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Friday 29 July 2016

Pest Control in Malaysia's Perennial Crops: A Half Century Perspective Tracking the Pathway to Integrated Pest Management

Published Date

, 7:173
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Title 

Pest Control in Malaysia's Perennial Crops: A Half Century Perspective Tracking the Pathway to Integrated Pest Management

  • Author 
  • Brian J. Wood

Abstract 

Leaf eating insect outbreaks of unprecedented severity occurred on oil palms and cocoa in what became Malaysia, from the late 1950s to early 1960s. Growers faced two crucial questions, what to do about the attacks, and what caused them. The tropical climate generally continues suitable for phytophagous insects to realise their large increase capacity, a factor emphasised in the stable agroecosystem of perennial tree crops. Parasitic and predatory natural enemy insects are equally favoured and maintain control. It became increasingly evident that the prime cause of outbreak was disruption of this balance by the introduction of broad spectrum, long residual contact insecticides (bslrcs), with various contributory factors. Patchy pesticide residues would continue to eliminate inherently exploratory parasitic and predatory insects, something worsened by uneven initial application. In these conditions, there is a complete overlap of generations of both pests and enemies, with no evolution of synchronised or otherwise coordinated life cycles (‘continuous generation mode’– CGM). In outbreaks the pests tend to be at a similar lifecycle stage (‘discrete generation mode’– DGM), so that at times a high proportion of an enemy population that may be building up cannot find a suitable host stage. Simply stopping application was often enough to end the vicious circle of treatment and reoutbreak, but also, commonly, there was heavy damage in the meantime. Selective application was developed, involving inherent pesticide characteristics or method of use opposite in at least one aspect to bslrc (i.e. narrow spectrum, short residue life, or non-contact). Large areas were treated, e.g., from the air. Infestations mostly disappeared with only one or a few applications. In that era of the 1960s, chemical application compatible with biological control was known as ‘integrated control’. The bslrcs had been introduced to control other regularly occurring pests (‘key’ pests), limited localised build up of the target pests e.g., from climatic fluctuations (‘occasional’ pest), or as a ‘precaution’. Some species only appeared after disruption started (‘potential’ pest). Development of selective chemical control continued to be for key and occasional pests, aiming at effective kill once decided upon. Census monitoring ensured application only when justified economically, with timing to the most vulnerable stage in the pest lifecycle. Among non-chemical approaches, cultural methods include provision of suitable flora in the ground vegetation for food sources for adult parasitic insects. Reasonably dense ground vegetation cover is grown to suppress rhinoceros beetle damage in oil palm replantings. Other possibilities include dissemination of insect diseases, traps and attractants, and resistant plant types. This fitted ‘pest management’ which by the mid-1970s came to encompass selective chemical use, as ‘integrated pest management (IPM)’. There were similar developments in other parts of the world, and in other perennial tree crops, extended also to short term crops (e.g., rice and vegetables). IPM is not an esoteric methodology awaiting ‘complete knowledge’. It can be applied on the basis of principle and existing knowledge for the most reliable economic control, targetted to encompass any aspect, such as toxicology and environmental effects.
integrated pest management cocoa Malaysia biological control oil palm selective insecticides

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  83. Wood, B.J. (1969) Studies on the effect of ground vegetation on infestations of Oryctes rhinoceros (L) (Col., Dynastidae) in young oil palm replantings in Malaysia. Bull. Entomol. Res., 59, 85–96 with plates III–IV.CrossRef
  84. Wood, B.J. (1971a) Development of integrated control programmes for pests of tropical perennial crops in Malaysia (Chapter 19, pp. 422–57). In C.B. Huffaker (ed). Biological control, part i–xix, pp. 1–511. New York, Plenum Press.
  85. Wood, B.J. (1971b) The importance of ecological studies to pest control in Malaysian plantations (pp. 187–96) In R.L. Wastie and B.J. Wood (eds) Proceedings Conference – Crop protection in Malaysia, part i–viii, pp. 1–261. Kuala Lumpur: Incorporated Society of Planters.
  86. Wood, B.J. (1973). Integrated control: Critical assessment of case histories in developing economies (pp. 196–220). In P.W. Geier, L.R. Clark, D.J. Anderson and H.A. Nix (eds) Insects: Studies in Population Management, (part i–viii, pp. 1–295.) Memoirs 1, Canberra: Ecological Society of Australia.
  87. Wood, B.J. (1974) Pests of oil palm, rubber & cocoa in North Sumatra. Review of estate situations, recommendations and research requirements. Project – Strengthening research on rubber and oil palm in North Sumatra, Working paper No 31, (part i–v, pp. 1–131.). Rome (mimeo): UNDP/FAO.
  88. Wood. B.J. (1976a) Pests – introduction and ecological considerations. (Chapter 24, pp. 333–346). In R.H.V. Corley, J.J. Hardon and B.J. Wood (eds) Oil Palm Research, (part i–xx, pp. 1–532.) Amsterdam: Elsevier.
  89. Wood, B.J. (1976b) Insect pests in South East Asia. Chapter 25, pp. 347–367 In R. H. V. Corley, J.J. Hardon and B.J. Wood (eds) part i–xx, pp. 1–532. Oil Palm Research, Amsterdam: Elsevier.
  90. Wood, B.J. (1976c) Pests of oil palm, rubber & cocoa in North Sumatra. Review of estate situations, recommendations and research requirements. Project – Strengthening research on rubber and oil palm in North Sumatra, Working paper 45 – second and final report of the consultant in entomology, (part i–iv, pp. 1–43 with list of appendices.) Rome (mimeo): UNDP/FAO
  91. Wood, B.J. (1977) The economics of crop protection in oil palms. PANS 23, 253–67.
  92. Wood, B.J. (1979) Progress in the development of integrated pest control programmes in Malaysian agriculture (pp. 176– 216). In T.K. Lim, G.S. Lim, G.I. Abdul, G. Varghese, G. Singh and C.H. Teoh (eds) Strategies in Plant Protection, Proceedings Plant Protection Seminar, 1979, part i–xxiii, 1–284. Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Plant Protection Society.
  93. Wood, B.J. (1985) Implementation of integrated pest management in plantation crops (pp. 295–309). In B.S. Lee, W.H. Loke and K.L. Heong (eds) Proceedings seminar on integrated pest management in Malaysia, 1984, Malaysian Plant Protection Society, Kuala Lumpur, pp. 1–335.
  94. Wood, B.J. (1987a) Economic aspects and chemical control (Chapter 17, pp. 223–35). In M.J.W. Cock, H.C.J. Godfray and J.D. Holloway (ed.) Slug and Nettle Caterpillars – the Biology, Taxonomy and Control of the Limacodidae of economic importance on palms in south-east Asia, Wallingford: (part i–x, pp. 1–270.) CAB International.
  95. Wood, B.J. (1987b) Oil palm pest control. Thailand oil palm research and development project THA/84/007, part i–vi, pp.1–83. Bangkok, UNDP/FAO.
  96. Wood, B.J. (1988) Overview of IPM infrastructure and implementation in estate crops in Malaysia (pp. 31–41). In P.S. Teng and K.L. Heong (ed) Pesticide management and integrated pest management in South East Asia, part i–x, pp. 1–473. Maryland: Consortium for International Crop Protection.
  97. Wood, B.J. (1997a) The lessons from indiscriminate spraying. Trop. Agric. Assoc. Newslett. 17(2) 10–2.
  98. Wood, B.J. (1997b) An introduction to integrated pest management. Trop. Agric. Assoc. Newslett., 17(2), 6–7.
  99. Wood, B.J. and Chung, G.F. (1989) Integrated management of insect pests in cocoa in Malaysia. Planter 65(762), 389–418.
  100. Wood, B.J. Chung, G.F. Sim, S.C. and Chee, C.F. (1992) Trials on control of the cocoa pod borer Conopomorpha cramerella (Snellen) in Sabah by regular complete harvesting. Trop. Pest Manag. 38(3), 271–8.CrossRef
  101. Wood, B.J. and Corley, R.H.V. (1993) The energy balance of oil palm cultivation (pp. 130–43). In Y. Basiron, J. Sukaimi, K.C. Chang, S.C. Cheah, I.E. Henson, K. Norman, K. Paranjothy, N. Rajanaidu, Hj. Tayeb Dolmat and A. Darus (eds) Proceedings of the 1991 PORIM International Palm Oil Conference – Progress, Prospects & Challenges towards the 21st Century, Module I, Agriculture part i–xii, pp 1–579. Kuala Lumpur: Palm Oil Research Institute of Malaysia.
  102. Wood, B.J. Corley R.H.V. and Goh, K.H. (1973) Studies on the effect of pest damage on oil palm yield (pp. 360–79). In R.L. Wastie and D.A. Earp (eds) Advances in Oil Palm Cultivation. (part i–x, pp. 1–469) Kuala Lumpur: Incorporated Society of Planters.
  103. Wood, B.J. Hutauruk, C. and Liau S.S. (1977) Studies on the chemical and integrated control of nettle caterpillars. (pp. 591–616). In D.A. Earp and W. Newall (ed) International developments in oil palm, part i–xv,1–804. Kuala Lumpur: Incorporated Society of Planters.
  104. Wood, B.J. Liau, S.S. and Knecht, J.C.X. (1974) Trunk injection of systemic insecticides against the bagworm Metisa plana (Lepidoptera, Psychidae) on oil palm. Oléagineux 29, 499–505.
  105. Wood, B.J. and Nesbit, D.P. (1969) Caterpillar outbreaks on oil palms in Eastern Sabah. Planter 45(518), 285–299.
  106. Wood, B.J. Piggott, C.J. Sew, P. and Nesbit, D.P., (1973) Aerial application in oil palms (pp. 167–83) In R.L. Wastie and D.A. Earp (eds) Advances in Oil Palm Cultivation, (part i–x, pp 1–469). Kuala Lumpur: Incorporated Society of Planters.

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