. caesius, monthly production is 60 tons. Details of other rattan species are shown in Table 7.
Table 7. Estimated monthly production of rattan, Malaysia, 1987
Species
|
Quantity
|
| C. manan | 2 million sticks |
| C. scipionum | 1 million sticks |
| C. ornatus | 2 million sticks |
| Korthalsia spp. | 1.8-2 million sticks |
| C. caesius | 60 tons |
| C. insignis | 800 tons |
Source: Rattan Manufacturers Association of MalaysiaIndustry
At present, there are 653 rattan mills throughout the country manufacturing rattan furniture and rattan products such as walking sticks, rattan balls, baskets, toys and mats. Of this total, 46 percent are classified as cottage enterprises, 34 percent as small-scale enterprises, and the remainder as medium and large-scale enterprises (Razak, Hamdan and Latif, 1989).
About 15.5 percent (101 mills) are involved in rattan processing, 12.6 percent (82 mills) operate in both processing and manufacturing, and the remaining 71.9 percent (470 mills) are involved only in manufacturing. The industry employs 16,120 people. Cottage enterprises employ 4 to 5 workers each, small-scale factories employ 10 to 20 workers each, and medium-scale or large-scale firms employ 50 to 100 workers each, (Razak, Hamdan and Latif, 1989).
Trade
Malaysia exports rattan in two forms, whole rattan and split rattan. As such, the country has lost substantially in terms of potentially higher export earnings from value-added products.
In 1981, rattan exports accounted for 0.2 percent of the total export value of forest products. The level of contribution rose until it peaked in 1988 at 1.14 percent. This sharp increase in the export value of rattan in 1987 and 1988 is attributed to the high price of whole rattan and split rattan. The FOB price of whole rattan increased from M$1,915 per ton in 1987 to M$2,754 in 1988, while the FOB prices of split rattan rose from M$1,468 per ton to M$2,878 per ton. One reason for the increase in price was Indonesia's 1986 ban on the export of rattan not processed beyond fine polishing or converted into furniture parts.
Malaysia's export of whole rattan, split rattan and rattan furniture increased from US$ 3 million (M$8 million) in 1981 to US$ 26.5 million (M$71.5 million) in 1990. There was a surge in rattan exports in 1987, when the exports rose to US$ 18.9 million (M$51.1 million). This rise was caused by a 547 percent increase in the export of whole canes in 1987 as compared with 1986 and a 57.6 percent increase in the exports of rattan furniture during the same period. Since 1987, exports of whole and split rattan are decreasing, while exports of rattan furniture are rising.
In volume, Malaysia's exports of whole rattan and split rattan increased from 9,413 tons in 1981 to 26,185 tons in 1989, then decreased to 7,785 tons in 1990. The sudden drop was the result of the fall in the exports of whole rattan (Table 8).
To encourage the domestic processing of rattan, an export duty of M$1,350 per ton was imposed in October 1981. This was increased to M$2,700 per ton in August 1987. The export of raw rattan was banned in December 1989. The ban is meant to ensure a consistent supply of raw material at reasonable prices to meet the Industrial Master Plan export target of M$400 million worth of rattan furniture by 1995.
Whole canes are exported mainly to Singapore and Taiwan. Split rattan is exported mainly to Singapore, with lesser volumes exported to Taiwan, the Philippines, and the Netherlands. Major importers of rattan furniture are the United Kingdom, the United States, Denmark, Germany, Japan, Australia, Belgium, Sweden and Singapore.
Bamboo
ResourcesSeven genera, with 44 species, of bamboo are known in Malaysia (Appendix 2), but only 12 are commercially utilized. Table 9 lists the most common species.
In Malaysia, bamboo is common from sea level up to 1,000 meters. Bamboo occurs in significant quantities in disturbed areas such as logged-over forests, wasteland or in marginal localities fringing the forest, river banks and hill slopes. It grows in pure stands or with other tree species in the forest. It does not favor water-logged conditions and is seldom found in swampy areas. Bamboo is commonly cultivated in the rural areas for daily use by local communities and in urban areas as ornamental plants.
As with rattan, information on distribution in natural forests is lacking. Distribution can be estimated from data in the Second National Forest Inventory (1981 to 1982). The estimated number of bamboo sticks per hectare according to forest types and species is shown in Table 10.
Table 8. Volume of rattan exports from Malaysia, 1981-1990
Year
|
Whole cane (tons)
|
Percent of total
|
Split cane (tons)
|
Percent of total
|
Total (tons)
|
1981
|
8,980.00
|
95.4
|
432.86
|
4.6
|
9,412.72
|
1982
|
5.992.39
|
92.7
|
474.00
|
7.3
|
6,466.39
|
1983
|
4,140.28
|
84,7
|
749.77
|
15.3
|
4,890.05
|
1984
|
2,663.53
|
75.8
|
852.64
|
24.2
|
3,516.17
|
1985
|
2,996.69
|
79.8
|
757.59
|
20.2
|
3,754.28
|
1986
|
4,496.98
|
85.5
|
760.65
|
14.5
|
5,257.63
|
1987
|
20,472.91
|
97.4
|
548.52
|
2.6
|
21,021.43
|
1988
|
16,310.36
|
77.6
|
300.47
|
1.4
|
16,610.83
|
1989
|
25,516.19
|
97.4
|
668.51
|
2.6
|
26,184.70
|
1990
|
6,695.53
|
86,0
|
1,089.78
|
14.0
|
7,785.31
|
Source: Department of Statistics
Table 9. Commercially utilized bamboos in Malaysia
Species
|
Local names
|
Uses
|
| Bambusa blumeana | Buluh duri | toothpicks, furniture, musical instruments, shoots as food |
| B. heterostachya | Buluh galah | toothpicks, chopsticks, blinds |
| B. vulgaris | Buluh minyak | paper, furniture |
| Dendrocalamus asper | Buluh belong | fences, bridges, baskets, shoots as food |
| Gigantochloa scortechinii | Buluh semantan | satay sticks, toothpicks, blinds |
| Schizostachyum brachycladum | Buluh nipis | chopsticks, handicrafts |
Forest types
|
D. asper
|
Other species over 3 cm in diameter
|
Other species less than 3 cm in diameter
|
| Virgin forest |
42.9
|
53.55
|
80.5
|
| Logged-over forest |
61.4
|
2.40
|
45.0
|
Source: Department of Forestry, Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak and SahabThe estimated number of bamboo poles (at least 6 meters in length) in Malaysia is 2.7 billion sticks. This is comprised of 839.1 million sticks of Dendrocalamus asper, 843.1 million sticks of other species with diameters more than 3 centimeters, and 980.2 million sticks of other species with diameters less than 3 centimeters. D. asper and other species with diameters more than 3 centimeters are found in abundance in logged-over forests. Other species with diameters less than 3 centimeters are more commonly found in virgin forests.
About 31 percent of Malaysia's bamboo sticks are found in Peninsular Malaysia, 45 percent in Sarawak and 24 percent in Sabah.
In terms of weight, the estimated bamboo in Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak and Sabah is 10.3 million tons, 14.9 million tons and 8.1 million tons, respectively, for a total of 33.3 million tons (Table 11). The estimated market value is US$ 862.8 million (M$2.3 million). The virgin forests of Malaysia produce 16.3 million tons of bamboo, while the balance of 17.0 million tons is from logged-over forests.
Table 11. Estimated wet weight and value of bamboo resources in Malaysia, 1989
| Wet weight (1000 tons) | Value (1000 m$) | |
| P. Malaysia |
10,297
|
720,790
|
| Sarawak |
14,893
|
1,042,510
|
| Sabah |
8,091
|
566,370
|
| Malaysia-Total |
33,281
|
2,329,670
|
Source: Department of Forestry, Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak and Sabah
Note: 1 ton = 80 sticks of wet bamboo with lengths of 6 meters. The ex-mill price of wet bamboo in 1989 was M$70 per ton.
Bamboo Plantations
Planting of bamboo on a large-scale has been done only by Forest Departments and the Forest Research Institute of Malaysia. Although there are no plantations in Malaysia, bamboo is cultivated by rural folk along their rice fields and around their homes. As bamboo does not require much land, logged-over forests can be allocated.
Harvesting
Permits are required for the extraction of bamboo from the forest. The monthly fee is M$5 per person. Other sources of bamboo are land under FELDA, FELCRA rural development schemes, river banks, hill sides and ridge tops. Harvesting of bamboo is usually done during the dry season when the starch content is lower and borer attacks are fewer. Bamboo must be processed within three days after harvesting as it is prone to discoloration.
Production
Production figures for bamboo are not available and can only be estimated by examining the royalties collected for Peninsular Malaysia (Table 12). Rates vary according to condition and length. The average rate ranges from 2 to 6 cents per pole.
Royalties averaged US$ 29,002 (M$78,306) between 1981 and 1990. Royalties collected for bamboo contributed 5.3 to 11.6 percent of the total collected from non-wood forest products. Based on the average royalty rate of 4 cents per pole, the estimated annual production of bamboo is 2 million sticks or 25,000 tons. Thus the annual production value is US$ 64,815 (M$175,000).
Table 12. Royalties collected for bamboo, Peninsular Malaysia, 1981-1990
Year
|
Bamboo (M$)
|
Total non-wood forest products (M$)
|
Contribution of bamboo to total non-wood forest products (percent)
|
1981
|
101.232
|
1,687,714
|
6.0
|
1982
|
97,402
|
841,713
|
11,0
|
1983
|
75,909
|
874,225
|
8.7
|
1984
|
76,112
|
1,041,395
|
7.3
|
1985
|
68,128
|
934,986
|
7.3
|
1986
|
59,067
|
893,307
|
6.6
|
1987
|
65,591
|
1,128,186
|
5.8
|
1988
|
70,902
|
1,339,604
|
5.3
|
1989
|
89,358
|
1,238,404
|
7.2
|
1990
|
79,359
|
1,279,306
|
6.2
|
Source: Department of Forestry, Peninsular Malaysia.
Note: total non-wood forest products column includes royalties front firewood, charcoal, rattan, bamboo, damar, palm and wood-oil
Industry
There are about 1,032 bamboo processing factories in Malaysia. At present, the industry mainly manufactures finished products such as satay sticks, toothpicks, chopsticks, bamboo splits, basketry, handicrafts, and furniture meant for the domestic market. Most of these mills are small and found in the west coast states of Peninsular Malaysia which offers bigger market potential, more developed infrastructure, communication services and other supporting services.
Of the 1,032 mills, 694 (67.3 percent) are engaged in handicraft making, 336 mills (32.5 percent) make disposable utensils such as skewers, chopsticks and toothpicks, and 2 mills (0.2 percent) make furniture.
The work force in the bamboo factories is comprised primarily of rural housewives and children who work during free time to supplement their family income. The labor force in the bamboo industry is 8,250 persons.
Trade
Exports of bamboo from Malaysia increased from 483.7 tons, valued at M$219,106 (US$ 81,150) in 1988 to 585.6 tons valued at M$476,480 (US$ 176,474) in 1990 (Table 13).
Table 13. Volume and value of bamboo exports from Malaysia, 1988-1990
Year
|
Volume (tons)
|
Value (MS)
|
1988
|
483.70
|
219,106
|
1989
|
453.27
|
296,553
|
1990
|
585.56
|
476,480
|
Source: Department of StatisticsIn 1988, the main importers of bamboo were Singapore (importing 47.1 percent of the total export volume) and South Korea (with 25.9 percent). The main markets for Malaysia's bamboo in 1990 were Singapore (30.2 percent), United Arab Emirates (27.6 percent) and Taiwan (25.7 percent).
Medicinal plants
ResourcesMalaysia is blessed with an abundant and diverse flora, much of which is believed to possess medicinal value. Most of these potentially useful plant resources grow wild in the lowland and hill dipterocarp forests, which are under serious threat of being replaced by mono-specific tree crops (rubber and oil palm), intensive logging or conversion to non-forestry land uses such as hydroelectric dams and rural settlements.
Plant species from the families Euphorbiaceae, Leguminosae, Graminae, Verbenaceae, Solanaceae, Simaroubiaceae, Vitaceae, Malavaceae, Palmae and Rubiaceae are commonly used to treat various ailments and diseases. These include diarrhoea, skin problems, headache, fever, cough, wounds, hypertension, diabetes, and rheumatism. Certain products derived from medicinal plants are of economic value and have been traded for a long time. Some of these products and their uses are shown in Table 14.
Harvesting
Forest medicinal plants (roots, barks, stems, leaves, fruit and flowers) are usually collected by the aboriginal communities and sold to the traditional practitioners in fresh or dried form. The fresh or dried parts of the forest medicinal plants are boiled or pounded to extract their juices and mixed with other forest plants. The "processed" forest plants are either applied externally or taken orally.
Production
No production figures are available because no royalty is collected, but a license is required for extraction. Forest medicinal plants are primarily used by aboriginal communities, especially those who live deep in the jungle where medical help is not available.
Widespread use of forest medicinal plants may increase their economic value, but uncontrolled collection of these products can damage the ecosystem.
Promotion of non-wood forest products
Following are ways to promote non-wood forest products in Malaysia:1. Financial assistance in the form of interest-free loans of US$ 800 to 20,000 or loans with interest below market rates by government-supported institutions such as the Agricultural Bank (BP), the Trustee Council for Indigenous People (MARA) and the Development Bank of Malaysia Limited (BPMB) to assist people in growing, harvesting, processing and trading NWFPs.2. Technical assistance extended by providing machinery, help in production and basic design, and training through seminars, workshops, and training courses in management and production.Table 14. Selected medicinal plants in Malaysia
3. Research and development to establish the characteristics of processing, find new uses for non-wood forest products, and identify under-utilized species.
4. Investment incentives for the establishment of plantations and down-stream processing, especially for rattan and bamboo. Some possible investment incentives include granting investment tax allowances, double deductions on freight charges, and exemption from import duties and surtaxes for raw materials and components used in manufacturing.
5. Intercropping non-wood forest products in rubber estates to complement the extraction of raw materials.
6. Dissemination of information on export markets for Malaysian non-wood forest products, organization of trade fairs and exhibitions and creation of market opportunities for entrepreneurs.
7. Education on how to produce rattan and bamboo handicrafts incorporated into the curricula in industrial arts courses in high schools.
8. Banning exports, or increasing export duties encourage downstream processing and save foreign exchange.
Species
|
Local name
|
Uses
|
| Eurycoma longifolia | Tongkat ali | aphrodisiac, fever |
| Areca catechu | Pinang | tapeworms, round worms |
| Oldenlandia diffusa | Siku-siku | dysentery urethritis, snakebites, abdominal pain |
| Myristica fragrans | Buah pala | diarrhoea, vomiting, indigestion, abdominal pain |
| Piper nigrum, | Black pepper/White pepper | Malaria, scorpion bites |
| Melastoma decemfidum | Sesenduduk putih | Intestinal measles, poison |
References
Chin, Y.M. 1990. Country study on the expansion of trade: in rattan and rubberwood furniture. In ESCAP Workshop, Bangkok, 30 April-3 May 1991.
Choo, K.T. and Daljeet K. Singh 1985. Rattan processing and utilization in Peninsular Malaysia. In Proceedings of the Rattan Seminar. Kuala Lumpur, 2-4 October 1984. pp. 155-162.
Dransfield, J. 1979. A manual of the rattan of the Malay Peninsula. Kuala Lumpur.
Latif, Abdul Mohmod, Ali Abdul Razak Mohd, and Hamdan Husain. 1990. Rattan processing industry in Peninsular Malaysia: its status, problems and prospects. Paper prepared for IUFRO XIXTH World Congress, Montreal, Canada, 5- 11 August 1990.
Latif, Abdul Mohmod, Razak Wahab and Roslan Ali. 1989. Current status of machine intensive bamboo processing industry in Peninsular Malaysia. Paper prepared for International Bamboo Symposium, Nanjing, China, 24 to 27 July 1989.
Latif, Abdul Mohmod and Shukri Mohamad 1989. The rattan industries in Peninsular Malaysia. RIC Occasional Paper No. 6.
Manokaran, N. 1990. The state of the rattan and bamboo trade. RIC Occasional paper No. 7.
Nor, Salleh Mohd. and K.M. Wong. 1985. The bamboo resource in Malaysia: strategies for development. Paper presented at the Bamboo Workshop, Guangzhou, China, 7-14 October 1985.
Ooi, S.H. 1991. The bamboo industry in Malaysia: potential for integrated development. Mida Report.
Wahab, Razak, Hamdan Husain and Abdul Mohmod Latif. 1989. Rattan and bamboo as a major industrial resource for rural people in Peninsular Malaysia, In Proceedings of the Meeting: Strategies and Methods for Orienting MPTS Research To Small-Scale Farm Use, Jakarta, 20 to 23 November 1989.
Wong, W.C. 1988. Non-wood forest products: prospects for development. In Workshop on Forest Sector Evaluation and Industrial Planning, South East Asian Countries. Serdang, Malaysia, 3 to 14 October 1988.
Appendix 1
RATTAN FOUND IN MALAYSIA
| ||
Botanical Names
|
Local Names
| |
I
| Korthalsia | |
| 1. K. rigida | Rotan dahan | |
| 2. K. grandis | Rotan dahan | |
| 3. K. flagellaris | Rotan dahan | |
| 4. K. tenuissima | Rotan dahan tikus | |
| 5. K. lanceolata |
-
| |
| 6. K. scaphigera | Rotan semut/udang | |
| 7. K. echinometra | Rotan dahan/semut | |
| 8. K. scortechinii | Rotan semut | |
| 9. K. hispida | Rotan semut | |
Im
| Plectocomia | |
| 10. P. griggithii | Rotan mantang | |
| 11. P. muelleri | Rotan mantang paya | |
| 12. P. sp. | Rotan mantang ilang | |
III
| Plectocomiopsis | |
| 13. P. geminiflorus | Rotan gilang | |
| 14. P. wrayi | Rotan pepe | |
| 15. P. Corneri | Rotan rilang gajah | |
IV
| Myrialepis | |
| 16. M. scortechinii | Rotan kertong | |
V
| Calospatha | |
| 17. C. scortechinii | Rotan demuk | |
VI
| Daemonorops | |
| 18. D. angustifolia | Rotan getah * | |
| 19. D. grandis | Rotan sendang | |
| 20. D. melanochaetes | Rotan getah * | |
| 21. D. sepal | Rotan getah gunung | |
| 22. D. calicarpa | Lumpit | |
| 23. D. lewisiana | Lumpit kecil | |
| 24. D. monticola | Rotan getah lumpit | |
| 25. D. ursina | Rotan jernang | |
| 26. D. didymophylla | Rotan jernang | |
| 27. D. propinqua |
-
| |
| 28. D. brachystachys | Rotan jernang | |
| 29. D. micracantha | Rotan jernang | |
| 30. D. leptopus | Rotan bacap | |
| 31. D. hystrix | Rotan tai landak * | |
| 32. D. kunstleri | Rotan bulu landak | |
| 33. D. geniculata | Rotan jahaca | |
| 34. D. Sabut | Rotan cincin * | |
| 35. D. macrophylla | Rotan cincin * | |
| 36. D. oligophylla |
-
| |
| 37. D. verticillaris | Rotan sabong | |
| 38. D. lasiospatha |
-
| |
| 39. D. periacantha |
-
| |
| 40. D. longipes |
-
| |
VII
| Calamus | |
| 41. C. castaneus | Cucor | |
| 42. C. erinaceus | Rotan bakau * | |
| 43. C. polystachys | Rotan sabong | |
| 44. C. caesius | Rotan sega * | |
| 45. C. axillaris | Rotan sega air * | |
| 46. C. laevigatus | Rotan tunggal * | |
| 47. C. simplex |
-
| |
| 48. C. palustris |
-
| |
| 49. C. manan | Rotan manau * | |
| 50. C. tumidus | Rotan manau tikus * | |
| 51. C. oxleyanus | Rotan minyak | |
| 52. C. viridispinus | Rotan kerai gunung * | |
| 53. C. ulur |
-
| |
| 54. C. endauensis |
-
| |
| 55. C. longisetus |
-
| |
| 56. C. arborescens |
-
| |
| 57. C. multirameus |
-
| |
| 58. C. paspalanthus | Rotan sirikis | |
| 59. C. sedens | Rotan duduk | |
| 60. C. perakensis | Rotan duduk | |
| 61. C. laxissimus |
-
| |
| 62. C. whitmorei |
-
| |
| 63. C. minutus |
-
| |
| 64. C. cockburnii |
-
| |
| 65. C. exilis | Rotan paku | |
| 66. C. padangensis |
-
| |
| 67. C. spectatissimus | Rotan semut | |
| 68. C. longispathus | Rotan kunyung | |
| 69. C. peregrinus |
-
| |
| 70. C. conirostris | Rotan kerai | |
| 71. C. pycnocarpus | Rotan kong | |
| 72. C. lobbianus | Cucor kelabu | |
| 73. C. tomentosus | Rotan tukas | |
| 74. C. blumei | Rotan tukas | |
| 75. C. flabellatus |
-
| |
| 76. C. flabelloides |
-
| |
| 77. C. javensis | Rotan lilin * | |
| 78. C. pandanosmus | Rotan pandan wangi * | |
| 79. C. ornatus | Rotan dok * | |
| 80. C. scipionum | Rotan semambu * | |
| 81. C. speciosissimus | Rotan sega badak | |
| 82. C. filipendulus | Rotan batu | |
| 83. C. insignia | Rotan batu * | |
| 84. C. penicillatus | Rotan batu | |
| 85. C. senalingenis |
-
| |
| 86. C. rugosus | Rotan perut ayam | |
| 87. C. corneri | Rotan perut ayam | |
| 88. C. tankadatei | Rotan tekok | |
| 89. C. holttumii | Rotan perut ayam | |
| 90. C. scabridulus | Rotan kerai | |
| 91. C. radulosus |
-
| |
| 92. C. concinnus |
-
| |
| 93. C. siamensis |
-
| |
| 94. C. viminalis |
-
| |
| 95. C. moorhousei |
-
| |
| 96. C. balingenis | Rotan tanah | |
| 97. C. satulosus | Rotan kerai | |
| 98. C. luridus | Rotan kerai * | |
| 99. C. burkillianus | Rotan kerai laut * | |
| 100. C. densiflorus | Rotan kerai * | |
| 101. C. ridleyamus | Rotan kerai * | |
| 102. C. diepenhorstii | Rotan kerai * | |
VIII
| Ceratolobus | |
| 103. C. subangulatus | Rotan tapait | |
| 104. C. kingianus | Rotan jere landak | |
Note: * commercially utilized species
Appendix 2
BAMBOOS FOUND IN MALAYSIA
| ||
Botanical Names
|
Local Names
| |
I.
| Bambusa | |
| 1. B. blumeana | Buluh duri | |
| 2. B. arundinacea |
-
| |
| 3. B. burmanica | Buluh aloh bukit | |
| 4. B. vulgaris | Buluh minyak | |
| 5. B. heterostachya | Buluh galah | |
| 6. B. glaucescens | Buluh pager | |
| 7. B. ventricosa |
-
| |
| 8. B. ridleyi | Buluh akar | |
| 9. B. wrayi | Buluh sumpitan | |
| 10. B. magica | Buluh perindu | |
| 11. B. montana |
-
| |
| 12. B. pauciflora | Buluh padi | |
| 13. B. klossii |
-
| |
| 14. B. texilis |
-
| |
II
| Dendrocalamus | |
| 15. D. pendulus | Buluh akar | |
| 16. D. hirtellus | Buluh kapur | |
| 17. D. elegans |
-
| |
| 18. D. dumosus |
-
| |
| 19. D. sinuatus | Buluh akar | |
| 20. D. strictus |
-
| |
| 21. D. asper | Buluh betong/beting | |
| 22. D. giganteus | Buluh beton | |
III.
| Dinochica | |
| 23. D. scandens | Buluh akar | |
IV.
| Gigantochloa | |
| 24. G. apus |
-
| |
| 25. G. maxima |
-
| |
| 26. G. rostrata |
-
| |
| 27. G. holttumiana |
-
| |
| 28. G. hasskarliana |
-
| |
| 29. G. levis | Buluh bisa/beting | |
| 30. G. scortechninii | Buluh semantan/rayah | |
| 31. G. wrayi | Buluh beti/raga | |
| 32. G. ridleyi |
-
| |
| 33. G. ligulata | Buluh tumpat/tikus | |
| 34. G. latifolia | Buluh pahit | |
V.
| Racemobambos | |
| 35. R. setifera |
-
| |
VI.
| Schizostachyum | |
| 36. S. grande | Buluh semeliang/semeyeh | |
| 37. S. gracile | Buluh repen/akar | |
| 38. S. aciculare | Buluh padi/akar | |
| 39. S. jaculans | Buluh sumpitan/tikus | |
| 40. S. zollingeri | Buluh nipis/aur | |
| 41. S. brachyladum | Buluh lemang/nipis/padi | |
| 42. S. latifolium |
-
| |
| 43. S. terminale |
-
| |
VII.
| Thyrsostachys | |
| 44. T. Siamensis |
-
| |
Note: * denotes commercially utilized species
For further details log on website :
http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5334e/x5334e06.htm#TopOfPage
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