Blog List

Tuesday, 14 June 2016

Variation in Senescence Pattern of Different Classes of Rice Tillers and Its Effect on Panicle Biomass Growth and Grain Yield

Download Download as PDF (Size:3548KB)  HTML    PP. 1047-1057  
DOI: 10.4236/ajps.2012.38125    2,568 Downloads   5,096 Views  
Author(s)    
Ekamber Kariali, Sunita Sarangi, Rashmi Panigrahi, Binay B. Panda, Pravat K. Mohapatra
School of Life Sciences, Sambalpur University, Sambalpur, India..
School of Life Sciences, Sambalpur University, Sambalpur, India..
School of Life Sciences, Sambalpur University, Sambalpur, India..
School of Life Sciences, Sambalpur University, Sambalpur, India..
School of Life Sciences, Sambalpur University, Sambalpur, India..

In rice, the initiation of tillers is staggered and temporally spaced, but maturity is synchronous. Duration of growth in a later-initiated tiller on a higher culm node is shorter and it contributes less biomass and grain yield. The present investigation attempts to discover the manner in which ordered pattern of senescence in basipetal succession impacts source capacity of tillers in two contrasting rice cultivars, namely Lalat (high tillering) and MGD-106 (medium tillering) during the dry season of 2009 and ascertain how tiller production capacity influences dry matter partitioning and tiller dynamics of the plant. In both the rice cultivars, the progress of senescence among different types of tillers was indicated by gradual decline of photosynthetic pigments, total nitrogen and protein concentrations and increase of lipid peroxidation and peroxidase activity of the flag leaf, which affected photosynthetic efficiency. The effects were more pernicious on the newer tillers compared to older tillers. It was observed that metabolic dominance of the older tillers over newer tillers could be accrued due to higher photosynthetic source capacity of the former than that of the latter. It was concluded that flag leaf of a later-initiated tiller is less tolerant to senescence induced photo-oxidative stress, which decreases both source and sink activities. Increase of tiller number and order in rice increases vulnerability of the later-initiated tillers for oxidative stress and grain filling.

[1]W. G. Wu, L. T. Wilson and A. M. Mc Clung, “Contribution of Rice Tillers to Dry Matter and Grain Yield,” Agronomy Journal, Vol. 90, No. 3, 1998, pp. 317-323. Hdoi:10.2134/agronj1998.00021962009000030001x
[2]K. C. Sahu, E. Kariali and P. K. Mohapatra, “Tiller Dominance in Rice Is Dependent on Assimilate Concentration of the Panicle,” Indian Journal of Plant Physiology, Vol. 9, 2004, pp. 402-406.
[3]F. Wang, F. Cheng and G. Zhang, “Difference in Grain Yield and Quality among Tillers in Rice Genotypes Differing in Tillering Capacity,” Rice Science, Vol. 14, No. 2, 2007, pp. 135-140. Hdoi:10.1016/S1672-6308(07)60019-5
[4]P. K. Mohapatra and E. Kariali, “Time of Emergence Determines the Pattern of Dominance of Rice Tillers,” Australian Journal of Crop Science, Vol. 1, 2008, pp. 52-63.
[5]S. Yoshida, “Fundamentals of Rice Crop Science,” International Rice Research Institute, Philippines, 1981.
[6]L. J. Luo, Z. K. Li, H. W. Mei, Q. Y. Shu, R. Tabie, D. B. Zhong, C. S. Ying, J. W. Stansel, G. S. Khush and A. H. Pearson, “Overdominant Epistatic Loci Are the Primary Genetic Basis of Inbreeding Depression and Heterosis in Rice. II. Grain Yield Components,” Genetics, Vol. 158, 2001, pp. 1755-1771.
[7]L. Zhikang, S. R. M. Pinson, W. D. Park, A. H. Paterson and J. W. Stansel, “Epistasis for Three Grain Yield Components in Rice (Oryza sativa L.),” Genetics, Vol. 145, 1997, pp. 453-465.
[8]S. Peng, G. S. Khush and K. G. Cassman, “Evolution of the New Plant Ideotype for Increased Yield Potential.” In: K. G. Cassman, Ed., Breaking the Yield Barrier, International Rice Research Institute, Philippines, 1994, pp. 5-20.
[9]X. Li, Q. Qian, Z. Fu, Y. Wang, G. Xiong, D. Zeng, X. Wang, X. Liu, S. Teng, F. Hiroshi, M. Yuan, D. Luo, B. Han and J. Li, “Control of Tillering in Rice,” Nature, Vol. 422, 2003, pp. 618-621. Hdoi:10.1038/nature01518
[10]D. I. Arnon, “Copper Enzymes in Isolated Chloroplasts. Polyphenoloxidase in Beta vulgaris,” Plant Physiology, Vol. 24, No. 1, 1949, pp. 1-15. Hdoi:10.1104/pp.24.1.1
[11]O. H. Lowry, N. J. Rosebrough, A. L. Farr and R. J. Randall, “Protein Measurement with the Folin-Phenol Reagent,” Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 193, 1951, pp. 265-275.
[12]R. L. Heath and L. Packer, “Photoperoxidation in Isolated Chloroplasts. I. Kinetics and Stoichiometry of Fatty Acid Peroxidation,” Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Vol. 125, No. 1, 1968, pp. 189-198. Hdoi:10.1016/0003-9861(68)90654-1
[13]B. Chance and A. C. Machly, “Assay of Catalase and Peroxidase,” Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 2, 1955, pp. 746-775. Hdoi:10.1016/S0076-6879(55)02300-8
[14]T. S. Ma and G. Zuazaga, “Micro-Kjeldahl Determination of Nitrogen. A New Indicator and an Improved Rapid Method,” Industrial Engineering Chemistry (Analytical Edition), Vol. 14, No. 3, 1942, pp. 280-282. Hdoi:10.1021/i560103a035
[15]T. Florent, D. S. P. Beatriz, D. R. Marcel and D. Michael, “Leaf Blade Dimensions of Rice (Oryza sativa L. and Oryza glaberrima Steud.), Relationships between Tillers and the Main Stem,” Annals of Botany, Vol. 88, No. 3, 2001, pp. 507-511. Hdoi:10.1006/anbo.2001.1447
[16]J. K. Kim and B. S. Vergara, “Morho-Anatomical Characteristics of Different Panicles in High and Low Tillering Rices,” Korean Journal of Crop Science, Vol. 36, 1991, pp. 568-575.
[17]M. Dingkuhn and M. Kropff, “Rice,” In: E. Zamski and A. A. Schaffer, Eds., Photo-Assimilate Distribution in Plants and Crops: Source and Sink Relationship, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 1996, pp. 519-547.
[18]A. K. Biswas and M. A. Choudhuri, “Mechanism of Monocarpic Senescence in Rice,” Plant Physiology, Vol. 65, No. 2, 1980, pp. 340-345. Hdoi:10.1104/pp.65.2.340
[19]P. K. Mohapatra, Y. Masamoto, S. Morita, J. Takanashi, T. Kato, T. Itani, J. J. Adu-Gyamfi, M. Shunmugasundaram, N. T. Nguyen and K. Fujita, “Partitioning of 13C-Labelled Photosynthate Varies with Growth Stage and Panicle Size in High Yielding Rice,” Functional Plant Biology, Vol. 31, No. 2, 2004, pp. 131-139. Hdoi:10.1071/FP03177
[20]E. Kariali and P. K. Mohapatra, “Hormonal Regulation of Tiller Dynamics in Differentially-Tillering Rice Cultivars,” Plant Growth Regulation, Vol. 53, No. 3, 2007, pp. 215-223. Hdoi:10.1007/s10725-007-9221-z
[21]P. K. Mohapatra, B. B. Panda and E. Kariali, “Plasticity of Tiller Dynamics in Wild Rice Oryza rufipogon, Griff.: A Strategy for Resilience in Sub-Optimal Environments,” International Journal of Agronomy, Vol. 2011, 2011, Article ID: 543237. Hdoi:10.1155/2011/543237
[22]S. K. De Datta, “Principles and Practices of Rice Production” Wiley, New York, 1981.
[23]J. Masle, “Competition among Tillers in Winter Wheat: Consequences for Growth and Development of the Crop,” In: W. Day and R. K. Atkin, Eds., Wheat Growth Modeling, Proceedings of NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Wheat Growth and Modeling, NATO ASI Series A: Life Sciences, Plenum Press, New York, Vol. 86, 1985, pp. 33-54.
[24]L. T. Evans and S. K. De Datta, “The Relation between Irradiance and Grain Yield of Irrigated Rice in the Tropics, as Influenced by Cultivar, Nitrogen Fertilizer Application and Month of Planting,” Field Crops Research, Vol. 2, 1979, pp. 1-17. Hdoi:10.1016/0378-4290(79)90002-9
[25]S. Ciompi, E. Gentili, L. Guidi and G. F. Soldatini, “The Effect of Nitrogen Deficiency on Leaf Gas Exchange and Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters in Sunflower,” Plant Science, Vol. 118, No. 2, 1996, pp. 177-184. Hdoi:10.1016/0168-9452(96)04442-1
[26]M. J. Paul and C. H. Foyer, “Sink Regulation of Photosynthesis,” Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 52, No. 360, 2001, pp. 1383-1400. Hdoi:10.1093/jexbot/52.360.1383
[27]E. D. Smidansky, J. M. Martin, L. C. Hannah, A. M. Fischer and M. J. Giroux, “Seed Yield and Plant Biomass Increases in Rice Are Conferred by Deregulation of Endosperm ADP-Glucose Pyrophosphorylase,” Planta, Vol. 216, 2003, pp. 656-664.
[28]J. Beltrano, M. G. Ronco, E. R. Montaldi and A. Carbone, “Senescence of Flag Leaves and Ears of Wheat Hastened by Methyl Jasmonate,” Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, Vol. 17, No. 1, 1998, pp. 53-57. Hdoi:10.1007/PL00007012
[29]J. Beltrano, A. Carbone, E. R. Montaldi and J. J. Guiamet, “Ethylene as Promoter of Wheat Grain Maturation and Ear Senescence,” Plant Growth Regulation, Vol. 15, No. 2, 1994, pp. 107-112. Hdoi:10.1007/BF00024098
[30]M. G. Cook and L. T. Evans, “Some Physiological Aspects of the Domestication and Improvement of Rice (ORYZA sp.),” Field Crops Research, Vol. 6, 1983, pp. 219-238. Hdoi:10.1016/0378-4290(83)90062-X
[31]S. Ray, W. A. Mondal and M. A. Choudhuri, “Regulation of Leaf Senescence, Grain-Filling and Yield of Rice by Kinetin and Abscisic Acid,” Physiologia Plantarum, Vol. 59, No. 3, 1983, pp. 343-346. Hdoi:10.1111/j.1399-3054.1983.tb04212.x


For further details log on website :
at No comments:

Basic Evaluation Of Sorting Technologies For CCA Treated Wood Waste.

Price
Free (open access)
Paper DOI
10.2495/ETOX060321
Transaction
Volume
10
Pages
9
Published
2006
Size
654 kb
Author(s)
K. Yasuda, M. Tanaka & Y. Deguchi
Abstract
Two sorting technologies including an X-ray fluorescence technique and a Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technique were investigated for separating chromate copper arsenate (CCA) treated wood from other wood types in the wood waste stream. X-ray fluorescence was tested in the laboratory using a portably available X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. Operational parameters for continuous sorting using LIBS technology were established. These parameters concluded that chromate was the most sensitive metal for analysis, analysis time was less than 1 second per wood sample. LIBS technology shows considerable promise for continuous separation of large quantities of CCA treated wood from other wood types in the field using an on-line sorting system. Keywords: CCA treated wood, continuous sorting, color reacted with chemical stain, X-ray fluorescence(XRF), Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). 1 Introduction Chromated copper arsenate (CCA) is a wood treatment preservative containing copper, chromium and arsenic. The purpose of the chemical is to protect wood from biological deterioration. CCA treated wood comes in a range of retention levels, from 4 kgm -3 to 40 kg m -3 . Lower retention levels are used for above ground applications and in freshwater contact, whereas higher retention levels are used for wood that is in contact with the ground or saltwater. The types of products treated with CCA include plywood, lumber, timbers, fence posts, utility poles and others (AWPI [1]).

For further details log on website :
at No comments:

Micromechanical Study Of Green Wood Subjected To Mode I Fracture

Price
Free (open access)
Paper DOI
10.2495/MC050121
Transaction
Volume
51
Pages
10
Published
2005
Size
1,579 kb
Author(s)
S. Vasic & S. Stanzl-Tschegg
Abstract
The importance of environmental effects on the structural performance of wood has been known for ages, moisture being the most pronounced degradative effect that needs to be taken into account at different levels of wooden structure durability. Moisture content has an effect on many mechanical and physical properties below the fiber saturation point. The results presented herein focus on the chracterisation of fracture mechanisms and properties of softwoods and hardwoods at the highest moisture content around the fiber saturation point, where wood can be regarded as a poroelastic fluid-saturated media. Small wooden specimens were subjected to opening fracture mode I loading with the wedge-splitting loading stage which allows for in-situ real-time ESEM investigations. Fracture responses are reported for four different wood species tested ex situ, and fracture parameters such as total fracture energy are discussed related to two fracture directions RL and RT. It is concluded that micro-study provides valuable evidence on the change of fracture mechanism with wood species and fracture orientation. Keywords: wood, fracture, ESEM, moisture, poroelasticity, fluid-saturated media, crack. 1 Introduction In the living tree, wood contains large quantities of water. As green wood dries, most of the water is removed. The moisture remaining in wood tends to come to equilibrium with the relative humidity of the surrounding air. Moisture moves by

For further details log on website :
at No comments:

Welfare Economic Assessment Of Processing Impregnated Waste Wood

Paper DOI
10.2495/WM060591
Transaction
Volume
92
Pages
10
Published
2006
Size
420 kb
Author(s)
V. Kjærbye, A. Larsen, B. Hasler, M. R. Schrøder & J. Cramer
Abstract
Waterproof waste wood contains a series of chemicals, especially chromium, copper and arsenic, which can be hazardous to human health and the natural environment in concentrated quantities. In this welfare economic analysis the economic and environmental consequences of four methods of processing impregnated waste wood are considered and compared: deposition, incineration, gasification and an extraction process. The quantity of impregnated waste wood is not a limiting factor for the individual method. The analysis includes both the socio-economic and the environmental consequences of applying these methods. The results of the analysis show that incineration and gasification are the cheapest wood processing methods in a welfare economic perspective. The reason is that both methods produce heat and thereby avoid the use of other more polluting fuels. Deposition is quite expensive, and it neither recycles nor uses the energy in the wood. If one only looks at the direct costs of the processes, and does not estimate and include the value of the environmental consequences, the differences between the methods are smaller. The basis for the article is a report by the authors for The Danish Environmental Protection Agency. The authors would like to express their gratitude to the agency for funding. Keywords: impregnated waste wood, welfare economic assessment. 1 Introduction This analysis is launched to provide answers as to how society should obtain a welfare economic optimal treatment of impregnated waste wood. The welfare

For further details log on website :
at No comments:

A Model Municipal By-Law For Regulating Wood Burning Appliances

Paper DOI
10.2495/AIR080631
Transaction
Volume
116
Pages
9
Published
2008
Size
364 kb
Author(s)
A. Germain, F. Granger & A. Gosselin
Abstract
This paper describes a Model Municipal By-Law, developed to support municipal or local governments that wish to control air pollution caused by the use of residential wood burning for heating purposes. Wood burning is the most important anthropogenic source of fine particulates (PM2.5) in Canada. As a complement to a national regulation on new, cleaner burning wood burning appliances, initiatives were identified to address existing appliances. These initiatives include public outreach and a change-out program. As a result, a Model Municipal By-Law for regulating wood burning appliances was developed as an aid to local governments that want to regulate the use of residential wood burning appliances for residential use on their territory. Keywords: residential wood combustion, emission, regulation, municipal by-law. 1 Introduction In 2000, the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment developed a Canada-wide Standard for particulate matter less than or equal to 2.5 microns (also known as fine particulate or PM2.5) as a result of the pollutant's adverse effects on human health [1]. It also indicated that measures where to be taken to reduce their emissions, including those from residential wood combustion for heating purpose [2]. This document is intended as an aid for municipalities where air quality problems due to residential wood burning are experienced and who therefore wish to put in place a municipal by-law for regulating woodburning appliances. The workshop summary of the Kelowna Residential Indoor Wood Burning

For further details log on website :
at No comments:

Possibility Of Production Of Binderless Boards Using Wood Powder By Rolling

Paper DOI
10.2495/HPSM040401
Transaction
Volume
76
Pages
9
Published
2004
Size
399 kb
Author(s)
T. Miki, N. Takakura, T. Iizuka, K. Yamaguchi & K. Kanayama
Abstract
Recently, it has become more and more important to minimize environmental pollution. As an attempt to alleviate the environmental problems in materials, new wood based materials without using any adhesives and binders have been investigated. From this point of view, wood powder can be useful because it can be solidified and bonded under optimum pressure and temperature. This is because the component of wood, especially lignin and hemicelluloses, becomes soft and fills among components during heating and compacting. In addition, the powder form causes effective bonding of each particle. From the viewpoint of powder forming, Near Net Shape forming actually can be performed using plastics and metal powder. Therefore, the development of this

For further details log on website :
at No comments:

Strength Evaluation Of Fire Retarded Wood Truss Members

Paper DOI
10.2495/STR990541
Transaction
Volume
42
Pages
5
Published
1999
Size
507 kb
Author(s)
B. Kasal
Abstract
Fire damage of wood structures has always been a concern of an engineering community. Advances in chemistry allow to apply fire retardants to wood members which inhibit the fire spread. However, the chemicals may have an adverse effect on the strength of wood mainly if the members are subjected to elevated temperatures. This is frequently the case in roofs where temperatures above 50° C are not exceptional. This paper describes the change in modulus of elasticity and strength of wood truss members treated by a fire retardant and subjected to elevated temperatures during service. Significant reduction in bending strength and modulus of elasticity was found. However, the compressive strength along fibers was not affected. Introduction Large number of historical buildings is entirely or partially built

For further details log on website :
at No comments:

Underwater Shock Wave Loading On Wood

Price
Free (open access)
Paper DOI
10.2495/SDP-V6-N2-226-237
Journal
Volume
Volume 6 (2011), Issue 2
Pages
11
Page Range
226 - 237
Author(s)
G. GARAS & M. ALLAM
Abstract
Straw, as a fiber, has been used as part of building materials for several years. A carefully constructed straw-bale building has excellent thermal performance because of the combination of the high isolative value of the bales and the thermal mass provided by the thick plaster coating of the interiors. This paper addresses the thermal performance of rice straw bales and walls plastered with different cement plaster mixes. The plaster mixes are applied on straw bales of thickness 45 cm. A fire resistance test is conducted for two complete hours on the bales using direct flame after which the flame was discontinued. According to the test results, the mix with equal parts of cement and lime showed acceptable mechanical properties. This mix is chosen to be applied on a prototype straw bale wall compartment with an aim to evaluate the thermal performance of the plastered straw bale walls in arid desert climate at the hottest month of the year in Egypt. The straw bale wall test is undertaken by collecting actual measurements on site. Thermal sensors are installed on both external and internal sides of the wall to record the heat transmission through the plastered walls. The results showed that all the plastered bales survived fire penetration for the life period of the test. Increasing the lime content and decreasing the cement content of the mix raises the possibility of weak areas in the plaster of straw bale walls causing cracks during direct fire exposure. Similar width and density of the bales for all the speci-men mixes didn’t affect the heat transmission through the bales, which did not exceed 5.3°C in all samples. The site readings on the straw bale walls showed high range of temperature fluctuation on the external wall sensor, while in the internal wall sensor the temperature fluctuation was kept to minimum values. It was concluded that due to their high thermal insulation, straw bale structures require comparatively less energy to sustain thermal comfort conditions.

For further details log on website :
at No comments:

Thermal Performance Of Plastered Rice Straw Bales And Walls: A Case Study

Price
Free (open access)
Paper DOI
10.2495/SDP-V6-N2-226-237
Journal
Volume
Volume 6 (2011), Issue 2
Pages
11
Page Range
226 - 237
Author(s)
G. GARAS & M. ALLAM
Abstract
Straw, as a fiber, has been used as part of building materials for several years. A carefully constructed straw-bale building has excellent thermal performance because of the combination of the high isolative value of the bales and the thermal mass provided by the thick plaster coating of the interiors. This paper addresses the thermal performance of rice straw bales and walls plastered with different cement plaster mixes. The plaster mixes are applied on straw bales of thickness 45 cm. A fire resistance test is conducted for two complete hours on the bales using direct flame after which the flame was discontinued. According to the test results, the mix with equal parts of cement and lime showed acceptable mechanical properties. This mix is chosen to be applied on a prototype straw bale wall compartment with an aim to evaluate the thermal performance of the plastered straw bale walls in arid desert climate at the hottest month of the year in Egypt. The straw bale wall test is undertaken by collecting actual measurements on site. Thermal sensors are installed on both external and internal sides of the wall to record the heat transmission through the plastered walls. The results showed that all the plastered bales survived fire penetration for the life period of the test. Increasing the lime content and decreasing the cement content of the mix raises the possibility of weak areas in the plaster of straw bale walls causing cracks during direct fire exposure. Similar width and density of the bales for all the speci-men mixes didn’t affect the heat transmission through the bales, which did not exceed 5.3°C in all samples. The site readings on the straw bale walls showed high range of temperature fluctuation on the external wall sensor, while in the internal wall sensor the temperature fluctuation was kept to minimum values. It was concluded that due to their high thermal insulation, straw bale structures require comparatively less energy to sustain thermal comfort conditions.


For further details log on website :
http://www.witpress.com/elibrary/sdp-volumes/6/2/515
at No comments:
Subscribe to: Posts (Atom)

Advantages and Disadvantages of Fasting for Runners

Author BY   ANDREA CESPEDES  Food is fuel, especially for serious runners who need a lot of energy. It may seem counterintuiti...