Published Date 1 January 2016, Vol.135:10–17,doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.07.090 Title Preparation, physicochemical characterization and application of acetylated lotus rhizome starches
Author
Suling Sun a
Ganwei Zhang a,,
Chaoyang Ma b
aHubei Key Laboratory of Economic Forest Germplasm Improvement and Resources Comprehensive Utilization, Huanggang Normal University, 438000 Huanggang, China
bState Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 214122 Wuxi, China
Received 16 February 2015. Revised 27 July 2015. Accepted 28 July 2015. Available online 7 August 2015. Highlights
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Acetylated lotus rhizome starches were prepared and physicochemically characterized.
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The properties were greatly improved after acetylation.
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Acetylated lotus rhizome starches could be used as food additives in puddings.
Abstract
Acetylated lotus rhizome starches were prepared, physicochemically characterized and used as food additives in puddings. The percentage content of the acetyl groups and degree of substitution increased linearly with the amount of acetic anhydride used. The introduction of acetyl groups was confirmed via Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The values of the pasting parameters were lower for acetylated starch than for native starch. Acetylation was found to increase the light transmittance (%), the freeze–thaw stability, the swelling power and the solubility of the starch. Sensorial scores for puddings prepared using native and acetylated lotus rhizome starches as food additives indicated that puddings produced from the modified starches with superior properties over those prepared from native starch.
Published Date November 2016, Vol.73:52–59,doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2016.05.034 Title Impact of octenyl succinylation on rheological, pasting, thermal and physicochemical properties of pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides) starch
Author
Monika Sharma a,,
Ashish K. Singh b
Deep N. Yadav c
Sumit Arora b
R.K. Vishwakarma c
aSouthern Regional Station, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
bICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
cICAR-Central Institute of Post-Harvest Engineering & Technology, Ludhiana, India
Received 27 January 2016. Revised 16 May 2016. Accepted 19 May 2016. Available online 20 May 2016. Highlights
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Resistant starch content of pearl millet starch increased after octenylsuccinylation.
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Stability ratio increased & setback ratio decreased upon octenylsuccinylation.
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Gelatinization temperature & enthalpy decreased after octenylsuccinylation.
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Storage modulus, loss modulus and strain increased upon octenylsuccinylation.
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Homogeneous mixing & self leveling behaviour introduced upon modification.
Abstract
The impact of octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) esterification was investigated on rheological, pasting, thermal and physicochemical properties of pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides) starch. Starch was esterified with 3% OSA at four reaction times viz. 2 (OSA-2H), 3 (OSA-3H), 4 (OSA-4H), and 5 h (OSA-5H). Degree of substitution (DS) increased significantly (p < h.05) from 0.018 to 0.022 with increasing reaction time and peak height at 1724 cm−1 in fourier transform infrared spectroscopy increased with increase in DS. Resistant starch and oil absorption capacity increased significantly (p < 0.05) from 2.41 to 13.72% and 1.31–2.67 g/g, respectively with increasing DS. Significant increase was observed in peak, hot paste, cold paste and breakdown viscosity upon OSA esterification while, pasting temperature and setback ratio decreased. Storage modulus, loss modulus and strain increased upon OSA esterification. Herschel Bulkley model was found best fitted with R2 values 0.997 and 0.995 for native and OSA-3H (DS 0.0208) gels, respectively. Consistency index decreased from 13.57 to 2.25 and 27.30 to 1.84 for native and OSA-3H, respectively with increase in temperature from 5 to 85 °C. Gelatinization temperature and enthalpy of gelatinization decreased significantly. OSA-starch gels exhibited good proportioning, homogeneous mixing and self leveling characteristics making them potential fat replacers.
Intense exercise can trigger fatigue.Photo Credit KatarzynaBialasiewicz/iStock/Getty Images
Overview
Exercise induced low blood sugar, or hypoglycemia occurs when your body’s blood sugar is used up too quickly. Sugar, or glucose comes from the food that you eat and your body uses it as a source of energy during exercise. When you don’t eat enough food or you participate in vigorous exercise without increasing the amount of food you eat, you can experience the symptoms of hypoglycemia. Severe symptoms can be life-threatening.
Nervous System Symptoms
Your nervous system is extremely sensitive to the effects of low blood sugar. The first neurological effects of hypoglycemia during exercise include confusion, abnormal behavior, fatigue, irritability and trembling, according to Medline Plus. These are signs that your blood sugar is low and that you immediately need to reduce the intensity of your physical activity and eat a food that is high in carbohydrates or drink a sports drink. In addition, you should drink one to two cups of water to make sure you are adequately hydrated. Symptoms of dehydration are commonly confused with the symptoms of hypoglycemia. Continue to monitor these early warning signs and seek medical treatment promptly if they do not improve.
More serious neurological symptoms include visual disturbances, seizures, tremor and loss of consciousness. These critical symptoms can be avoided if you take the proper action to increase your blood sugar but they do require immediate medical attention.
Gastrointestinal Symptoms
Low blood sugar after exercise can also have unwanted effects on your gastrointestinal system. Initially you may experience hunger, but as your blood sugar declines you can have nausea, vomiting, malaise and diarrhea. If you begin to experience these symptoms, you should avoid the temptation to “push yourself.” Take the proper precautions to prevent your blood sugar level from declining further. Seek immediate medical treatment if you begin to vomit or feel malaise after exercise.
Cardiovascular Symptoms
Your cardiovascular system can also be affected by low blood sugar. According to Medline Plus, you can experience a rapid heart rate, cold sweats and pale skin. In addition, you may notice a pounding heartbeat in your chest or in your head. You should stop exercising, eat a food high in carbohydrates, and re-hydrate yourself. Check your heart rate and make sure that it is no more than 220 minus your age. Continually monitor your heart rate to make sure that it gradually declines back to normal. If your heart rate stays elevated for more than a few minutes and you are experiencing other symptoms of hypoglycemia, see a doctor right away.
What Are the Causes of Sudden & Extreme Fatigue?Photo Credit Jupiterimages/Goodshoot/Getty Images
Fatigue is a common symptom in many illnesses and daily routines. It becomes a concern when it is not relieved by rest, good nutrition and a reduction in the stress level. A sudden onset of extreme fatigue from an unknown cause indicates the need to see a health care provider for a medical diagnosis. The pattern and extent of the fatigue are important criteria in determining a diagnosis.
Acute Kidney Failure
Acute or sudden kidney failure is kidney damage that keeps the kidneys from removing waste and producing urine without losing the electrolytes, according to the University of Maryland Medical Center. Symptoms of kidney failure include fatigue, decreased appetite, pain between the ribs and hips, elevated blood pressure and seizures.
The possible causes of acute kidney failure that leads to sudden and extreme fatigue include burns, dehydration, surgery, septic shock, a transfusion reaction, pregnancy complications and a urinary tract obstruction. Treatment includes defining and treating the underlying cause, limiting liquid intake to the amount of urine produced and monitoring lab reports to determine whether dialysis is required.
Mitral Valve Diseases
The mitral valve is the valve that regulates the blood flow between the upper and lower left chamber of the heart. Diseases of the mitral valve include mitral valve prolapse, which is one of the most common forms of valve disease, according to the Texas Heart Institute; mitral regurgitation, also known as mitral insufficiency; and mitral stenosis, or narrowing of the mitral valve.
Common symptoms of the mitral valve diseases include heart palpitations, chest pain and coughing. Symptoms of mitral valve prolapse include extreme fatigue. Cautions for people with any type of mitral valve disease include taking antibiotics prior to any dental procedure or general surgery to prevent infection of the valve.
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Although the exact cause of chronic fatigue syndrome, or CFS, is unknown, symptoms similar to a viral infection appear suddenly or within a few days, states MedlinePlus, a publication of the National Institutes of Health. The major symptom is extreme fatigue that limits the ability to carry on routine daily activities. A diagnosis of CFS requires the fatigue to last at least six weeks with no relief from bed rest.
CFS has no cure, so treatment focuses on the symptoms and includes medications for depression and sleep management; relaxation and stress-reduction techniques, such as biofeedback and deep breathing exercises; and activity management, such as dividing the amount of time spent on difficult tasks with rest periods.
Lupus
Lupus is an autoimmune disease that can affect many parts of the body, such as the brain, skin, joints, heart, kidneys and lungs. For people with lupus, the body's immune system cannot distinguish the difference in the tissues and cells in the body and antigens, so it creates antibodies that cause pain, inflammation and damage to the cells.
Symptoms include extreme fatigue in 81 percent of people with lupus, states Disabled World. The treatment of lupus depends on the location of the affected organs or body system involved and includes nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, corticosteroids, immunomodulating drugs and anticoagulants.
Abstract: This study evaluated the prevalence of poor glycemic control and factors associated with it among patients with type 2 diabetes in northern Iran. Totally, 367 patients (132 men and 235 women) were studied and data on their age, sex, body weight, height, weight gain in adulthood, blood pressure, lipid profile, hemoglobin A1C values, educational levels, living area, doing exercise, between meal snack and pharmacologic treatment were collected. Glycemic control was categorized as good control if A1C<7% and poor glycemic control if A1C≥7%. These data showed that 73.3% of the study patient had A1C≥7% (women 71.9% and men 75.8%, p < 0.68) and they had poorer metabolic control in most of laboratory parameters including blood lipid levels than good control group. In univariate analysis patients with good glycemic control were more educated, younger and were less likely to be treated with insulin than poor control patients. Poor and good glycemic patients were not different in frequency of doing regular exercise, weight gain, income levels and between meal eating behaviors. In multivariate analysis having a positive genetic background OR = 11.6 (1.4–23.9 p > 0.02) was positively and age >60 y OR = 6.8 (1.108–22.8 p < 0.03) was negatively related to glycemic control in these patients. In conclusion, a considerable proportion of these Iranian patients had poor glycemic control. These data showed that glycemic control is more difficult to obtain with increasing age indicating that duration of diabetes and delaying appropriate treatment play role in poor glycemic control.
Authors: Intorre, Federica | Donini, L. M. | Catasta, G. | Neri, B. | Hagedorn, T.| Toti, E. | Foddai, M. S. | Venneria, E. | Palomba, L. | Azzini, E. | Rossi, L. | Pinto,mA. | Giusti, A. M. | Maiani, G.
Affiliations: National Institute for Research on Food and Nutrition, via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy. e-mail: intorre@inran.it | Experimental Medicine Department, Medical Physiopathology and Endocrinology Section, Food Science and Nutrition Laboratory, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy | Villa delle Querce Clinical Rehabilitation Institute, Nemi, Rome, Italy
Abstract: The aim of this intervention trial was to evaluate the impact of consumption of two different types of strawberry jam on glycaemic status in 16 non-complicated and 7 type 2 diabetic volunteers, having a body mass index higher than 30 kg/m2 (obesity status) and selected according to the specific criteria. Volunteers consumed a test meal consisting of 30 g of white bread, 50 g of an experimental jam (sweetened with organic apple juice) and 150 ml of whole cow milk; a control jam (sweetened with white beet sugar) was provided within the same test meal with a week gap. For the determination of glucose and insulin levels, venous blood samples were collected after overnight fasting and every 30 min for 3 h after the ingestion of the test meal. Both groups of volunteers had a significantly lower (P < 0.05) increase of glucose and insulin levels at 30 and 60 min after the consumption of the experimental jam with respect to the control one, highlighting the importance of the type of carbohydrates in controlling glycaemic status: indeed, this type of jam, containing mainly fructose, was successful not only for diabetics but also for subjects at risk of developing this pathology, with a severe obesity condition. The consumption of this kind of product could be a strategy to enhance the quality of life in type 2 diabetic people, helping them to follow a dietary regimen including highly accepted food.
Keywords: Type 2 diabetes, Glycaemic status, Obesity status
DOI: 10.3233/s12349-011-0075-6
Journal: Mediterranean Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 135-141, 2012
