Residual strength of thermally modified Scots pine after fatigue testing in flexure

Published Date

First online: 16 July 2016

Title 

Residual strength of thermally modified Scots pine after fatigue testing in flexure

• Author 

• Evgenii Sharapov 
• , Karl-Christian Mahnert
• , Holger Militz

Abstract

Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) was thermally modified and its residual strength after cyclic bending was tested. Asymmetric sinusoidal cyclic oscillations at 20 Hz frequency and load ratio p = 0.3 were conducted. The variables of the experiment were the thermal treatment temperature (160, 190 and 220 °C), the number of bending oscillations (103, 505 × 103 and 106) and the equilibrium moisture content at target climates of 20 °C and 35, 65 and 95 % relative humidity (RH). The results showed that all input variables were insignificant for the residual modulus of elasticity. The initial moisture content of the specimens before fatigue testing and the maximum thermal modification temperature were identified as main influence on the residual modulus of rupture. The cyclic creep deflection significantly increased with increasing number of loading and initial specimen moisture content.


References

1. Abatzoglou N, Koeberle PG, Chornet E, Overend RP, Koukios EG (1990) Dilute acid hydrolysis of lignocellulosics: an application to medium consistency suspensions of hardwoods using a plug flow reactor. Can J Chem Eng 68(4):627–638CrossRef
2. Arnold M (2010) Effect of moisture on the bending properties of thermally modified beech and spruce. J Materal Sci 45:669–680CrossRef
3. Bach L (1975) Frequency-dependent fracture in wood under pulsating loading. In: FPRS-Annual meeting Proceedings, 15 June, 1975, Portland, Oregon, USA
4. Bao Z, Eckelman C, Gibson H (1996) Fatigue strength and allowable design stresses for some wood composites used in furniture. Holz Roh Werkst 54(6):377–382CrossRef
5. Bekhta P, Niemz P (2003) Effect of high temperature on the change in color, dimensional stability and mechanical properties of spruce wood. Holzforschung 57(5):539–546CrossRef
6. Bhuiyan TRH, Sobue N (2000) Changes of crystallinity in wood cellulose by heat treatment under dried and moist conditions. J Wood Sci 46:431–436CrossRef
7. Bonfield P, Ansell M (1991) Fatigue properties of wood in tension, compression and shear. J Mater Sci 26(17):4765–4773CrossRef
8. Boonstra MJ (2008) A two-stage thermal modification of wood. Ph.D. thesis. Ghent University and Université Henry Poincaré, Nancy, p 297
9. Boonstra MJ, Van Acker J, Tjeerdsma BF, Kegel EV (2007) Strength properties of thermally modified softwoods and its relation to polymeric structural wood constituents. Ann For Sci 64(7):679–690CrossRef
10. Bordonne P-A, Okuyama T, Marsoem SN (1987) Mechanical responses of wood to repeated loading III. Mokuzai Gakkaishi. J Jap Wood Res Soc 33(8):623–629
11. Clorius C (2002) Fatigue in Wood. An investigation in tension perpendicular to the grain. Ph.D. Thesis. Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
12. Clorius C, Pedersen M, Hoffmeyer P, Damkilde L (2000) Compressive fatigue in wood. Wood Sci Technol 34(1):21–37CrossRef
13. DIN 52183 (1977) Testing of wood; determination of moisture content. DIN German Institute for Standardization, Berlin (in German)
14. DIN 52186 (1978) Testing of wood; bending test. DIN German Institute for Standardization, Berlin (in German)
15. Dobraszczyk B (1983) An investigation into the fracture and fatigue behaviour of wood. Ph.D. Thesis. University of Bath, Bath, UK (Cited in Gong 2002)
16. Esteves B, Marques AV, Domingos I, Pereira H (2007) Influence of steam heating on the properties of pine (Pinus pinaster) and eucalypt (Eucalyptus globulus) wood. Wood Sci Technol 41(3):193–207CrossRef
17. Fengel D, Wegener G (2003) Wood chemistry, ultrastructure, reactions. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin
18. Feodosiev VI (1999) Soprotivlenie materialov [Strength of materials]. Moscow State Technical University named after Bauman Publ., Moscow, p 592 (in Russian)
19. Gillwald W (1961) Beitrag zur Bestimmung der Formänderung von Holz unter schwingender Beanspruchung. (On the determination of the deformation of wood under oscillating load). Holz Roh Werkst 19(3):86–92 (in German)CrossRef
20. Gong M (2002) Failure of spruce under compressive low-cycle fatigue loading parallel to grain. Ph.D. Thesis. The University of New Brunswick, Canada
21. Gong M, Smith I (2003) Effect of waveform and loading sequence on low-cycle compressive fatigue life of spruce. J Mater Civil Eng 15:93–99CrossRef
22. Gong M, Li L, Smith I (2008) Waveform effect on fatigue behaviour of laterally loaded nailed timber joints. Proceedings of 10th World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2008). Miyazaki, Japan, pp 1108–1116
23. GOST 16483.9 (1999) Drevesina. Metody opredeleniya modulya uprugosti pri staticheskom izgibe [Wood. Methods for determination of modulus of elasticity in static bending]. Standards publisher, Moscow (in Russian)
24. GOST 50.1.040 (2002) Statisticheskie metody. Planirovanie eksperimentov. Terminy i opredeleniya [Statistical methods. Design of experiments. Terms and definitions]. Standards publisher, Moscow (in Russian)
25. Hakkou M, Petrissans M, Gerardin P, Zoulalian A (2006) Investigations of the reasons for fungal durability of heat-treated beech wood. Polym Degrad Stabil 91(2):393–397CrossRef
26. Hill C (2006) Wood modification. Wiley, Chichester
27. ITWA (2003) ThermoWood Handbook. International Thermowood Association. Helsinki, Finland
28. Kamdem DP, Pizzi A, Triboulot MC (2000) Heat-treated timber: potentially toxic byproducts presence and extent of wood cell wall degradation. Holz Roh Werkst 58(4):253–257CrossRef
29. Kamperidou V, Barboutis I, Vasileiou V (2014) Influence of thermal treatment on mechanical strength of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood. Wood Res 59(2):373–378
30. Kocaefe D, Poncsak S, Boluk Y (2008) Effect of thermal treatment on the chemical composition and mechanical properties of birch and aspen. Bioresources 3(2):517–537
31. Kollman F, Krech H (1961) Fracture range and resistance of particleboard. Holz Roh Werkst 19(3):113–118 (in German) CrossRef
32. Kollmann F (1951) Technologie des Holzes und der Holzwerkstoffe (Technology of wood and wood based composites). Springer Verlag, Berlin, p 1048 (in German)
33. Kommers WJ (1943) The fatigue behaviour of wood and plywood subjected to repeated and reversed bending stresses. Report No: 1327. Forest Products Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Madison, WI, USA (Cited in Gong 2002)
34. Kubojima Y, Okano T, Ohta M (2000) Bending strength and toughness of heat-treated wood. J Wood Sci 46(1):8–15CrossRef
35. Kyanka G (1980) Fatigue properties of wood and wood composites. Int J Fract 16(6):609–616CrossRef
36. Lewis WC (1962) Fatigue resistance of quarter-scale bridge stringers in flexure and shear. Report No: 2236. Forest Products Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Madison, WI, USA
37. Liu JY, Ross RJ (1995) Energy criterion for fatigue strength of wood structural members. In: Proceedings of the 1995 ASME meeting, Mechanics of Cellulosic Materials, vol. AMD 209/MD 60, Los Angeles, pp 125–133
38. Liu JY, Zahn JJ, Schaffer EL (1994) Reaction rate model for the fatigue strength of wood. Wood Fiber Sci 26(1):3–10
39. Metsa-Kortelainen S (2011) Differences between sapwood and heartwood of thermally modified Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) under water and decay exposure. VTT Publications, Espoo. p 771
40. Militz H, Altgen M (2014) Processes and properties of thermally modified wood manufactured in Europe. In: Schultz TP, Goodell B, Nicholas DD (eds) Deterioration and protection of sustainable biomaterials. American Chemical Society, pp 269–285
41. Militz H, Tjeerdsma B (2000) Heat treatment of wood by the Plato-process. In: Proceedings of Seminar “Production and development of heat treated wood in Europe”, Helsinki, Stokholm, Oslo
42. Nielsen LF (2008) Fatigue of viscoelastic materials such as wood with overload. DTU Byg, Danmarks Tekniske Universitet. BYG Rapport, No R-195
43. Niemz P (1993) Physik des Holzes und der Holzwerkstoffe (Physics of wood and wood-based materials). DRW-Verlag, Leinfelden-Echterdingen, p 243 (in German)
44. Niemz P, Hofmann T, Rétfalvi T (2010) Investigation of chemical changes in the structure of wood thermally modified. Proceedings of 11th International Wood Drying Conference (IUFRO 2010). Skelleftea, Sweden, pp 258–264
45. Poncsak S, Kocaefe D, Bouazara M, Pichette A (2006) Effect of high temperature treatment on the mechanical properties of birch (Betula papyrifera). Wood Sci Technol 40(8):647–663CrossRef
46. Rose G (1965) Das mechanische Verhalten des Kiefernholzes bei dynamischer Dauerbeanspruchung in Abhängigkeit von Belastungsart, Belastungsgröße, Feuchtigkeit und Temperatur (The mechanical behaviour of pinewood under dynamic constant stress depending on kind and amount of load, moisture content, and temperature). Holz Roh Werkst 23(7):271–284 (in German) CrossRef
47. Sharapov ES, Mahnert KC, Korolev AS (2013) Eksperimental’nye issledovaniya fiziko-mekhanicheskikh svoistv termicheski modifitsirovannoi drevesiny sosny [Experimental researches of physical and mechanical properties of thermally treated Scots pine]. Moscow State Forest University Bulletin—Lesnoy vestnik 2(94):90–96 (in Russian)
48. Sivonen H, Maunu SL, Sundholm F, Jamsa S, Viitaniemi P (2002) Magnetic resonance studies of thermally modified wood. Holzforschung 56(6):648–654CrossRef
49. Smith I, Landis E, Gong M (2003) Fracture and fatigue in wood. Wiley, Chichester, p 242
50. Spera DA, Esgar JB, Gougeon M, Zuteck MD (1990) Structural properties of laminated Douglas fir/epoxy composite material. DOE/NASA Reference Publication 1236, Report No DOE/NASA/20320-76
51. Stamm AJ (1956) Thermal degradation of wood and cellulose. Ind Eng Chem 48(3):413–417CrossRef
52. Sugimoto T, Sasaki Y (2006) Effect of loading waveform on the fatigue of structural plywood in shear through thickness. Proceedings of 9th World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2006). Portland, Oregon, pp 1818–1825
53. Sugimoto T, Sasaki Y, Yamasaki M (2007) Fatigue of structural plywood under cyclic shear through thickness I: fatigue process and failure criterion based on strain energy. J Wood Sci 53(4):296–302CrossRef
54. Sundqvist B, Karlsson O, Westermark U (2006) Determination of formic-acid and acetic acid concentrations formed during hydrothermal treatment of birch wood and its relation to colour, strength and hardness. Wood Sci Technol 40(7):549–561CrossRef
55. Suzuki S, Saito F (1984) Fatigue behavior of particleboard in tension perpendicular to the surface I. Effect of resin type. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 30:799–806
56. Tjeerdsma B, Boonstra M, Pizzi A, Tekely P, Militz H (1998) Characterisation of thermally modified wood: molecular reasons for wood performance improvement. Eur J Wood Prod 56(3):149–153CrossRef
57. Ugolev BN (2001) Drevesinovedenie s osnovami lesnogo tovarovedeniya [Wood science with the basics of forest merchandising]. Moscow. p 368 (in Russian)
58. Welzbacher C, Rapp AO (2007) Durability of thermally modified timber from industrial-scale processes in different use classes: results from laboratory and field tests. Wood Mat Sci Eng 2(1):4–14CrossRef
59. Wikberg H, Maunu LS (2004) Characterisation of thermally modified hard- and softwoods by 13C CPMAS NMR. Carbohydr Polym 58(4):461–466CrossRef
60. Willems W, Altgen M, Militz H (2015) Comparison of EMC and durability of heat treated wood from high versus low water vapour pressure reactor systems. Int Wood Prod J 6(1):21–26CrossRef

For further details log on website :
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00107-016-1082-6