15 July 2015, Vol.179:109–115, doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.01.072
Title
Non-protein amino acids in Australian acacia seed: Implications for food security and recommended processing methods to reduce djenkolic acid
Author
Berin A. Boughton a
Priyanka Reddy a
Martin P. Boland a,b
Ute Roessner a,c
Peter Yates d,e,,
aMetabolomics Australia, School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
bSchool of Psychological and Clinical Sciences, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, NT 0909, Australia
cAustralian Centre for Plant Functional Genomics, The School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
dWorld Vision Australia, Burwood East, VIC 3151, Australia
eResearch Institute for Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, NT 0909, Australia
Received 9 September 2014. Revised 5 December 2014. Accepted 13 January 2015. Available online 20 January 2015.
Highlights
•
Australian acacia has potential to contribute to the agriculture of semi-arid Africa.
•
Five Australian acacia varieties were screened for toxic non-protein amino acids.
•
Australian acacia found to contain elevated levels of nephrotoxic djenkolic acid.
•
The implications of acacia use as a famine food explored.
•
Djenkolic acid content reduced to safe levels by roasting for between 8 and 10 min.
Abstract
Seed of Australian acacia species, Acacia colei, Acacia elecantha, Acacia torulosa, Acacia turmida and Acacia saligna, were analysed for the presence of toxic non-protein amino acids and the levels of essential amino acids. Amines were derivatised with 6-aminoquinolyl-N-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate before analysis using liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QQQ-MS). Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) with optimised transitions and collision energies for each analyte were employed. The known nephrotoxic compound djenkolic acid was found to be present at elevated levels in all species tested. The lowest levels were in A. colei (0.49% w/w) and the highest in A. saligna(1.85% w/w). Observed levels of djenkolic acid are comparable to measured and reported levels found in the djenkol bean. Subsequent testing of seed processing methods showed djenkolic acid levels can be significantly reduced by over 90% by dry roasting at 180 °C rendering the seed safe for human consumption.
Corresponding author at: Research Institute for Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, NT 0909, Australia. Tel.: +61 437918419.
Unevenly distributed thermal treatment of wood: preliminary study—density profiles
Author
Petr Čermák
, Jakub Dömény
, Martin Brabec
, Jaromír Milch
, Jan Baar
, Petr Horáček
, Peter Rademacher
Abstract
The present study aims to produce material with unevenly distributed density over cross section using thermal treatment. Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) wood in dimensions of 65 × 65 × 700 mm3 (R × T × L) was studied. Thermal modification at 160, 200 and 230 °C was applied for different time exposure and evaluated using mass loss. Then, density profiles were measured in order to analyze density distribution over cross section. Low temperature and short process duration (15, 30, 60 and 120 min) with mass loss between 0.15 and 1.1 % were considered to be insufficient, whereas higher temperature of 200 and 230 °C with average mass loss of 3.9 and 10 %, respectively, provides evenly modified cross section. However, uneven density profile was found for treatments at 230 °C and ten 15 min intervals of exposure. Material with thermally modified surfaces with improved properties but unchanged mechanical behaviour in the middle section would provide another solution for applications for building purposes.
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Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emissions of wood-based panels coated with nanoparticles modified water based varnish
Author
X. D. Zhu
, Y. Liu
, J. Shen
Abstract
The VOCs emissions of veneered particleboards coated with nanoparticles modified waterborne polyurethane varnish were investigated in this study. For the improvement of nanoparticles dispersion in waterborne polyurethane varnish, the surface of the nanoparticles was modified with KH550 silane coupling agent. VOCs emissions of coating panels containing various nanoparticles were evaluated with small-scale chamber method. The effect of nano TiO2, montmorillonite (MMT) and the mixture of them in varnish on VOCs degradation of wood-based panels were discussed and compared to the original varnish coating panels without nanoparticles herein. The results showed that treatment of nanoparticles with KH550 improves nanoparticles dispersion, and the modified waterborne polyurethane varnish used for wood-based panels finishing improved VOCs emissions. Various nanoparticles additions in varnish coating panels result in different degradation capacity on VOCs emission. After UV irradiation, the equilibrium concentrations of TVOC emitted from nanoparticles modified varnish coating panels were 21.05–41.57 % lower than of control panel. In addition, aldehydes and ketones compounds were found to exhibit good reduction.
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