Published Date
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to increase knowledge of the variability of wood density and annual growth of Norway spruce growing in the Ukrainian Carpathians. The material consisted of 21 trees which were cut between 600 m and 1200 m asl from south-west and north-east expositions of the mountain Dovshka. The ovendry and relative wood density increased from the bottom (630 m asl) to the top (1190 m asl) of the mountain and was related to increasing number of tree rings in 1 cm, whereas the width of annual rings decreased expressively. Three significant categories of altitude (forest types) of Norway spruce timbers were estimated for the mountain forest stands. The highest average ovendry wood density (413 kg m−3) and number of tree rings in 1 cm (17.1) were characterized by spruce trees growing at the wet rocky bilberry spruce forest (above 1000 m asl). Wood density and annual growth are two variables which were significantly correlated with each other and the altitude (R = 0.5–0.6).
References
For further details log on website :
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00107-016-1079-1
First online:
Title
Wood density and annual growth variability of Picea abies(L.) Karst. growing in the Ukrainian Carpathians
- Author
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to increase knowledge of the variability of wood density and annual growth of Norway spruce growing in the Ukrainian Carpathians. The material consisted of 21 trees which were cut between 600 m and 1200 m asl from south-west and north-east expositions of the mountain Dovshka. The ovendry and relative wood density increased from the bottom (630 m asl) to the top (1190 m asl) of the mountain and was related to increasing number of tree rings in 1 cm, whereas the width of annual rings decreased expressively. Three significant categories of altitude (forest types) of Norway spruce timbers were estimated for the mountain forest stands. The highest average ovendry wood density (413 kg m−3) and number of tree rings in 1 cm (17.1) were characterized by spruce trees growing at the wet rocky bilberry spruce forest (above 1000 m asl). Wood density and annual growth are two variables which were significantly correlated with each other and the altitude (R = 0.5–0.6).
References
- Barnett JR, Jeronimidis G (2003) Wood quality and its biological basis. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, p 226
- Blossfeld O, Haasemann W, Haller K (1962) Klangholz und Klangholzsortierung. (Sound wood and sound timber sorting) (in German). Sozialistische Forstwirtschaft 12/5:140–146
- Bosshard HH (1974) Holzkunde (Wood science) (in German), vol 2. Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, Stuttgart, p 312
- Bowyer JL, Shmulsky R, Haygreen JG (2003) Forest products and wood science: an introduction. Iowa State University Press, Ames, p 558
- Bucur V (2006) Acoustics of wood, 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin, p 393
- Buksnowitz C (2006) Resonance wood of Picea abies. Dissertation Institut für Holzforschung der Universität für Bodenkultur, Wien, p 211
- DIN EN 1927-1 (2008) Qualitative classification of softwood round timber—part 1: spruces and firs. DIN German Institute for Standardization
- DIN 52182 (1976) Testing of wood; determination of density. DIN German Institute for Standardization
- Domont P (2001) "Ohne Gebirgswald keine Musik..." (Without mountain forests no music...) (In German): Nachhaltiger Tourismus dank nachhaltiger Waldbewirtschaftung im Bergwald. Informationsmappe zum Internationalen Tag des Waldes, Birmensdorf, Silviva: 21–24
- Feuerstein A (1935) Das Klangholz (The sound of wood) (in German). Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt 57(19):617–624
- GOST (1980) 16483.6-80 method of selection of model trees and logs for determination of physical and mechanical properties of wood plantations. Standard Publisher, Moscow, p 4 (in Russian)
- GOST (1989) 16483.0-89 general requirements for physical and mechanical tests. Standard Publisher, Moscow, p 12 (in Russian)
- Herushynskyy ZY (1998) Forest typology of Ukrainian Carpathians. Lviv, Piramida, p 208 (in Ukrainian)
- Jyske T, Makinen H, Saranpaa P (2008) Wood density within Norway spruce stems. Silva Fennica 42(3):439–455CrossRef
- Kollmann F (1951) Technologie des Holzes und Holzverkstoffe (Technology of wood and wood-based materials) (in German). Springer, Berlin, p 1050
- Molteberg D, Hoibo O (2006) Development and variation of wood density, kraft pulp yield and fibre dimensions in young Norway spruce (Picea abies). Wood Sci Technol 40(3):173–189CrossRef
- Mombächer R (2003) Holzlexikon (Wood lexicon) (in German). DRW-Verlag, Leinfelden-Echterdingen, p 734
- Niemz P (1993) Physik des Holzes und der Holzwerkstoffe (Physics of wood and wood-based materials) (in German). Weinbrenner DRW-Verlag, Stuttgart, p 243
- Niemz P, Sonderegger W (2003) Untersuchungen zur Korrelation ausgewählter Holzeigenschaften untereinander und mit der Rohdichte unter Verwendung von 103 Holzarten (Analysis of the correlation between selected wood properties among each other and the density of 103 wood species) (in German). Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 154(12):489–493CrossRef
- Ono T (1983) On dynamic mechanical properties in the trunks of wood for musical instruments. Wood Res 37:245–250
- Panshin AJ, De Zeeuw C (1980) Textbook of wood technology, 4th edn. Mc-Graw-Hill, New York, p 722
- Poluboyarynov OI (1976) Wood density. Forest Industry, Moscow, p 160 (In Russian)
- Ranta-Maunus A, Denzler JK, Stapel P (2011) Strength of European Timber. Part 2. Properties of spruce and pine tested in Gradewood project. VTT Working Papers nr 179, VTT, Espoo, 2011, p 67 + app. 46
- Schulze-Dewitz G (1959) Einfluß der Kronenhöhe auf den Jahrringbau sowie auf die Faserlänge bei der Fichte verschiedener Altersklassen (Influence of the crown height of the tree-ring construction and the fiber length in the spruce of different ages) (in German). Holzforschung und Holzverwendung 11(3):67–74
- Sonderegger W, Mandallaz D, Niemz P (2008) All investigation of the influence of selected factors on the properties of spruce wood. Wood Sci Technol 42(4):281–297CrossRef
- Teischinger A, Patzelt M (2006) XXL-Wood. Materialkenngrößen als Grundlage für innovative Verarbeitungstechnologien und Produkte zur wirtschaftlich nachhaltigen Nutzung der Österreichischen Nadelstarkholzreserven (Quality assessment for optimized processes and products to economically sustainable use of Austrian large dimensioned timber reserves) (in German). Berichte aus Energie- und Umweltforschung, Bundesministerium für Verkehr, Innovation und Technologie, p 133
- Vintoniv I, Sopushynskyy I, Teischinger A (2007) Wood Science. Apriori Publisher, Lviv, p 312 (in Ukrainian)
- Zhang SY (1997) Wood quality: its definition, impact and implications for value-added timber management and end uses. In: Proceedings of the CTIA/IUFRO international wood quality workshop. Quebec City, Part I, pp 17–39
- Zieger E (1960) Untersuchungen über äußere Merkmale, Holzeigenschaften und forstgeographische Vorkommen der Resonanzholzqualitäten bei Fichte und einigen anderen Holzarten (Studies on morphology, wood properties and forestry geographic occurring resonant qualities of wood in spruce and some other types of wood) (in German). Mitteilungen aus der Staatsforstverwaltung Bayern 31:285–298
- Ziegler H, Merz W (1961) Der Haselwuchs: Über die Beziehung zwischen unregelmäßigem Dickenwachstum und Markstrahlverteilung (“Hazel” growth on the relationship between irregular secondary thickening and the distribution of rays) (in German). Holz Roh-Werkst 19(1):1–8CrossRef
- Zobel BJ, Van Buitenen JP (1989) Wood variation, its causes and control. Springer, Berlin, p 363CrossRef
- Zubizarreta GA, Peltola H, Pulkkinen P (2009) Growth and wood property traits in narrow crowned Norway spruce (Picea abies f. Pendula) clones grown in southern Finland. Silva Fennica 43(3):369–382
For further details log on website :
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00107-016-1079-1
No comments:
Post a Comment