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Friday, 24 March 2017

Public Policy and the Reemergence of International Economic Influences on U.S. Agriculture

Author
Philip L. Paarlberg and Alan J. Webb

Abstract: Recent literature on agricultural policy argues that a new market environment has emerged m the past 15 years characterized by the growing Importance of international trade, a U S agricultural sector increasingly integrated into the U S and world macroeconomy, and an increasing price variability for agricultural commodities A historical examination of the effects of trade, macroeconomic factors, and price variability on U S agriculture, however, shows that these influences are not new Changes In agricultural and macroeconomic policies In the seventies have caused these characteristics to reemerge, albeit In a somewhat different form and magnitude than in previous decades
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Beliefs of Farmers and Adoption of Integrated Pest Management

Author
Wesley N. Musser, Michael E. Wetzstein, Susan Y. Reece, Philip E. Varca, David M. Edwards and G. Keith Douce
Abstract: Georgia peanut farmers have adopted Integrated pest management (lPM) on only a limited basis, although objective data indicate that IPM technology may be more efficient than conventional pest control strategies Users and nonusers of IPM hold different views pertaining to the consequences of employing IPM These beliefs Influence Its use Educational programs on these beliefs should Influence adoption and continued use of IPM This article analyzes belief data pertaining to IPM among 192 Georgia ,peanut farmers and explores the relationship between beliefs about IPM and its adoption
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Measuring Implicit Rental Rates for Farm Capital

Author
James Hrubovcak

Abstract: Developing implicit rental rates for capital inputs is an Important step in understanding the Impact of tax law changes on agricultural investments This article develops a methodology for estimating implicit rental rates and presents annual estimates of rental rates for seven categories of farm equipment and structures from 1955 to 1979 This article also compares these rental rates With those estimated under a no-tax alternative The author developed a method for estimating marginal Federal Income tax rates for farm sole proprietorships
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Monthly Demand Relationships of U.S Meat Commodifies

Author

Abstract: A set of price-dependent demand equations explains the Interdependent nature of monthly demand relationships for 10 meat commodities The analysis uses a model with a mixed structural-time series approach. the model's forecasting capability is significantly better than that of the traditional structural model used alone.
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The Effects of Interest Rates on Agricultural Machinery Investment

Author
Michael LeBlanc and James Hrubovcak

Abstract: Changes in real interest rates may affect the rate of adjustment of machinery to optimal levels This finding results from the development and application of a theoretically consistent analytical framework for examining agricultural investment 10 machinery Results from duality theory on restricted variable profit functions are incorporated into a longrun dynamic optimization framework where input use is affected by external adjustment costs
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Timpohon Trail 2.0km to 2.5km


Step-by-Step Terrain of Mount Kinabalu:

Still going strong at KM 2.0 to KM 2.5

Nice trail. Walking on stones.

But the terrain looks quite the same throughout the climb.

Same type of terrain since Timpohon Gate. (2010)

I was standing in the hut taking this photo. (2010)
Hut is the place that everyone gathers to stop and rest.

 There are pondoks, i.e. huts, along the trail. You can find one in almost every KM until Laban Rata. Each pondok is equipped with flush toilet. The conditions of the flush toilets are not tip top but acceptable.

If you notice, there are flush toilets. The toilets cleanliness is generally acceptable.

I think I should write a post specifically on the photographs of the flora at Mount Kinabalu. I have quite some of them.

Flora at Mount Kinabalu.



Thank you Junious for letting me to use your photo in my blog here.
This is not my photo. It was taken by my colleague Junious Tan.
It looks really professional.




Step-by-Step Terrain of Mount Kinabalu:

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Nepenthes Lodge at Kinabalu Park Headquarters

We stayed another night at Nepenthes Lodge at Kinabalu Park Headquarters after the climb in my second climb. Staying a night at Kinabalu Park after the climb gave us a much needed rest and a less taxing schedule.

It is a fine lodge with 2 family size bedrooms, a living room, a kitchen and a dining room. All transports within Kinabalu Park Headquarters are free. We just need to call the operator to send a driver to fetch us to anyway in Kinabalu Park Headquarters.

In September 2011, SSL charged RM685 per night per lodge. It includes two big rooms with master beds. It is good enough for 4 adults and a few more children. I am not sure what is the latest price now.









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Timpohon Trail 3.0km to 3.5km (2)


Step-by-Step Terrain of Mount Kinabalu:

2010 Climb


I like this photo. Very beautiful and serene.

This part was still easy. Just walk. For those who suffered altitude sickness,
the symptoms were growing stronger.

A slightly different trail.

Reaching 3.5km. yeah~, well 2.5km more to go.

2011 Climb

Take a look at the rocky ground.

Another Pondok, i.e. hut. Take a rest.

Beautiful trail. It makes the efforts worthwhile.
Beautiful Trail.

It was serene and quiet. The world left only the forest and I.

My young uncle and auntie. Yeah, you did it here.


Step-by-Step Terrain of Mount Kinabalu:

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SOIL ORGANIC MATTER DYNAMICS UPON SECONDARY SUCCESSION IN IMPERATA GRASSLAND, EAST KALIMANTAN, INDONESIA

Author
Buurman

Abstract


Soil organic matter (SOM) dynamics upon secondary succession in Imperata grassland was studied by stable carbon isotope analysis. The data of litter and soil samples of twenty plots in four different stages of succession were compared. These different stages were represented by plots that were; (1) last burned 3 years before sampling (Imperata grassland), (2) last burned 9 years before, (3) a secondary forest (≥15 years) and (4) a primary forest.  Result showed that isotopic signatures of all soil horizons of the regeneration stages were statistically different from those of the primary forest. The A-horizon under the 3-years Imperata plot still contained 23% forest (C3) carbon, and this fraction increased to 51% in the-B-horizon. In the 9-years plot and in the secondary forest, the C3 carbon on the A-horizon increased to 51% and 96%, respectively.  In the topsoil, the loss of C4-C between the 3-years and the 9-years plot was significant, while it appeared negligible in the AB-horizon. The strong decay in the topsoil under Imperata grassland may be due to the rather high carbohydrate content of the SOM, which is considered easily decomposable. Further research is needed especially to explore the relation between carbon stocks and chemical of SOM composition. Such insight may help to better understand and predict soil carbon changes in relation to climate and vegetation change.

Keywords


Carbon isotopes;, Imperata grasslands; secondary succession; soil organic matter

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References


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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/ijfr.2015.2.1.43-53

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http://ejournal.forda-mof.org/ejournal-litbang/index.php/IJFR/article/view/1636
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LEAF AREA INDEX DERIVED FROM HEMISPHERICAL PHOTOGRAPH AND ITS CORRELATION WITH ABOVEGROUND FOREST BIOMASS

Author
Tyas Mutiara Basuki

Abstract


Leaf  area index (LAI) is one of  the key physical factors in the energy exchange between terrestrial ecosystem and atmosphere. It determines the photosynthesis process to produce biomass and plays an important role in performing forest stand reflectance. Therefore building relationship between LAI and biomass from field measurements can be used to develop allometric equations for biomass estimation. This paper studies the relationship between diameter at breast height (DBH) and leaves biomass, DBH and crown biomass (sum up of  leaves,  twigs and branches) as well as between LAI and leaves biomass; LAI and crown biomass; LAI and Total Above-ground Biomass (TAGB) in East Kalimantan Province. Destructive sampling was conducted to develop allometric equations. The DBH measurements from 52 sample plots were used as training data for model development (35 plots) and for validation (17 plots). A hemispherical photograph was used to record LAI. The result shows that strong corelation (r) exists between natural logarithmic (ln) DBH and crown biomass ranging from 0.88 to 0.98. The correlation (r) between LAI and biomass of  leaves; leaves + twigs + branches; TAGB were 0.742, 0.768 and 0.772, respectively.  Improvement of  (r) between LAI and biomass can be conducted by proper time of  LAI measurement, when the sky is uniformly overcast.

Keywords


LAI; biomass; hemispherical photograph; allometric equation; East Kalimantan

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References


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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/ijfr.2015.2.1.31-41

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http://ejournal.forda-mof.org/ejournal-litbang/index.php/IJFR/article/view/1531
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