Vibro-dynamic compression processing of low-density wood-cement composites

Title
Vibro-dynamic compression processing of low-density wood-cement composites

Author 
Carlos Frederico Alice Parchen, Setsuo Iwakiri, Florian Zeller, José Guilherme Prat 

European journal of wood and wood products 2016 v.74 no.1 pp. 75-81

Abstract

This work evaluates physical and mechanical characteristics of low-density wood-cement composites manufactured in a new method on a laboratory scale. The samples were molded with two different commercially available brands of Portland cement and wood particles generated from branches and trunks of pine (Pinus spp.) trees. The wooden particles were pre-treated with a calcium hydroxide suspension. The used Portland cements (CP II-Z) were both modified with a super-plasticizer additive and a booster grip. The composites were molded by vibro-dynamic compression into cylindrical and prismatic sample composites without the application of piezzo-metric action. After 28 days of air curing, density, axial compressive strength and perpendicular tensile strength of the samples were measured. Both brands of Portland cement provided proper agglutination of the pre-treated wooden particles. The wood-cement composites were well compressible under the vibro-dynamic procedure—conferring a low density to the final wood-cement composite with adequate physical and mechanical properties. The composites met and confirmed the relevant standard performances.

For further details log on website :

http://pubag.nal.usda.gov/pubag/article.xhtml?id=4776376&searchText=Wood&searchField=allfields

Wood board image processing based on dual-tree complex wavelet feature selection and compressed sensing

Title
Wood board image processing based on dual-tree complex wavelet feature selection and compressed sensing

Author 
Yizhuo Zhang, Sijia Liu, Jun Cao, Chao Li, Huiling Yu

Wood science and technology 2016 v.50 no.2 pp. 297-311

Abstract

In order to identify wood surface types and carry out board grading, a collaborative classification method without image segmentation is proposed to sort four wood surface types: radial texture, tangential texture, live knot and dead knot. Firstly, three-level dual-tree complex wavelet decomposition is applied to the board image and 40-dimensional feature vector is obtained; secondly, particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is used for feature selection and dimension reduction, and after optimization 11 key features are chosen; finally, the surface types are identified by compressed sensing classifier based on the features optimized by PSO. Four types of Xylosma samples are used for the experiment. The classification accuracy of the above four types are 100, 86.7, 96.7 and 86.7 %, respectively. Theoretical and experimental results show that the direction property of dual-tree complex wavelet can express the complex information of wood surface and the classification realized by compressed sensing is effective.

For further details log on website :

http://pubag.nal.usda.gov/pubag/article.xhtml?id=4859493&searchText=Wood&searchField=allfields

OPTIMIZATION OF SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PALM SHELL-BASED BIO-CHAR AS A BY-PRODUCT OF BIO-OIL PRODUCTION PROCESS

Title
OPTIMIZATION OF SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PALM SHELL-BASED BIO-CHAR AS A BY-PRODUCT OF BIO-OIL PRODUCTION PROCESS

Author
Arash Arami-Niya,, Mohammad Saleh Sahfeeyan,, Faisal Abnisa,, W. M. A. Wan Daud,, Jaya Narayan Sahu

Abstract 

In this study the optimum preparation conditions of bio-char were achieved as a by-product of the bio-oil production process from oil palm shell as an agricultural waste material. To investigate the possibility of utilizing bio-char as an adsorbent for wastewater treatment and other applications, a central composite design was applied to investigate the influence of carbonization temperatures, nitrogen flow rates, particle sizes of precursor, and duration on the bio-char yield and methylene blue adsorption capacity as the responses. Methylene blue was chosen in this study due to its wide application and known strong adsorption onto solids. Two quadratic models were developed for the responses and to calculate the optimum operating variables providing a compromise between yield and adsorption. From the analysis of variance, temperature was identified as the most influential factor on each experimental design response. The predicted yield and adsorption capacity was found to agree satisfactorily with the experimental values. A temperature of 400°C, nitrogen flow of 2.6 L/min, particle size of 1.7 mm and time of 61.42 min were found as the optimum preparation conditions and near to the optimal bio-oil production variables

For further details log on website :

http://ojs.cnr.ncsu.edu/index.php/BioRes/article/view/BioRes_07_1_0246_AramiNiya_ASWS_Opt_Synth_Char_Palm_Shell_BioChar/1302

ESTABLISHING KILN DRYING SCHEDULE FOR POPLAR (P. ALBA) LUMBER OF 7 CM IN THICKNESS

BioResources

Title 

ESTABLISHING KILN DRYING SCHEDULE FOR POPLAR (P. ALBA) LUMBER OF 7 CM IN THICKNESS

Author 

Mahdi Shahverdi, Hadi Dashti, Mohammad Ali Hossein

Abstract

Poplar (Populus alba L.) lumber with a nominal thickness of 7 cm from the Taleghan region in Iran was dried through convective kiln drying and under three different programs of T5–D2 (Forest Product Laboratory proposed program for poplar), T5–D4, and T5–D6 in order to obtain the optimum kiln schedule so as to protect the wood quality at an appropriate level up to final moisture content of 12±2%. Subsequently, the intensities of warps, superficial and internal cracks occurrence, residual stresses, drying rate, and final moisture gradient were measured. Results revealed that due to low warping values, more homogeneous final moisture profile, fewer internal cracks, and absence of superficial cracks in the program T5–D2 compared to the other two (T5–D4 and T5–D6), this program can be recommended as an optimum program for poplar lumber drying at commercial scale from the Taleghan region. On the other hand and from an energy efficiency point of view, in comparison with the mild schedule (T5-D2), the severe schedule (T5-D6) by saving 456 h of drying time, reduced electricity consumption by 6156 KWh and was therefore found to be $ 240.08 more profitable in this trial.

Keywords

wood; populus alba; Drying schedule; Defect; Stress

Full Text: PDF

Welcome to BioResources! This online, peer-reviewed journal is devoted to the science and engineering of biomaterials and chemicals from lignocellulosic sources for new end uses and new capabilities. The editors of BioResources would be very happy to assist you during the process of submitting or reviewing articles. Please note that logging in is required in order to submit or review articles. Martin A. Hubbe, (919) 513-3022, hubbe@ncsu.edu; Lucian A. Lucia, (919) 515-7707, lucian.lucia@gmail.com URLs: bioresourcesjournal.com; http://ncsu.edu/bioresources ISSN:  1930-2126


For further details log on website :

http://ojs.cnr.ncsu.edu/index.php/BioRes/article/view/BioRes_07_1_0026_Shahverdi_DH_Kiln_Drying_Schedule_Populus

Preferences of Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki and Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann) (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) among Three Commercial Wood Species.

Title
Preferences of Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki and Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann) (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) among Three Commercial Wood Species.

Author Information 

Hapukotuwa NK1, Grace JK2.

Abstract

The Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, and the Asian subterranean termite, Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann), are both pests of wood in service in Hawaii and Florida. We conducted a laboratory study using method modified from those described in standard E1-09 of the American Wood Protection Association (AWPA 2009) to assess the termite resistance of three commercially available wood species used in regions of the USA where both termite species occur: Douglas fir, Pseudotsuga menziessii, southern yellow pine, Pinus spp. and redwood, Sequoia sempervirens. A multiple-choice (three-choice) assay was used for four weeks (28 days) in order to simulate field conditions of food choice and assess termite feeding preferences under 28 °C and 72-80% RH. 400 termites (360 workers: 40 soldiers) were released into each test jar. Five replicates and two controls of each wood species were used with each termite species. Termite mortality was recorded at the end of the test; and wood wafers were oven-dried and weighed before and after termite exposure to determine the mass loss due to termite feeding, and rated visually on a 0 (failure) to 10 (sound) scale. There were significant differences in mean mass loss values among the three wood species and between two termite species. The mean mass loss value for redwood was significantly lower than Douglas fir and southern yellow pine with both termite species. However, C. formosanus showed increased feeding on Douglas fir and southern yellow pine compared to C. gestroi.

Results: 7

1.

Figure 2. From: Preferences of Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki and Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann) (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) among Three Commercial Wood Species.

Tunnel network of C. gestroi.

Nirmala K. Hapukotuwa, et al. Insects. 2011 December;2(4):499-508.

CitationFull text

2.

Figure 3. From: Preferences of Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki and Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann) (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) among Three Commercial Wood Species.

Tunnel network of C. formosanus.

Nirmala K. Hapukotuwa, et al. Insects. 2011 December;2(4):499-508.

CitationFull text

3.

Figure 4. From: Preferences of Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki and Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann) (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) among Three Commercial Wood Species.

Extent of feeding by the two termite species on three wood species.

Nirmala K. Hapukotuwa, et al. Insects. 2011 December;2(4):499-508.

CitationFull text

4.

Figure 6. From: Preferences of Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki and Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann) (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) among Three Commercial Wood Species.

Sample visual ratings for C. gestroi EI Rating: 6 = severe, 30–50% affected; 7 = moderate/severe, 10–30% affected.

Nirmala K. Hapukotuwa, et al. Insects. 2011 December;2(4):499-508.

CitationFull text

5.

Figure 1. From: Preferences of Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki and Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann) (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) among Three Commercial Wood Species.

Sample test jar with three different wood species.

Nirmala K. Hapukotuwa, et al. Insects. 2011 December;2(4):499-508.

CitationFull text

6.

Figure 5. From: Preferences of Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki and Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann) (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) among Three Commercial Wood Species.

Sample visual ratings for C. formosanus EI Rating (modified from E1-09): 4 = very severe, 50–75% affected; 8 = moderate, 3–10% affected.

Nirmala K. Hapukotuwa, et al. Insects. 2011 December;2(4):499-508.

CitationFull text

7.

Figure 7. From: Preferences of Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki and Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann) (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae) among Three Commercial Wood Species.

Mean mass loss of three wood species for C. formosanus and C. gestroi. (Two way ANOVA and Ryan-Einot-Gabriel-Welsch Multiple Range Test [REGWQ], P < 0.05) (DF = Douglas fir, YP = Southern Yellow pine, RW=Redwood Cf = Coptotermes formosanus, Cg = Coptotermes gestroi).

Nirmala K. Hapukotuwa, et al. Insects. 2011 December;2(4):499-508.

CitationFull text

For further details log on website :

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?linkname=pubmed_pubmed&from_uid=26467827

Comparative Study of the Resistance of Six Hawaii-Grown Bamboo Species to Attack by the Subterranean Termites Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki and Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann) (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae).

Title
Comparative Study of the Resistance of Six Hawaii-Grown Bamboo Species to Attack by the Subterranean Termites Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki and Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann) (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae).

Author Information 

Hapukotuwa NK1, Grace JK2.

Abstract

Bamboo is widely grown and utilized as a construction material around the world, particularly in the tropics. At present, there are about 70 bamboo species and varieties recorded from Hawaii. The objective of our study was to determine the relative resistance of six Hawaii-grown bamboo species to attack by Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki and Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann). Four-week laboratory feeding trials were performed as described in standard E1-09 of the American Wood Protection Association (AWPA 2009). Samples of each of the six bamboo species were individually exposed to 200 termites (with 10% soldiers); and termite mortality, wood mass loss, and visual appearance of the samples (on a scale of 0-10) were recorded at the conclusion of the trail. Mean mass losses of the six species as a result of termite feeding ranged from 13-29%; with the two most resistant bamboo species, Gigantocholoa pseudoarundinacea and Bambusa oldhamii, demonstrating significantly greater resistance to termite attack than the most susceptible bamboo species, Guadua anguistifolia, with both termite species. Dendrocalamus brandisii, Dendrocalamus latiflorus, and Bambusa hirose were intermediate in their termite resistance. Overall, we observed very little difference in wood preference between C. formosanus and C. gestroi. Although bamboo is a very promising construction material, and species clearly differ in their susceptibility to termite attack, all six species evaluated in the present study would require additional protection for use under conditions of high termite pressure.

Results: 5

1.

Figure 4. From: Comparative Study of the Resistance of Six Hawaii-Grown Bamboo Species to Attack by the Subterranean Termites Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki and Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann) (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae). 

Bamboo blocks showing damage from C. gestroi. Image courtesy of Robert Oshiro

Nirmala K. Hapukotuwa, et al. Insects. 2011 December;2(4):475-485.

CitationFull text

2.

Figure 2. From: Comparative Study of the Resistance of Six Hawaii-Grown Bamboo Species to Attack by the Subterranean Termites Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki and Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann) (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae). 

Tunneling patterns of C. formosanus (left) and C. gestroi (right).

Nirmala K. Hapukotuwa, et al. Insects. 2011 December;2(4):475-485.

CitationFull text

3.

Figure 5. From: Comparative Study of the Resistance of Six Hawaii-Grown Bamboo Species to Attack by the Subterranean Termites Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki and Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann) (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae). 

Sample visual ratings for C. formosanus.

Nirmala K. Hapukotuwa, et al. Insects. 2011 December;2(4):475-485.

CitationFull text

4.

Figure 3. From: Comparative Study of the Resistance of Six Hawaii-Grown Bamboo Species to Attack by the Subterranean Termites Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki and Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann) (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae). 

Bamboo blocks showing damage from C. formosanus. Image courtesy of Robert Oshiro.

Nirmala K. Hapukotuwa, et al. Insects. 2011 December;2(4):475-485.

CitationFull text

5.

Figure 1. From: Comparative Study of the Resistance of Six Hawaii-Grown Bamboo Species to Attack by the Subterranean Termites Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki and Coptotermes gestroi (Wasmann) (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae). 

Sample test jars of C. formosanus (left) and C. gestroi (right).

Nirmala K. Hapukotuwa, et al. Insects. 2011 December;2(4):475-485.

CitationFull text

For further details log on website :

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26467827

Termite-Susceptible Species of Wood for Inclusion as a Reference in Indonesian Standardized Laboratory Testing.

Title 
Termite-Susceptible Species of Wood for Inclusion as a Reference in Indonesian Standardized Laboratory Testing.

Arinana1, Tsunoda K2, Herliyana EN3, Hadi YS4.

Abstract

Standardized laboratory testing of wood and wood-based products against subterranean termites in Indonesia (SNI 01.7207-2006) (SNI) has no requirement for the inclusion of a comparative reference species of wood (reference control). This is considered a weakness of the Indonesian standard. Consequently, a study was undertaken to identify a suitable Indonesian species of community wood that could be used as a reference control. Four candidate species of community woods: Acacia mangium, Hevea brasiliensis, Paraserianthes falcataria and Pinus merkusii were selected for testing their susceptibility to feeding by Coptotermes formosanus. Two testing methods (SNI and the Japanese standard method JIS K 1571-2004) were used to compare the susceptibility of each species of wood. Included in the study was Cryptomeria japonica, the reference control specified in the Japanese standard. The results of the study indicated that P. merkusii is a suitable reference species of wood for inclusion in laboratory tests against subterranean termites, conducted in accordance with the Indonesian standard (SNI 01.7207-2006). 

KEYWORDS:

Coptotermes formosanus; JIS K 1571-2004; SNI 01.7207-2006; percent mass loss; termite mortality; wood feeding rate

Images from this publication.

 

Results ; 2

1.

Figure 1. From: Termite-Susceptible Species of Wood for Inclusion as a Reference in Indonesian Standardized Laboratory Testing. 

Diagram of the Indonesian Standard SNI 01.7207-2006 test method with termites.

Arinana, et al. Insects. 2012 June;3(2):396-401.

2.

Figure 2. From: Termite-Susceptible Species of Wood for Inclusion as a Reference in Indonesian Standardized Laboratory Testing. 

Diagram of the Japanese standard JIS K 1571-2004 test method with termites.

Arinana, et al. Insects. 2012 June;3(2):396-401.

CitationFull text

For further details log on website :

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26466532

Resistance of Particleboards Made from Fast-Growing Wood Species to Subterranean Termite Attack.

Hermawan D¹, Hadi YS², Fajriani E³, Massijaya MY⁴, Hadjib N^5.

Abstract

Laboratory-made particleboards were tested for their resistance to subterranean termite, Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren (Order Isoptera, Family Termitidae) by Indonesian standard SNI 01.7207-2006, during four weeks and at the end of the test their mass loss percentage and feeding rate were determined. Particleboards consisted of: jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba, Family Rubiacea) with a density of 0.41 g/cm³; sungkai (Peronema canescens, Family Verbenaceae) with a density of 0.46 g/cm³; mangium (Acacia mangium, Family Rhamnaceae) with a density of 0.60 g/cm³ separately and the three species mixture at a rate of 1:1:1. Densities of the boards were targetted at 0.60 g/cm³ and 0.80 g/cm³ by using 12% urea formaldehyde as binder with 2% paraffin as additive based on oven dry wood particle weight. The hand-formed mats and hot-pressing at 130 °C and 2.45 MPa for 10 min were applied. The results showed that particleboards density did not affect mass loss and feeding rate, but the particleboards made from higher density wood resulted in higher resistance to subterranean termite attack. The most resistant particleboards were made of magium, followed by sungkai, mixed species, and jabon.


For further details log on website :

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26466542

How to Cook Chicken for a Big Crowd

If you have invited 24 people to dinner, consider serving chicken as the main dish. Most people like chicken, and it adapts well to many different flavors. Cooking for a crowd doesn't necessarily require special equipment, so you won't have to buy a huge barbecue grill or find a commercial kitchen for the day. The simplest thing to do is to make braised chicken in an 18-qt. electric roaster. Prepare the chicken early in the day using a modified chicken cacciatore recipe, and let it simmer while you complete other tasks.

Chicken cooking on a barbecue Photo Credit gkrphoto/iStock/Getty Images

Step 1

Preheat the roaster oven with the lid on to 325 degrees Fahrenheit, which takes about 15 minutes.

Step 2

Heat a large frying pan over medium-high heat. Pour in enough oil to cover the bottom of the pan about 1/8-inch deep.

Step 3

Rinse the chicken pieces under cool, running water, and pat them dry with paper towels.

Step 4

Place several chicken pieces in the frying pan, without crowding them. Brown them, turning them at least once with a fork. As they become browned, move the chicken pieces to the roaster oven, and keep them covered. Add oil to the frying pan as necessary to brown all the chicken.

Step 5

Add the onion, bell peppers, mushrooms and garlic to the large frying pan. Saute, stirring frequently, until the onion looks glazed and any mushroom liquid has evaporated. Pour half of the vegetables into the roaster, over the chicken.

Step 6

Sprinkle the flour over the remaining vegetables in the frying pan, and stir until the flour makes a paste coating the vegetables.

Step 7

Add the chicken broth to the frying pan, and bring the mixture to a boil, stirring constantly and scraping the bottom of the pan. Pour this mixture over the chicken pieces.

Step 8

Add the herbs, white wine and crushed tomatoes to the roaster. Shake salt and pepper over the top. Add sufficient water to nearly cover the chicken. Stir briefly to combine the ingredients.

Step 9

Cover the roaster and simmer the chicken until the internal temperature is 165 degrees Fahrenheit, measured with an instant-read thermometer inserted into the thickest piece of chicken. This can take two or three hours. Stir the ingredients after an hour.

Things You'll Need

• 18-qt. roaster oven
• Large frying pan
• Vegetable oil
• 8 lbs. chicken legs and thighs, bone-in, skin removed
• Paper towels
• 1 large onion, diced
• 2 large red bell peppers, diced
• 2 lbs. mushrooms, sliced
• 8 cloves garlic, minced
• 1/3 cup flour
• 2 cups chicken broth
• 2 bay leaves
• 2 tbsp. fresh thyme leaves
• 2 tbsp. fresh oregano leaves
• 2 cups dry white wine
• 1 28-oz. can of crushed tomatoes in tomato puree
• Salt
• Pepper
• Instant-read meat thermometer

www.livestrong.com

First online: 07 June 2014

Reliability of sonic tomography to detect agarwood in Aquilaria microcarpa Baill.

• Ningsie Indahsuary 
• , Dodi Nandika
• , Lina Karlinasari 
• , Erdi Santoso

Cover Date

2014-06

DOI

10.1007/s13196-014-0119-x

Print ISSN

0972-172X

Online ISSN

0976-8432

Publisher

Springer India

Abstract

Gaharu, or agarwood, is a valuable nontimber forest product. Due to its economic value, agarwood has been subjected to overexploitation in Indonesia’s natural forests. The traditional practice for harvesting agarwood is to fell trees without any reliable techniques for predicting that agarwood is present. Sonic tomography may represent a technique to detect agarwood in a tree before felling it. A study was conducted to evaluate the reliability of sonic tomography (Picus® sonic tomography) to detect agarwood within Aquilaria microcarpa trees. Thirty-five A. microcarpa trees (diameter ≥ 15 cm) at an experimental forest area in Carita, Banten Province, were selected as sample trees. Four to six transducers were placed at measuring points around the trunks of sample trees at 20, 130, and 200 cm from the ground. The transducers were connected to a software system that could record sonic wave velocities within each sample tree and then convert the data into colored images. The results showed that sound wave velocities within sample trees ranged from 400 to 900 m/s with average value 700 m/s. There were no significant differences of sonic wave velocities among measuring points. Sample trees with high sonic velocity tended to have dark-colored tomographic images (dark brown), while the lower sonic velocities were denoted by light colors (green, violet, blue). These results respectively corresponded to healthy and deteriorated conditions of the sample trees. In conclusion, sonic tomography shows sufficient reliability to detect the presence of agarwood in trees.

Keywords

Agarwood Aquilaria microcarpa Sonic tomography Sonic wave velocity

References 

1. Burfield T (2005) Agarwood chemistry. http://​www.​cropwatch.​org/​agarchem.​htm. Accessed 1 Nov 2013
2. CITES [Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species Wild Flora and Fauna] (2013) Appendices I, II and III. http://​www.​cites.​org/​sites/​default/​files/​eng/​app/​2013/​E-Appendices-2013-06-12.​pdf. Accessed 20 May 2014
3. Divos F, Szalai L (2002) Tree evaluation by acoustic tomography. In: Beall FC (ed) Proceeding of the 13th international symposium on nondestructive testing of wood, 19–21 August 2002. University of California, Berkeley, pp 251–256
4. Gilbert EA, Smiley ET (2004) Picus sonic tomography for the quantification of decay in white oak (Quercus alba) and hickory (Carya spp.). J Arboric 30(5):277–280
5. Ishihara M, Tsuneya T, Uneyama K (1993) Fragrant sesquiterpenes from agarwood. Phytochemistry 33:1147–1155CrossRef

1. 1. Karlinasari L, Mardiyanti L, Nandika D (2011) Ultrasonic wave propagation characteristics of standing tree in urban area. In: Divoz F (ed) Proceeding of the 17th international nondestructive testing and evaluation of wood symposium, 14–16 September 2011. University of West Hungary, Sopron, pp 151–157
   2. Karlinasari L, Maryanti IL, Batubara HN, Dhani RM, Nandika D (2012) Visual evaluation and ultrasonic wave velocity characteristics of shade trees in urban area and plantation forest. Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Hasil Hutan 5(2):40–46 (in Indonesian)
   3. Liang S, Wang X, Wiedenback J, Cai Z, Fu F (2007) Evaluation of acoustic tomography for tree decay detection. In: Ross RJ, Wang X, Brashaw BK (eds) Proceeding of the 15th international symposium on nondestructive testing of wood, 10–12 September. University of Minesota Duluth and USDA Forest Products Laboratory Madison, USA, pp 48–54
   4. Liu Y, Chen H, Yang Y, Zhang Z, Wei J, Meng H, Chen W, Feng J, Gan B, Chen X, Gao Z, Huang J, Chen B, Chen H (2013) Whole-tree agarwood-inducing technique: an efficient novel technique for producing high-quality agarwood in cultivated Aquilaria sinensis trees. Molecules 18:3086–3106. doi:10.​3390/​molecules18033086PubMed CrossRef
   5. Nor Azah MA, Chang YS, Mailina J, Abu Said A, Abd. Majid J, Saidatul Husni S, Nor Hasnida H, Nik Yasmin Y (2008) Comparison of chemical profiles of selected gaharu oils from peninsular Malaysia. Malays J Anal Sci 12(2):338–340
   Santoso E, Irianto RSB, Sitepu IR, Turjaman M (2011) Production and utilization technology for sustainable development of eaglewood (gaharu) in Indonesia. Technical report 2: better inoculation engineering techniques. ITTO PD 425/06 Rev.1.(I)
2. Siburian RHS, Siregar UJ, Siregar IZ, Wahyudi I (2013) Identification of anatomical characteristics of Aquilaria microcarpa in its interaction with Fusarium solani. Biotropia 20(2):104–111
3. Wang X, Allison RB (2008) Decay detection in red oak trees using a combination of visual inspection, acoustic testing, and resistance microdrilling. J Arboric Urban For 34(1):1–4
4. Wang X, Divos F, Pilon C, Brashaw BK, Ross RJ, Pellerin RF (2004) Assessment of decay in standing timber using stress wave timing nondestructive evaluation tools: a guide for use and interpretation. Gen. Tech. Rep. FPL-GTR-147. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory
5. World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1998) Aquilaria microcarpa. In: IUCN 2013. IUCN red list of threatened species. Version 2013.2. http://​www.​iucnredlist.​org/​details/​33698/​0. Accessed 23 May 2014
6. Yamamoto K, Sulaiman O, Hashim R (1998) Nondestructive detection of heart rot on Acacia mangium trees in malaysia. For Prod J 48:83–86

Author Affiliations

• 1. Department of Forest Product, Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
• 2. Research and Development for Conservation and Rehabilitation, Ministry of Forestry Republic of Indonesia, Jl. Gunung Batu No 5, Bogor, Indonesia

For further details log on website :

http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs13196-014-0119-x