Blog List

Tuesday 15 November 2016

Transformation of Actinidia Species (Kiwifruit)

Published Date
Volume 66 of the series Forestry Sciences pp 191-225

Author 

  • Eddo Rugini
  • Massimo Muganu
  • Patricia Gutiérrez Pesce

Abstract

The name genus Actinidia,which is derived from Greek “aktis”= iradiation for its radiate stigma, was attributed by Nathaniel Wallich, a Dane, to plants found in Nepal. Now the common name Kiwi or Kiwifruit accepted world wide, was first given in New Zealand for the resemblance of the fruit to the homonymous bird, symbol of the country. Other names were attributed in other kiwi growing countries: ‘Chinese gooseberries’ in U.S.A., ‘Groseille de China’ in France, ‘Mao-yantao’ or ‘Mao-ertao’ and ‘Yang-tao’ or ‘Yang-taw’, with bristly hair and soft hair, respectively, in China, ‘Actinidia’ the plant and ‘Kiwi’ the fruit, in Italy. This chapter will describe briefly the history of kiwi, the problems of species and cultivars, problems related to conventional breeding, and will focus on procedures for kiwi transformation and the choice of suitable genes with emphasis on the main problems faced until now.

References

  1. Atkinson, R.G. and Gardner, R.C. (1993) A polygalacturonase gene from kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) Plant Phys103, 669–670.CrossRef
  2. Atkinson, R.G., Candy, C.J., and Gardner, R.C. (1990) Agrobacterium infection of five New Zealand fruit crops. New Zealand of Crop & Hort. Sci 18, 153–156.CrossRef
  3. Auxtova, O., Samaj, J., Cholvadova, B., and Khanolova, E. (1994) Isoperoxidase and isopolyphenoloxidase spectra in male and female tissues of Actinidia deliciosa in vitro. Biol. Plant. 94, 535–541.CrossRef
  4. Balestra, G.M. and Varvaro, L. (1996) Epiphytic survival and control of Pseudomonas viridiflava on Actinidia deliciosa. Acta Hort (in press).
  5. Baraldi, R., Cristoferi, G., Facini, O., and Lercari B. (1992) The effect of light quality in Prunus cerasus. I. Photoreceptors involved in internode elongation and leaf expansion in juvenile plants. Photochemestry and Photobiology 56, 541–544.CrossRef
  6. Biasi, R., Franceschetti, M., Falasca, G., Altamura, M.M., and Bagni, N. (1999) Polyamines as markers in sexual reproduction of kiwifruit, in: Clement, C., Pacini, E., and Andran, J.C. (eds) Anther and Pollen: BiologyBiotechnology. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp 31–44.
  7. Bini, G. (1979) In: Tecniche di colture in vitro per la propagazione su vasta scalla delle specie ortoflorofrutticole. Pistoia 6 ottobre: 211–218.
  8. Bisiach, M., Minervini, G., and Vercesi, A. (1984) Biological and epidemiological aspects of the kiwifruit (Actinidia chinesis Planchon) rot, caused by Botrytis cinerea Pers. Riv Pathol Veg 20, 38–55.
  9. Blank, R.H., Olson, M.H., and Bells, D,S, (1987) Invasion of greedy scale crawlers (Hemiberlesia rapax) onto kiwifruit from taraire trees. NZEntomol 10, 127–130.
  10. Blanket, P. (1992) L’amelioration génétiche du kiwi et des Actinidias au lycée agricole de Montauban. Arboricult Fruit 456, 46–51.
  11. Broglie, K., Chet, I., Holliday, M., Cressman, R., Biddle, P., Knowlton, S., Mauvais, C.J. and Broglie, R. (1991) Transgenic plants with enhanced resistance to the fungal pathogen Rhizoctonia solani. Science 254, 1194–1197.
  12. Brossard-Chriqui, D. and Tripathi, B.K. (1984) Comparaison des aptitudes morphogénétiques des étamines fertiles ou stériles d’Actinidia chinensis cultivées in vitro. Can JBot 62, 1940–1946.
  13. Buscaroli, C. and Bulzacca, G. (1994) Ereditarietà del dioicismo e del criptoermafroditismo in Actinidia deliciosa. Atti 11 Giornate scientifiche SOI, San Benedetto del Tronto, 22–24 giugno, 165–166.
  14. Cai, Q-G., Qian, Q-Y., Ke, S-Q., He, Z-C. (1993) Regeneration of plants from protoplasts of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa), in: Bajaj, Y.P.S. (ed) Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry23. Plant protoplast and genetic engeneering IV. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York pp 3–17.
  15. Canhoto, J.M. and Cruz, G.S. (1987) In vitro multiplication of Actinidia chinensis Planch. by culture of young leaves. Bol Soc Brot Ser 2, 60, 239–252.
  16. Carmona, J.J., Molina, A., Fernandez, J.A., Lopez-Fando, J.J., and Garcia-Olmedo, F. (1993) Expression of the a-thionin gene from barley in tobacco confers enhanced resistance to bacterial pathogens. Plant J3, 457–462.PubMedCrossRef
  17. Chalak, L. and Legave, J.M. (1996) Oryzalin combined with adventitious regeneration for an efficient chromosome doubling of trihaploid kiwifruit. Plant Cell Rep16, 97–100.CrossRef
  18. Chat, J. and Dumoulin, P.Y. (1997) Flow cytometry and RAPD markers applied to parentage analysis within Actinidia genus. Acta Hort 444, 109–111.
  19. Chilton, M.D., Tepfer, D.A., Petit, A., Casse-Delbart, F., and Tempe, J. (1982) Agrobacterium rhizogenes inserts T-DNA into the genomes of the host plant root cells. Nature 295, 432–434.
  20. Cipriani, G., Testolin, R., and Gardner, R.C. (1998) Restriction-site variation of PCR-amplified chloroplast DNA regions and its implication for the evolution and taxonomy of Actinidia. Theor. Appl. Genet96, 389–396.CrossRef
  21. Cipriani, G., Di Bella, R., and Testolin, R. (1997) Typing kiwifruit cultivars by means of RAPD markers. Acta Hort444, 103–108.
  22. Cipriani, G., Di Bella, R., and Testolin, R. (1996) Screening RAPD primers for molecular taxonomy and cultivar fingerprinting in the genus Actinidia. Euphytica 90, 169–174.CrossRef
  23. Cipriani, G. and Morgante, M. (1993) Evidence of chloroplast DNA variation in the genus Actinidia revealed by restriction analysis of PCR-amplified fragments. J. Genet Breed 47, 319–326.
  24. Cipriani, G. (1994) Uso di RFLPs di DNA nucleare e cloroplastico per studi filogenetici nel genere Actinidia (Nuclear and chloroplast DNA RFLPs as tools for phylogenetic studies in the genus Actinidia) PhD Thesis. University of Udine. Italy 92 pp.
  25. Coque, M. and Fueyo, M.A. (1987) Recomendaciones pare el cultivo de la Actinidia en el norte de Espana. Sery Extension Agr Gov Madrid.
  26. Cossio, F. and Marino, G. (1983) Indagini preliminari sull’isolamento e la coltura dei protoplasti di Actinidia chinensis. Riv Ortoflorofrutt It 67, 455–464.
  27. Costa, G., Virrotto, G., and Lain, O. (1997) Fruiting performance of kiwifruit cv. Hayward affected by the use of cyanamide. Acta Hort444, 473–478.
  28. Crowhurst, R.N. and Gardner, R.C. (1991) A genome-specific repeat sequence from kiwifruit (Actinida deliciosa var. deliciosa) Theor. Appl. Genet81, 71–78.CrossRef
  29. Crowhurst, R.N., Lints, R., Atkinson, R.G., and Gardner, R.C. (1990) Restriction fragment length polymorphisms in the genus Actinidia (Actinidiaceae). Plant Syst Evol 172, 193–203.CrossRef
  30. Dandekar, A., McGranahan, G.H., and James, D.J. (1993) Transgenic woody plants, in: Transgenic Plants2. Academic Press, London, pp. 129–151.
  31. Dandekar, A.M. (1992) Transformation, in: Hammerschlag FA and Litz RE (eds) Biotechnology of Perennial Fruit Crops. CAB International, Wallingford, United Kingdom, pp. 141–168
  32. Derambure, A. and Hirsch, A.M. (1995) Obtention de protoplastes a partir de differents clones d’Actinidia deliciosa(kiwi) et d’especes botaniques du genre Actinidia resistantes au froid. Acta Bot. Gallica 142, 5–21.
  33. Ferguson, A.R. (1984) Kiwifruit: A Botanical Review. Hort Review6, 1–64
  34. Ferguson, A.R. (1990). The genus Actinidia, in: Warrington, I.J. and Weston, G.C. (eds) Kiwifruit: Science and Management. Aukland, Ray Richards Publisher pp. 15–35.
  35. Ferguson, A.R., Seal, A.G., McNeilage, M.A., Fraser, L.G., Harvey, C.F., and Beatson, R.A. (1996) Kiwifruit breeding, in: Janick, J., Moore, J.N. (eds) Advances in Fruit Breeding.
  36. Firsov, A.P. and Dolgov, S.V. (1997) Agrobacterial transformation of Actinidia kolomikta. Acta Hort447, 323–327.
  37. Fisher, M., Wegryzn, R.F., Hallett, I.C., and. Redgwell, R.J. (1996) Chemical and structural features of kiwifruit cell walls: Comparison of fruit and suspension-cultured cells. Carbohydrate Res. 295: 195–208
  38. Fladung, M. and Gieffers, W. (1993) Resistance reactions of leaves and tubers of rol C transgenic tetraploid potato to bacterial and fungal pathogens. Correlation with sugar, starch and chlorophyll content. Phys. Mol. Plant Path.42, 123–132.CrossRef
  39. Fraser, L.G. and Harvey, C.F. (1986) Somatic embryogenesis from anther-derived callus in two Actinidia species. Sci Hort 29, 335–346.CrossRef
  40. Fraser, L.G., Harvey, C.F. and Kent, J. (1991) Ploidy manipulation of kiwifruit in tissue culture. Acta Hort297, 109–114.
  41. Fraser, L.G., Harvey, C.F., and Gill, G.P. (1997) Molecular investigations into dioecy in Actinidia chinensis. Acta Hort444, 79–83.
  42. Fraser, L.G., Kent, J., and Harvey, C.F. (1995) Transformation studies of Actinidia chinensis Planch. NZJ of Crop Hort Sci 23, 407–413.CrossRef
  43. Fung, R.W.M., Janssen, B.J., Morris, B.A., and Gardner, R.C. (1998) Inheritance and expression of transgenes in kiwifruit. NZJ of Crop and HortSci26, 169–179.CrossRef
  44. Gonzalez, M.V., Rey, M., and Rodriguez, R. (1995) Plant Regeneration from Petioles of Kiwifruit Microshoots. HortSci30, 1302–1303.
  45. Gonzàlez, M.V., Rey, M., Revilla, M.A., and Rodriguez, R. (1990) Morphogenetic Patterns in Kiwi Tissue Culture and After Agrobacterium Co-Culture. Acta Hort282, 359–366.
  46. Gray, J., Picton, S., Shabbeer, J., Schuch, W., and Grierson, D. (1992) Molecular biology of fruit ripening and its manipulation with antisense genes. Plant Mol. Biol. 19, 69–87.PubMedCrossRef
  47. Gui, Y., Hong, S., Ke, S., and Skirvin, R.M. (1993) Fruit and vegetative characteristics of endosperm-derived kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis F.) plants. Euphytica 7, 57–62.CrossRef
  48. Gui, Y.L., Mu, S.K., and Xu, T.Y. (1982) Studies on morphological differentiation of endosperm plants of chinese gooseberry in vitro. Acta Bot Sin 24, 216–221.
  49. Gupta, P.K., Dandekar, A.M., and Durzan, D.J. (1988) Somatic proembryo formation and transient expression of a luciferase gene in Douglas fir and loblolly pine protoplasts. Plant Sci58, 85–92.CrossRef
  50. Gutierrez-Pesce, P., Taylor, K., Muleo, R., and Rugini, E. (1998). Somatic embryogenesis and shoot regeneration from transgenic roots of the cherry rootstock “Colt” (Prunus avium x P. pseudocerasus) mediated by pRi 1855 T-DNA of Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Plant Cell Rep17, 574–580.CrossRef
  51. Hain, R., Reif, H.J., Krause, E., Langebartels, R., Kindl, H., Vomam, B., Wiese, W., Schmelzer, E., Schreicher, P.H., Stocker, R.H., and Stenzel, K. (1993) Disease resistance results from foreign phytoalexin expression in a novel plant. Nature 361, 153–156.PubMedCrossRef
  52. Hammerschlag, F.A. and Smigocki, A.C. (1998) Growth and in vitro propagation of peach plants transformed with the shooty mutant strain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. HortSci33, 897–899.
  53. Harada, H. (1975). In vitro organ culture of Actinidia chinensis PI As a technique for vegetative multiplication. J. Hort. Sci. 50, 81–83.
  54. Harvey, C.F., Fraser, L.G., and Gill, G.P. (1997a) Sex determination in Actinidia. Acta Hort444, 85–88.
  55. Harvey, C.F., Gill, G.P., Fraser L.G., and McNeilage M.A. (1997b) Sex determination in Actinidia. 1.Sex-linked markers and progeny sex ratio in diploid A. chinensis. Sex. Plant Rep10, 149–154.CrossRef
  56. Hem, M.D., Penman, D.R., and Chapman, R.B. (1988) Use of fluvalinate for the protection of kiwifruit from contamination by two-spotted spider mite (Acari: Tetranichidae). J Econ Entomol 81, 863–66.
  57. Hightower, R., Baden, C., Penzes, E., Lund, P., and Dunsmuir, P. (1991) Expression of antifreeze proteins in transgenic plants. Plant Mol. Biol. 17, 1013–1021.PubMedCrossRef
  58. Hirsch, A.M. and Fortune, D. (1984) Peroxidase activity and isoperoxidase composition in incubated stem tissue, callus and cell suspension of Actinidia chinensis. Z. Pflanzenphysiol113, 129–139.
  59. Hirsch, A.M., Fortune, D., and Blanchet, P. (1990) Study of dioecism kiwifruit, Actinidia deliciosa, Chevalier. Acta Hort282, 367–377.
  60. Hirsch, A.M., Fortune, D., Chalak, L., Legave, J.M. Chat, J., and Monet, R. (1997) Peroxidase test: A test for sex screening in kiwifruit seedlings. Acta Hort. 444, 89–95.
  61. Hirsch, A.M., Fortune, D., Xiao, X.G., and Blanchet, P. (1991) Somaclonal variation related to kiwifruit micropropagation, study of fruitful male plants and use of peroxidase as an earlier sex marker. Acta Hort297, 123–131.
  62. Homer, I.J. (1992) Epidemiology of armillaria root-rot of kiwifruit. Acta Hort297, 573–578.
  63. Huang, H., Li, J., Lang, P., and Jiang, Z. (1999) Integrated approaches to germplasm conservation and phylogenetic relationships in Actinidia. 4th Int. Symp. on kiwifruit. Santiago de Chile. 11–14 January. pag 21
  64. Huang, W.G., Cipriani G., Morgante, M., and Testolin, R. (1998) Microsatellite DNA in Actinidia chinensis: isolation, characterisation, and homology in related species. Theor. Appl. Genet. 97, 1269–1278.CrossRef
  65. Huang, Y., Nordeen, R.O., Di, M., Owens, L.D., and McBeath, J.H. (1997) Expression of an engineered cecropin gene cassette in transgenic tobacco plants confers disease resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci. Mol. Plant Pathol. 87, 494–499.
  66. Huang, Z., Huangfu, Y., and Xu, L. (1983). Triploid plantlets of chinese gooseberry obtained by endosperm culture. Kexue Tongbao 28, 112–117.
  67. Ikoma, Y., Yano, M., and Ogawa, K. (1995) Cloning and expression of genes encoding ACC synthase in kiwifruit. Acta Hort398, 179–186.
  68. Jaglo-Ottosen, K.R., Gilmour, S.J., Zarka, D.G., Schabenberger, O., and Thomashow, M.F. (1993) Arabidopsis CBFI overexpression induces COR genes and enhances freezing tolerance. Science 280, 104–106.CrossRef
  69. Janssen, B.J. and Gardner, R.C. (1993) The use of transient GUS expression to develop an Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer system for kiwifruit. Plant Cell Rep13, 28–31.CrossRef
  70. Kader, A. (1992). Postharvest technology of horticultural crops. University of California. publication n° 3311.
  71. Keeling, J., Maxwell, P., and Gardner, R.C. (1990) Nucleotide sequence of the promoter region from kiwifruit actinidin genes. Plant Mol. Biol. 15, 787–788.PubMedCrossRef
  72. Kobayashi, S., Nakamura, Y., Kaneyoshi, H., Higo, H., and Higo, K.I. (1996) Transformation of kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) and trifoliate orange (Poncitrus trifoliate) with a synthetic gene encoding the human epidermal growth factor (hEGF). J. Jap. SocHort. Sci.64, 763–769.
  73. Kusaba,S., Kano-Murakami. Y., Matsuoka, M., Fukumoto, M., Nishio, T., and Dore C. (1995). A rice homeobox containing gene altered morphology of tobacco and kiwifruit. Acta Hort392, 203–208.
  74. Langerkamper, G., McHale, R., Gardner, R.C., and MacRae, E. (1998) Sucrose-phosphate synthase steady-state mRNA increases in ripening kiwifruit. Plant Mol. Biol. 36, 857–869.CrossRef
  75. Ledger, S.E. and Gardner, R.C. (1994) Cloning an characterization of five cDNAs for genes differentially expressen during fruit development of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa var. deliciosa). Plant Mol. Biol. 25, 877–886.PubMedCrossRef
  76. Lewis, D.H., Burge, G.K., Hopping, M.E., and Jameson, P.E. (1996) Cytokinins and fruit development in the kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa). II. Effects of reduced pollination and CPPU application. Physiol. Plant 98, 187–195.CrossRef
  77. Lin, E., Burns, D.J.W., and Gardner, R.C. (1993) Fruit developmental regulation of the kiwifruit actinidin promoter is conserved in transgenic petunia plants. Plant Mol. Biol. 23, 489–499.PubMedCrossRef
  78. Liu, D., Raghothama, K.G., Hasegawa, P.M., and Bressan, R.A. (1994) Osmotin overexpression in potato delays development of disease symptoms. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 1888–1892.PubMedCrossRef
  79. Longemann, J., Jach, G., Tommerup, H., Mundy, J., and Schell, J. (1992) Expression of a barley ribosome-inactivating protein leads to increased fungal protection in transgenic tobacco plants. Bio/Technology 10, 305–308.CrossRef
  80. MacDiarmid, C.W.B. and Gardner, R.C. (1993). A cDNA sequence from kiwifruit homologous to I.aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylic oxidase. Plant Physiol101, 691–692.PubMedCrossRef
  81. Marino, G. and Bertazza, G. (1996) Variabilità somaclonale e selezione in vitro per tolleranza al calcare in Actinidia deliciosa. Atti del Convegno Nazionale ‘La Coltura dell’Actinidia. Faenza 10–12 Ottobre 1996. Italia 71–77 pp.
  82. Marino, G. and Battistini, S. (1990) Leaf-callus growth, shoot regeneration and somaclonal variation in Actinidia deliciosa: Effect of medium pH. Acta Hort280, 37–44.
  83. McKersie, B.D., Chen, Y., de Beus, M., Bowley, S.R., Bowler, C., Inzé, D., D’Halluin, K., and Botterman, J. (1993) Superoxide dismutase enhances tolerance of freezing stress in transgenic alfalfa (Medicago saliva L). Plant Physiol103, 1155–1163.PubMedCrossRef
  84. McNeilage, M.A. (199la) Gender variation in Actinidia deliciosa, the kiwifruit. Sexual Plant Rep4, 267–273.
  85. McNeilage, M.A. (1991b) Sex expression in fruiting male vines of kiwifruit. Sexual Plant Rep4, 274–278.
  86. McNeilage, M.A. and Considine, J.A. (1989) Chromosome studies in some Actinidia taxa and implications for breeding. N. Z. J. Bot 27, 71–81.CrossRef
  87. Messina, R., Vischi, M., Marchetti, S., Testolin, R., and Milani, N. (1990) Observations on subdioeciousmess and fertilization in a kiwifruit breeding program. Acta Hort282, 377–386.
  88. Mills, D., Hammerschlag, F.A., Nordeen, R.O., and Owens, L.D. (1994) Evidence for the breakdown of cecropin B by proteinases in the intercellular fluid of peach leaves. Plant Sci104, 17–22.CrossRef
  89. Monastra, F. (1991) Actinidia, in: Frutticoltura speciale. REDA, Roma
  90. Monette, P.L. (1986a) Micropropagation of kiwifruit using non-axenic shoot tips. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult6, 73–82.CrossRef
  91. Monette, P.L. (1986b) Cold storage of kiwifruit shoot tips in vitro. HortSci21, 1203–1205.
  92. Mu, S.K., Fraser, LG., and Harvey, C.F. (1990) Initiation of callus and regeneration of plantlets from endosperm of Actinidia interspecific hybrids. Sci Hort44, 107–117.CrossRef
  93. Muleo, R. and Iacona, (1998) Regolazione dell’habitus vegetativo da parte del fitocromo, evidenze fenotipiche in piante di ciliegio sovraesprimenti il fitocromo A di riso. Agro.bio.fruit, 14–15.
  94. Muleo, R. and Thomas, B. (1997) Effect of light quality on shoot proliferation of Prunus cerasifera in vitro are the result of differential effects on bud induction and apical dominance. J. Hort. Sci. 72, 483–491.
  95. Muleo, R., Boscherini, G., Bigozzi, L., Leva, A.R., and Buiatti, M. (1996) Differential apperance of specific RAPD polymorphic fragments in Actinidia plants regenerated in high osmotic and saline media. Plant Physiol. Biochem. Special issue, p. 251.
  96. Muleo, R. and Thomas, B. (1993) The role of light quality in the control of branching in Prunus cerasifera shoot tip cultured in vitro. European Symp. Photomorphogenesis in Plants, Abstract.
  97. Nakajima, H., Muranaka, T., Ishige, F., and Akutsu, K. (1997) Fungal and bacterial disease resistance in transgenic plants expressing human lysozyme. Plant Cell Rep16, 674–679.CrossRef
  98. Norelli, J.L., Aldwinckle, H.S., Destefano-Beltran, L., and Jaynes, J.M. (1994) Transgenic `Mailing 26’ apple expressing the attacin E gene has increased resistance to Erwinia amylovora. Euphytica 77, 123–128.
  99. Ochman, H., Medhora, M.M., Garza, D., and Hartl, D.L. (1990) Amplification of flanking sequences by inverse PCR, in: Innis, M.A., Gelfand, D.H., Sninsky, J.J., and White, T.J. (eds). PCR Protocols, Academic Press, San Diego pp. 219–227.
  100. Oliveira, M.M. (1992) Actinidia deliciosa var deliciosa (kiwi). Condiçòes de cultura in vitro e bases para a transformaçào genética. PhD thesis, Fac. Ciencias Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal.
  101. Oliveira, M.M. (1998) Somatic embryogenesis in kiwifruit (Actinidia spp.), in: Jain, S.M., Gupta, P.K., Newton, R.Y. (eds) Somatic embryogenesis of woody plants. Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.
  102. Oliveira, M.M., Barroso, J.G., Martins, M., and Pais, M.S. (1994) Genetic transformation in Actinidia deliciosa(Kiwifruit), in Bajaj, Y.P.S. (ed) Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry 29Plant protoplast and genetic Engineering V. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Hedelberg., pp. 189–210.
  103. Oliveira, M.M. and Pais, M.S. (1992) Somatic embryogenesis in leaves and leaf-derived protoplast of Actinidia deliciosa var deliciosa cv Hayward (kiwifruit). Plant Cell Rep11, 314–317.CrossRef
  104. Oliveira, M.M. and Pais, M.S.S. (1991). Plant regeneration from protoplasts of long term-term callus cultures of Actinidia deliciosa var deliciosa cv. Hayward (Kiwifruit) Plant Cell Rep9, 643–646.CrossRef
  105. Oliveira, M.M., Barroso, J., and Pais, M.S.S. (1991) Direct gene transfer into Actinidia deliciosa protoplasts: analysis of transient expression of the CAT gene using TLC autoradiographt and a GC-MS-based method. Plant Mol. Biol. 17, 235–242.PubMedCrossRef
  106. Opgenorth, D.C., Lai, M., Sorrell, M., and White, J.B. (1983) Pseudomonas canker of kiwifruit. Plant Dis. 11, 1283–1284.CrossRef
  107. Ossani, V. (1994) Otto anni di esperienze e tentativi di miglioramento genetico dell’actinidia. Riv. di Frutt. 2, 59–61.
  108. Owens, L.D. (1995) Overview of gene availability, identification, and regulation. HortSci30, 957–961.
  109. Panatta, G. (1990) Valore dietetico-nutrizionale dell’actinidia. Riv. di Frutt. 10, 55–60.
  110. Paul, W., Amiss, J., Try, R., Praekelt, U., Scott, R., and Smith, H. (1995) Correct processing of the kiwifruit protease actinidin in transgenic tobacco requires the presence of the C-terminal propeptide. Plant Physiol108, 261–268.PubMedCrossRef
  111. Pedroso, M.C., Oliveira, A.M., and Pais, M.S. (1988) Protoplasts from Actinidia deliciosa (kiwi): obtention and culture, in: Puite, K.J., Dons, J.J.M., Huizing, H.J., Kool, A.J., Koomnef, M., and Krens, F.A. (eds) Proc 7th Int Symp Progress in plant protoplast research. Wageningen, Neth, pp 63–65.
  112. Piccotino, D., Massai, R., Dichio, B., and Nuzzo, V. (1997) Morphological and anatomical modifications induced by in vitro propagation of kiwifruit plants. Acta Hort444, 127–132.
  113. Raquel, M.H. and Oliveira, M.M. (1996) Kiwifruit leaf protoplats competent for plant regeneration and direct DNA transfer. Plant Sci121, 107–114.CrossRef
  114. Ren, X.L., Jin, Z.Q., Li, J.R., Peng, S.Q., Zheng, X.Q., and He, P. C. (1997a). Cloning and sequencing of a calmodulin cDNA from kiwifruit. J. of North-West Agri. Univ 25, 1–5.
  115. Ren, X.L., Jin, Z.Q.,Peng, S.Q., Li, J.R., Zheng, X.Q. (1997b). Cloning and sequencing of a cDNA coding for 1-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylate oxidase from kiwifruit. Acta Hort.Sinica 24, 333–337.
  116. Revilla, M.A., Rey, M.A., Gonzalez-Rio, F., Gonzalez, M.V., Diaz-Sala, C., and Rodriguez, R. (1992) Micropropagation of kiwi (Actinidia spp), in: Bajaj, Y.P.S. Biotecnology in Agriculture and Forestry 18. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 399–423.
  117. Revilla, M.A. and Power, J.B. (1988) Colony formation from cell suspension culture protoplasts of kiwifruit, in: Puite, K.J., Dons, J.J.M., Huizing, H.J., Kool, A.J., Koornnef, M., and Krens, F.A. (eds) Proc 7th Int Symp Progress in plant protoplast research. Wageningen, Neth, pp 65–66.
  118. Rey, M., Fernandez, M.T., Gonzalez, M.V., and Rodriguez, R. (1992) Kiwifruit micropropagation through callus shoot-bud induction. In Vitro Cell. Dev.Biol. 28, 148–152.
  119. Rotino, G.L., Perri, E., Zottini, M., Sommer, H., and Spena, A. (1997) Genetic engineering of parthenocarpic plants. Nature biotech15, 1398–1401.
  120. Rugini, E. and Gutierrez-Pesce, P. (1999) Transformation in Prunus species, in: Bajaj, Y.P.S. (ed) Biotecnology in Agriculture and Forestry 44, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London,Paris, Tokio, pp. 245–262.
  121. Rugini, E., Muganu, M., Pilotti, M., Balestra, G.M., Varvaro, L., Magro, P., Bressan, R., and Taratufolo, C. (1999) Genetic Stability, transgene hereditability and agronomic evaluation of transgenic kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa A. Chev.) Plants for rol ABC, rol B and Osmotin genes. Forth International Symposium on Kiwifruit Santiago del Chile 11–14 Febr. p 26
  122. Rugini, E., Caricato, G., Muganu, M., Taratufolo, C., Camili, M., and Cammilli, C. (1997) Genetic stability and agronomic evaluation of six-year-old transgenic kiwi plants for rol ABC and rol B genes. Acta Hort447, 609–610.
  123. Rugini, E., Saccardo, F., Crinò, P., Martinelli, L., Caruso, C., Orlando, R., Caricato, G., Veronese, P., Marcelli, S., and Corazza, L (1996) Trasformazione genetica di piante ortofrutticole (Actinidia, Vite, Fragola, Pomodoro) con geni dell’osmotina per resistenza a patogeni fungini. Atti III Giornate Scientifiche S.O.I. p. 39–40, Erice, Trapani.
  124. Rugini, E., Muganu, M., Natali, S., Gutierrez-Pesce, P., and Starrantino, A., (1994) Effetti dei geni rol di Agrobacterium rhizogenes sulle caratteristiche fenotipiche di alcune specie frutticole. In Atti giornate scientifiche S.O.I. San Benedetto del Tronto. 22–24 Giugno pp. 53–60.
  125. Rugini, E. and Mariotti, D. (1992) Agrobacterium rhizogenes T-DNA genes and rooting in woody species. Acta Hort.300, 301–308.
  126. Rugini, E., Pellegrineschi, A.., Mencuccini, M., and Mariotti, D. (1991) Increase of rooting ability in the woody species kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa A. Chev.) by transformation with Agrobacterium rhizogenes rol genes. Plant Cell Rep 6/7, 291–295.
  127. Rugini, E., Pellegrineschi, A., Mariotti, D., and Mencuccini, M. (1990) Transfer of rol genes (ABC) in kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa A. Chev.) plants: effects on rooting ability. Proc. VIlth International Cogress on Plant Tissue and Cell Culture. A.sterdam, June 24–29., 1990. p 74
  128. Rugini, E., Pellegrineschi, A., Jacoboni, A., Mariotti, D., and Mencuccini, M. (1989) Trasformazione genetica dell’Actinidia (Actinidia deliciosa A Chev.) mediante geni “Root inducing” di Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Proc. SIGA, p 147. Alghero Italy.
  129. Saiki, R.K. (1990) Amplification of genomic DNA, in: Innis, M.A., Gelfand, D.H., Sninsky, J.J., and White, T.J. (eds) PCR Protocols. Academic Press, San Diego pp. 13–20.
  130. Sale, P.R. (1983) Kiwifruit culture. Government printing office, Wellington, N.Z.
  131. Schmid, R. (1978) Reproductive anatomy of Actinidia chinensis (Actinidiaceae). Bot Jabreb Syst100, 149–195.
  132. Schroder, K.C., Atkinson, R.G., Langenkamper, G., and Redgwell, R.J. (1998) Biochemical and molecular characterisation of xyloglucan endotransglycosylase from ripe kiwifruit. Planta 204, 242–251.PubMedCrossRef
  133. Schroeder, C.A. and Fletcher, W.A. (1967) The Chinese gooseberry (Actinidia chinensis) in New Zeland. Econ Bot21, 81–89.CrossRef
  134. Seal, A.G. and McNeilage, M.A. (1989) Sex and kiwifruit breeding. Acta Hort. 240, 35–38.
  135. Serizawa, S., Ichikawa, T., and Takikawa, Y. (1989) Occurrence of bacterial canker of kiwifruit in Japan: description of symptoms, isolation of the pathogen and screening of bactericides. Annals of Phytopathology Society of Japan55, 427–436.CrossRef
  136. Smigocki, A., Neal., J.W., McCanna, I., and Douglass, L. (1993) Cytokinin-mediated insect resistance in Nicotiana plants transformed with the ipt gene. Plant Mol. Biol. 23, 325–335.
  137. Snowden, K.C. and Gardner, R.C. (1990) Nucleotide sequence of an actinidin genomic clone. Nucl. Acid. Res. 18, 66–84.CrossRef
  138. Southern, E. (1975) Detection of specific sequences among DNA fragments separated by gel electrophoresis. J. of Mol. Biol. 98, 503–517.CrossRef
  139. Stark, D.M. Timmerman, K.P., Barry, G.F., Preiss, J., and Kishore, G.M. (1992) Regulation of the amount of starch in plant tissues by ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase. Science 258 287–292.
  140. Steven, D. (1992) Pest lepidoptera of kiwifruit in New Zealand. Acta Hort297, 531–536.
  141. Storti, E., Bogani, P., Bettini, P., Bittini, P., Guardiola, M.L., Pellegrini, M.G., Inze, D., and Buiatti, M. (1994) Modification of competence for in vitro response to Fusarium oxysporum in tomato cells. II. Effect of the integration of Agrobacterium tumefaciens genes for auxin an cytokinins synthesis. Theor. Appl. Genet. 88, 89–96.CrossRef
  142. Tang, S.X. and Jiang, S.F. (1995) Detection and observation on the bud mutation of Actinidia chinensis Planch. Acta Hort403, 71–73.
  143. Tarczynski, M.C. Jensen, R.G., and Bohnert, H.J. (1993) Stress protection of transgenic tobacco by production of the osmolyte mannitol. Science 259, 508–510.
  144. Testolin, R. and Ferguson, A.R. (1997) Isoenzyme polymorphism in the genus Actinidia and the origin of the kiwifruit genome. Systematic Bot 22, 1–16.
  145. Testolin, R., Cipriani, G., and Costa, G. (1996) Il miglioramento genetico delle Actinidie con particolare riferimento all’attività svolta in Italia. Convegno Nazionale S.O.I. sulla coltura dell’Actinidia. Faenza 10–12 Ottobre 1996.
  146. Testolin, R., Cipriani, G., and Costa, G. (1995) Sex segregation ratio and gender expresion in the genus Actinidia. Sex Plant Rep. 8, 129–132.
  147. Testolin, R., Costa, G., and Biasi, R. (1990) Impollinazione e qualità dei frutti nell’Actinidia. Frutticoltura 10, 27–35.
  148. Testolin, R. and Crivello, V. (1987)11 kiwi e il suo mondo. Iripa-Coldiretti, Quadrifoglio, Venezia, It.
  149. Tsai, C. K. (1988). Plant regeneration from leaf callus protoplasts of Actinidia chinensis Planch. var chinensis. Plant Sci54, 231–235.CrossRef
  150. Tucker, K. J. (1976) Effect of far-red light of the hormonal control of side shoot growth in the tomato. Ann. Bot. 40, 1033–1042.
  151. Uematsu, C., Murase, M., Ichikawae, H., and Imamura, J. (1991) Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and regeneration of kiwi fruit. Plant Cell Rep. 10, 286–290.
  152. Ugolini, A. (1987). Avversità ambientali e parassitarie. Difesa fitosanitaria. Agricoltura Ricerca 54, 1987.
  153. Vaeck, M., Raynaerts, A., Hofte, H., Jansens, S., DeBeukeleer, M., Dean, C., Zabeau, M., van Montagu, M., and Leemans, J. (1987) Transgenic plants protected from insect attack. Nature 328, 33–37.
  154. Van Camp, W., Willekens, H., Bowler, C., Van Montagu, M., Inze, D., Reupold-Popp, P., Sandermann, H., and Langebartels, C. (1994) Elevated levels of superoxide dismutase protect transgenic plants against ozone damage. Bio/Technology 12, 165–168.CrossRef
  155. Velayandom, L., Hirsch, A.M., Fortune, D. (1985) Tissue culture of nodal stem segments of Actinidia chinensis (L.) Planchon, as a method of micropropagation. CR Acad Sci Ser III Vie 301, 598–600.
  156. Vince-Prue, D. and Canham, A. E. (1983). Horticultural significance of photomorphogenesis, in: Shropshire and Mohr (ed). Photomorphogenesis. Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology. Springer Verlag. pp. 518–544.
  157. Watson, R.N., Wilson, E.A., and Marsden, R.S. (1992) Distribution of plant parsitic nematodes in the rhizophere of kiwifruit. Acta Hort297, 537–543.
  158. Weising, K., Fung, R.W.M., Keeling, D.J:, Atkinson, R.G., and Gardner, R.C. (1996) Characterisation of microsatellites from Actinidia chinensis. Mol Breeding 2, 117–131.
  159. Wu, G., Shott, B.J., Lawrence, E.B., Levine, E.B., Fitzsimmons, K.C., and Shah, D.M. (1995) Disease resistance conferred by expression of a gene encoding H2O2-generating glucose oxidase in trangenic potato plants. Plant Cell 7, 1357–1368.PubMed
  160. Xiao, X.G. (1999) Advances in Actinidia biotechnology and molecular biology. Acta Hort (in press).
  161. Xiao, X.G. and Hirsch, A.M. (1996) Isolation, culture and fusion of protoplasts in Actinidia ssp. Plant Cell Rep15, 896–899.CrossRef
  162. Xiao, Z.A., Shen, D.X., Lin B.N. (1993). Culture and plant regeneration of Actinidia deliciosa protoplasts isolated from cotyledon callus. J. of Wuhan Bot. Res. 11, 247–252
  163. Xu, Z.C., Ikoma, Y., Yano, M., Ogawa, K., and Hyodo, H. (1998) Varietal differences in the potential to produce ethylene and gene expression of ACC synthase and ACC oxidase between ‘Kui mi’ and ’Hong xin’ of Chinese Kiwifruit. J. Jap. Soc. Hort. Sci. 67, 204–209.CrossRef
  164. Yan, G., Atkinson, R.G., Ferguson, A.R., McNeilage M.A., and Murray, B.G. (1997) In situ hybridazation in Actinidiausing repeat DNA and genomic probes. Theor. Appl. Genet. 94, 507–513.CrossRef
  165. Yawakawa, Y. and Chen, L.H. (1996) Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) by direct formation of adventitious buds. J. Jap. Soc. Hort. Sci. 64, 741–747.CrossRef
  166. Yazawa, M., Suginuma, C., Ichikawa, K., Kamada, H., and Akihama, T. (1995) Regeneration of transgenic plants from hairy root of kiwi fruit (Actinidia deliciosa) induced by Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Breeding Sci45, 241–244.
  167. Yoshikawa, M., Tsuda, M., and Takeuchi, Y. (1993) Resistance to fungal diseases in transgenic tobacco plants expressing the phytoalexin elicitor-releasing factor, 13–1,3-endoglucanase from soybean. Naturwissenschaften 80, 417–420.CrossRef
  168. Yoshikura, H. (1989) Suppression of focus formation by bovine papillomavirus-transformed cells by contact with non-transformed cells: Involvement of sugar(s) and phosphorylation. Intl. J. Cancer 44, 885–891.CrossRef
  169. Young, J.M., Cheesmur, G.J., Welham, F.V., and Henshall, W.R. (1988) Bacterial blight of kiwifruit. Ann. Appl. Biol.112, 91–105.CrossRef
  170. Young, S. (1985) The fruit that launched a thousand ships. New Sci 15, 36–39.
  171. Zhang L.S., Li C.Y., Jia J.H., Li S. H., Wang B., Xiao X. G. (1998). Preliminary study on the reaserch of AFLP markers linked to sex in Actinidia. Proc. of 98’ China Itr’1 and 10th National Symp on Kiwifruit, 14–17 Sept, Wuhan, China
  172. Zhu, B., Chen, T.H.H., and Li, P.H. (1996) Analysis of late-blight disease resistance and freezing tolerance in transgenic potato plants expressing sense and antisense genes for an osmotin-like protein. Planta 198, 70–77.PubMedCrossRef
  173. Zuccherelli, G. (1994). L’Actinidia e i nuovi kiwi. Collana ‘Frutticoltura moderna’, Edagricole, Bologna: 360 pp.
  174. Zuccherelli, G. and Zuccherelli, G. (1985) L’Actinidia pianta da frutto e da giardino. Collana di Manuale Tecnici dell’Edagricole. Edagricole, Bologna, It.

For further details log on website :
http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-017-2313-8_9

No comments:

Post a Comment

Advantages and Disadvantages of Fasting for Runners

Author BY   ANDREA CESPEDES  Food is fuel, especially for serious runners who need a lot of energy. It may seem counterintuiti...