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Thursday, 30 March 2017

The Impact of Firm Size in the Formulation of Sustainable Manufacturing Strategy Infrastructural Decisions Under Uncertainty

Author
Lanndon Ocampo
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Abstract: This paper adopts a fuzzy analytic network process approach in identifying the impact of the presence of firm size on the content of the manufacturing strategy infrastructural decisions that integrates the classical manufacturing strategy framework and the notion of sustainability. Linguistic variables with equivalent triangular fuzzy numbers were used to elucidate judgment of elements in pairwise comparison matrices within the context of the analytic network process. Analytic network process effectively handles the complexity of the decision-making problem resulting from the subjectivity and interrelationships inherent among decision components. Domain experts in manufacturing strategy and sustainability were asked to elicit judgment in pairwise comparisons. Results show that the content of the infrastructural decisions of manufacturing strategy remains constant regardless of the presences of firm size component. However, the priority of each decision to the goal which can be translated as the priority of implementation of each policy varies with the presence of firm size.
Date: 2017
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International Journal of Manufacturing, Materials, and Mechanical Engineering (IJMMME) is currently edited by J. Paulo Davim
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Attribute Based Selection of Thermoplastic Resin for Vacuum Infusion Process: A Decision Making Methodology

Author
R. T. Durai Prabhakaran, Aage Lystrup and Tom Løgstrup Andersen
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Abstract: The composite industry looks toward a new material system (resins) based on thermoplastic polymers for the vacuum infusion process, similar to the infusion process using thermosetting polymers. A large number of thermoplastics are available in the market with a variety of properties suitable for different engineering applications, and few of those are available in a not yet polymerised form suitable for resin infusion. The proper selection of a new resin system among these thermoplastic polymers is a concern for manufactures in the current scenario and a special mathematical tool would be beneficial. In this paper, the authors introduce a new decision making tool for resin selection based on significant attributes. This article provides a broad overview of suitable thermoplastic material systems for vacuum infusion process available in today’s market. An illustrative example—resin selection for vacuum infused of a wind turbine blade—is shown to demonstrate the intricacies involved in the proposed methodology for resin selection.
Date: 2011
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Labor Scarcity and Farm Mechanisation: A Cross State Comparison

Author
Amarender A. Reddy, Radhika Ch. Rani and G.P. Reddy

Abstract: The paper has analysed the trends in labour use (casual labour and family labour), machine use and labour productivity for five major crops namely, paddy, wheat, cotton, sugarcane and chickpea in the major states. The paper test the hypothesis that there are significant changes in the labour use, farm mechanisation and labour productivity across the states and crops by using the data collected from comprehensive cost of cultivation scheme for the period 1997 to 2010. The labour use per hectare decreased mainly in wheat, chickpea and paddy. The farm mechanisation is speeded up replacing both human and bullock capital. This transformation started in Punjab and Haryana and spread to other states. It increased labour productivity significantly when compared to land productivity. There is also a process of casualisation of agricultural labour as reflected in the increased share of casual labour in states like Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Bihar, Maharashtra, Punjab, Gujarat and Haryana. However, in most of the crops in Orissa, West Bengal and in some crops in Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan still the share of family labour is high with low level of farm mechanisation and less labour productivity which reflects the prevalence of subsistence agriculture. The positive association among farm mechanisation, displacement of family labour and increased casualisation of labour is observed across many states and crops. Some less developed states are catching up in the process. In this process, there is a steep increase in the labour productivity in agriculture, but the growth rates in wage rates are not commensurate with labour productivity growth. There is huge labour productivity gap that exists across the states with Punjab and Haryana leading with Madhya Pradesh and Orissa at the lower level
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Sugar Sector: Is it Sustained by Subsidies?

Author
Sangeeta Shroff and Jayanti Kajale

Abstract: The sugar economy is highly regulated in India, starting from sugarcane pricing to the final production and distribution of sugar. Paying unduly high State Advised Price which is fixed higher than Fair and Remunerative Price is unsustainable by mills leading to cane arrears as well as cyclicality in sugarcane production thereby causing fluctuations in sugarcane production and pricing. The price of sugarcane is administered while price of sugar is market-driven and this disconnect has resulted in cane arrears to the tune of `12000 crores in 2013-14 and average subsidy of `2147 crores per annum, during the period 2007-08 to 2013-14. Besides paying farmers higher prices, the mills also subsidise the government through levy price to the tune of ` 2416 crores on an average per year over the period 2007-8 to 2012-13. These subsidies given by mills has put them in financial strain thus forcing the government to announce relief measures in the form of interest free loans to the tune of ` 6600 crores besides waiving off purchase tax, commission and entry tax on sugar. Mills have also received huge subsidies while setting up their plants. Finally, when stocks pile up due to excess availability over consumption, the government has offered export subsidy for raw sugar which have been questioned under multilateral trade rules. Overall it appears that sugar sector has been surviving with the help of subsidies. Hence policy must be addressed towards liberalising this sector from several controls and increasing the yield of sugarcane which has shown no improvement over decades. Inappropriate use of fertiliser and heavy irrigation under canal and lift irrigation command have made the soil alkaline adversely impacting productivity. Increasing productivity through scientific practices will enable sugar mills to obtain sufficient raw material at competitive prices and thus they can have more working days and reap economies of scale.
Keywords: Sugar Sector; Subsidies; Trade.; Crop Production/Industries; International Development; Q170; Q11; Q13; H2 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2014
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Emerging Scenario of Farm Subsidies in New Trade Regime in India: An Economic Analysis

Author
Madan Mohan, Arti Katiyar, Archna Shukla, Pankaj Pandey and Sachan Shanti

Abstract: The paper seeks to address the issue of subsidisation of Indian farmers. It is found that input subsidies as percentage of the value of agricultural output have declined in the recent years. In terms of product specific support, Indian agriculture has been heavily net taxed. The product-specific support has in way of nullifying the inputs subsidies. As a result, the aggregate measurement of support for Indian agriculture has been negative since 2007-2009. It indicates that benefits of input subsidies have totally passed either on to the consumers or on to input supplying agencies. To reduce the burden of input subsidies in the government budget, India needs to enhance the efficiency of input supplying agencies.
Keywords: Subsidy; Regime; Trade; AOA; WTO; Input/Output.; Farm Management; International Development; International Relations/Trade; Q11; Q13; Q16; Q17 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2014
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Impact of Farm Sector Electricity Subsidy on Water Use Efficiency and Water Productivity in India

Author
O.P. Singh, Rakesh Singh and Manish Kumar Singh
Abstract: Irrigation plays an important role in the growth of India agriculture and it helped the farmers to grow multiple crops during the year. The share of groundwater in total net irrigated area (20.85 million hectares) increased by 28.67 per cent to 61.40 per cent during 1950-51 to 2010-11. Out of the total net irrigated area in the country, the share of groundwater irrigated area was 28.67 per cent and 61.40 per cent in 1950-51 and 2010-11 respectively. The growth in net area irrigated by groundwater is growing at a compound growth rate of 3.54 per cent per annum during 1950-51 to 2010-11. The total electric operated pump for pumping groundwater in the country increased from 10.27 million to 11.05 million during 2001 to 2006 whereas, the diesel operated pumps declined from 6.55 million to 6.30 million during 2001 to 2006. The electric subsidy to farm sector has increased from Rs 7334.9 crore to Rs 45561.0 crore during 1992-93 to 2011-12 registering a compound growth rate of 8.65 per cent per annum. The present study has tried to assess the impact of electricity on groundwater use and water use efficiency. The study was confined to three Indian states viz., Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Punjab. In case of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, diesel pump owners were using less irrigation water for all the crops as compared to electric pump owners. The diesel pump owners were getting the highest physical and economic water productivity for all the crops except paddy as compared to electric pump owners. In case of Punjab, farmers were using less groundwater for all the crops as compared to canal water. The physical water productivity was higher for all the crops grown under groundwater irrigation except bajra and barseem. The net economic value of water productivity was found higher for groundwater irrigated field in maize, bajra and wheat. The study suggests that the introduction of pro-rata pricing of electricity supply to farm sector could be the best option for better management of groundwater. This would help in equitable, efficient and sustainable use of groundwater and reduce the burden of gigantic electricity subsidy to farm sector. Pre-paid metering to farm sector may also increase water use efficiency.
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Green Technologies for Sustainable Agriculture: Policy Options Towards Farmer Adoption

Author
P. Indira Devi, Sebin Sara Solomon and M.G. Jayasree

Abstract: Bio-fertilisers (BF) and bio-control agents (BCA) are the biotechnological interventions tried to improve crop production and protection for sustainable agricultural development. This paper based on a study, conducted in the state of Kerala, depending both on primary and secondary data, analyses the consumption pattern and farmer responses to the technology and cases thereof. A total of 840 farmers were surveyed using a structured, pretested questionnaire. Later on, the crop-wise use was estimated through a post stratification of the data. Logit analysis was done to study the adoption behaviour of the respondents. In Kerala, BF/BCA is produced by the public sector, private sector and NGO, and is distributed either directly to the farmers or indirectly through the retail shops. A sizeable part of production is sold to the Department of Agriculture itself as part of department schemes where the BF/BCA is given at subsidy. The analysis on the level of adoption of BF/BCA showed that the percentage of adoption is more in the case of BCA when compared to BF. The adoption of BF was found to be less than 1 per cent and for BCA it was around 11 per cent. The logistic regression analysis to study the adoption behaviour of the respondents (rice farmers) showed that educational level, farming experience, returns from farming and extension of technical support received by the farmers are the major factors that influenced the decision making with regard to the adoption of bioagents. Though subsidies facilitate the economic access to the technology, it did not ensure the sustained adoption and scientifically proper application. The analysis supports the statistically significant influence of technical support in the adoption of the technology, which underlines the importance of infrastructural and technological support mechanism in the wider adoption of the technology. Thus subsidies can be considered as a necessary but not a sufficient condition for the sustained technology adoption.
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Rapporteur's Report on Labour Scarcity in Agriculture and Farm Mechanisation

Author
D. K. Grover
Keywords: Agribusiness; Farm Management; Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2014
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Rapporteur's Report on Subsidies in Agriculture and their Implications on Trade and Environment

Author
A. Ganesh Kumar
Keywords: Environmental Economics and Policy; Farm Management; International Relations/Trade (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2014
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Economic Analysis of Leaf Rust Management by Chemical Controls: Evidence and Implications for Household Coffee Farmers in India

Author
M. R. Narayana

Abstract: Coffee Leaf Rust (CLR) is a disease that affects the production of Arabica coffee. Its management is essential to improve the production, income and livelihood of household Arabica coffee farmers. This paper develops a simple methodology to calculate the economic costs, gross returns and net economic gains of CLR management by adopters of chemical controls at the national, state and district levels in India. Chemical controls are distinguished by application of recommended and non-recommended combinations and spray schedules of Bordeaux mixture and Systemic fungicides. The methodology is implemented by using a newly collected sample survey data of 575 household Arabica coffee farmers in the traditional coffee growing regions (Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala) and comprising more than 90 per cent of small farmers. In general, empirical results offer evidence for higher gross returns and positive net economic gains for all adopters of chemical controls with remarkable inter-state and inter-district variations. Though total cost shows remarkable variations between chemical controls and across regions, the composition of total cost shows higher chemical input cost than labour cost for all chemical controls and in all regions. These results have implications for design of a public promotional policy of CLR management by chemical controls for small farmers on empirical economic grounds. Subject to the comparability of CLR by chemical controls, the methodology, empirical results and policy implications are applicable and relevant for other coffee growing and developing countries of Asia and Africa.
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How Sensitive is Indian Agriculture to Climate Change?

Author
Pratap Birthal, Digvijay S. Negi, Shiv Kumar, Shaily Aggarwal, A. Suresh and Md Tajuddin Khan

Abstract: Using district-level panel data, this paper has assessed sensitivity of Indian agriculture to climate change. Results show that a rise in temperature would reduce agricultural productivity, while rainfall unless it is in excess, will tend to counterbalance harmful effects of temperature. Irrigation is an important adaptation strategy to reduce harmful effects of warmer climate. Predictions suggest that by end of this century, a significant change in climate may reduce productivity of Indian agriculture by 25 per cent. Agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions is more sensitive to climate change, and would be more impacted by climate change. The loss will be higher in the absence of adaptation.
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The Price of Land: Acquisition, Conflict and Consequence

Author
Sanjoy Chakravorty
Keywords: Land Economics/Use (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2014
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Inter-Conference Symposium of International Association of Agricultural Economists (IAAE) on Re-visiting Agriculture Policies in the Light of Globalisation Experience: The Indian Context: A Brief Report

Author
Anonymous
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Ph.D Theses

Author
Anonymous
Keywords: Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2014
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Indicative Outlines of Subjects Selected for Discussion at the 75th Annual Conference/Platinum Jubilee Conference of the Indian Society of Agricultural Economics

Author
Anonymous
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Has Indian Agriculture Become Crowded and Risky? Status, Implications and the Way Forward

Author
P.K. Joshi
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Agricultural Mechanisation Development in India

Author
Gajendra Singh
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Fasting for Runners

Author BY   ANDREA CESPEDES  Food is fuel, especially for serious runners who need a lot of energy. It may seem counterintuiti...