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Wednesday, 15 March 2017

Challenges for Crop Production Research in Improving Land Use, Productivity and Sustainability

Author
Huub Spiertz (huub.spiertz@wur.nl)
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Sustainability, 2013, vol. 5, issue 4, pages 1632

Abstract: The demand for food, feed, and feedstocks for bioenergy and biofactory plants will increase proportionally due to population growth, prosperity, and bioeconomic growth. Securing food supply and meeting demand for biomass will involve many biological and agro-ecological aspects such as genetic plant improvement, sustainable land use, water-saving irrigation, and integrated nutrient management as well as control of pests, diseases and weeds. It will be necessary to raise biomass production and economic yield per unit of land—not only under optimum growing conditions, but even more under conditions constrained by climate, water availability, and soil quality. Most of the advanced agronomic research by national and international research institutes is dedicated to the major food crops: maize, rice, wheat, and potato. However, research on crops grown as feedstock, for bio-energy and industrial use under conditions with biophysical constraints, is lagging behind. Global and regional assessments of the potential for growing crops are mostly based on model and explorative studies under optimum conditions, or with either water or nitrogen deficiencies. More investments in combined experimental and modeling research are needed to develop and evaluate new crops and cropping systems under a wide range of agro-ecological conditions. An integral assessment of the biophysical production capacity and the impact on resource use, biodiversity and socio-economic factors should be carried out before launching large-scale crop production systems in marginal environments.
Keywords: agricultural research; biomass yield; bioenergy; cropping systems; crop adaptation; food security; nutrient management; water saving (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q Q0 Q2 Q3 Q5 Q56 O13 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2013
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Wood-Based Bioenergy

Author
Michael Hoel (mihoel@econ.uio.no) and Thea Marcelia Sletten

Abstract: During recent years increased attention has been given to second-generation wood-based bioenergy. The carbon stored in the forest is highest when there is little or no harvest from the forest. Increasing the harvest from a forest, in order to produce more bioenergy, may thus conflict with the direct benefit of the forest as a carbon sink. We analyze this conflict using a simple model where bioenergy and fossil energy are perfect substitutes. Our analysis shows how the social optimum will depend on the social cost of carbon, and how the social optimum may be obtained by suitable taxes and subsidies.
Keywords: climate; carbon; bioenergy (search for similar items in EconPapers)
JEL-codes: Q30 Q42 Q54 Q58 (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2014
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The development of bioenergy technology in China

Author
C.Z. Wu, X.L. Yin, Z.H. Yuan, Z.Q. Zhou and X.S. Zhuang
Energy, 2010, vol. 35, issue 11, pages 4445-4450

Abstract: Among renewable energy resources, bioenergy is one of the fastest growth energy alternatives with tremendous potential in China. The thermal, physical, and biological processes of conversion of biomass yield a number of products and can be obtained as gases, liquids, solid fuels, and electricity as well as a variety of chemicals. Various bioenergytechnologies that have been developed are at the fundamental research, demonstration, and commercialization stages. This review concentrates on the processes that are attracting the most attention in China.
Keywords: Bioenergy; Development; China (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2010
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Bioenergy in Poland

Author
Bartlomiej Iglinski, Anna Iglinska, Wojciech Kujawski, Roman Buczkowski and Marcin Cichosz
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2011, vol. 15, issue 6, pages 2999-3007

Abstract: In this article we presented the current state and prospects for development of bioenergy in Poland. There are over 100 energy crop plantations of the area of at least 5 ha each, 44 pellet and/or briquette producers, over 100 biomass thermal power plants of power of at least 0.5 MW, 40 biomass and coal cofiring thermal power plants, 39 biofuel producers of capacity of 1 million dm3/year, 80 biogas power plants located at municipal waste sites, 56 biogas power plants located at sewage treatment works, 8 agricultural biogas power plants, one municipal waste incinerator, and 46 medical waste incinerators. In the near future it is planned to further develop renewable energy based on biomass.
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Cellulose reactivity in ethanol at elevate temperature and the kinetics of one-pot preparation of ethyl levulinate from cellulose

Author
Guizhuan Xu, Chun Chang, Shuqi Fang and Xiaojian Ma
Renewable Energy, 2015, vol. 78, issue C, pages 583-589

Abstract: Cellulose reactivity in ethanol at elevated temperature (170–210 °C) was investigated in this study. Water and acid catalyst can improve the solubilization and the conversion of cellulose in ethanol. In ethanol/water medium, more humic solids will be formed, but the amounts of diethyl ether decreased greatly. In ethanol medium, the ethanolysis reaction of cellulose played a dominant role, with ethyl levulinate (EL) as the main liquid product. In addition, organic esters and furan derivatives were the main small molecules in the liquid, and diethoxymethane and diethyl sulfate were considered as the main liquid by-products. On the basis, the kinetics of one-pot preparation of EL from cellulose was further investigated at a temperature range of 170–210 °C and an acid concentration range of 0.5–2.0 wt%. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was employed to develop an approach for the evaluation of the process. A good agreement of the ANN model results and the experimental data was obtained, and the optimum reaction conditions for one-pot preparation of EL were temperature 188 °C, reaction time 30 min, acid concentration 1.2 wt%. Under the conditions, higher EL yield can be obtained, which was close to the ANN model result.
Keywords: Cellulose; Ethanol; Ethyl levulinate; Kinetics (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2015
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Comparative economic assessment of ABE fermentation based on cellulosic and non-cellulosic feedstocks

Author
Manish Kumar, Yogesh Goyal, Abhijit Sarkar and Kalyan Gayen
Applied Energy, 2012, vol. 93, issue C, pages 193-204

Abstract: Biobutanol can become the replacement of petroleum gasoline in near future. However, economic feasibility of biobutanol production from ABE fermentation is suffering due to the unavailability of cheap feedstocks, production inhibition and inefficient product recovery processes. Here, economic analysis of ABE fermentation has been performed based on cellulosic (bagasse, barley straw, wheat straw, corn stover, and switchgrass) and non-cellulosic (glucose, sugarcane, corn, and sago) feedstocks, which are widely and cheaply available in agriculture based countries. Analysis shows that utilization of glucose required 37% lesser total fixed capital cost than the other cellulosic and non-cellulosic feedstocks for the per year production of 10,000 tonnes of butanol. However, the production cost of butanol from glucose was fourfold higher than sugarcane and cellulosic materials because of its (glucose) high cost. The cost of sago also affected threefold production cost of butanol comparative to other feedstocks. Therefore, these two substrates turned the biobutanol production far from being economically feasible. Interestingly, sugarcane and cellulosic materials showed suitability for economically feasible production of butanol with the production cost range of $0.59–$0.75 per kg butanol. Consequently, quantitative variation in the design and process parameters namely fermentor size, plant capacity, production yield using sugarcane and cellulosic materials as raw materials, trigger significant reduction in unitary cost of butanol up to 53%, 19%, and 31% respectively. Therefore, these parameters will play significant role in making the butanol production economical from cheaper feedstocks (sugarcane and cellulosic materials). Further, high sensitivity of production cost from the product yield postulates significant manipulation in genome of butanol producing bacteria for improving the yield of ABE fermentation.
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Breaking into the CellulosicEthanol Market: Capacity and Storage Strategies

Author
Paul M. Darby, Tyler Mark (tyler.mark@uky.edu) and Michael E. Salassi

Abstract: This paper examines the possibilities of breaking into the cellulosic ethanol market in south Louisiana via strategic feedstock choices and the leveraging of the area’s competitive advantages. A small plant strategy is devised whereby the first-mover problem might be solved, and several scenarios are tested using Net Present Value analysis.
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Willingness of Agricultural Landowners to Supply Perennial Energy Crops

Author
David Smith, Candi Schulman, Dean Current and K. Easter
Abstract: Replaced with revised version of paper 09/06/11.
Keywords: Perennial Bioenergy; Minnesota; Farmer survey; Crop Adoption; Crop Production/Industries; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy (search for similar items in EconPapers)
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Date: 2011
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Cellulosic ethanol production from agricultural residues in Nigeria

Author
Edward Iye and Paul Bilsborrow
Energy Policy, 2013, vol. 63, issue C, pages 207-214

Abstract: Nigeria′s Biofuels Policy introduced in 2007 mandates a 10% blend (E10) of bioethanol with gasoline. This study investigates the potential for the development of a cellulosic ethanol industry based on the availability of agricultural residues and models the number of commercial processing facilities that could be sited in the six Geo-political zones. The potential for cellulosic ethanol production from agricultural residues in Nigeria is 7556km3 per annum exceeding the mandate of 10% renewable fuel required and providing the potential for 12 large- and 11 medium-scale processing facilities based on the use of a single feedstock. Cassava and yam peelings provided in excess of 80% of the process residues available with enough feedstock to supply 10 large-scale facilities with a fairly even distribution across the zones. Sorghum straw, millet straw and maize stalks represented 75% of the potential resource available from field residues with the potential to supply 2 large- and 7 medium-scale processing facilities, all of which would be located in the north of the country. When a multi-feedstock approach is used, this provides the potential for either 29 large- or 58 medium-scale facilities based on outputs of 250 and 125km3 per annum respectively.
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Development of a membrane bioreactor for enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose

Author
Sulaiman Al-Zuhair, Mohamed Al-Hosany, Yasser Zooba, Abdulla Al-Hammadi and Salem Al-Kaabi
Renewable Energy, 2013, vol. 56, issue C, pages 85-89

Abstract: Cellulose hydrolysis is an important step in the production of bioethanol from lignocellulose. Using enzymes, as a biocatalyst, is expected to have a lower utility cost compared to the conventional acidic hydrolysis because it is carried out at milder conditions and does not require subsequent treatment step. The major obstacle to the practical realization of the potentials of enzymatic hydrolysis is the high cost of the enzymes and the slow reaction rate due to the inhibition of the enzyme by the products. In this work, a membrane bioreactor was simulated to tackle these two obstacles and enhance the reaction rate. It was found that for a 5000 kg h−1 lignocellulosic feed, to achieve 50% hydrolysis conversion, a 125 m3 membrane bioreactor containing 923 kg m−3 cellulase need to be used. The amount of the enzyme that escapes from the system and needs replacement was estimated at 92 kg h−1. The membrane reactor model was further tested using the competitive product inhibition model for the hydrolysis of totally amorphous Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). It was shown that the reactor volume required to achieve a conversion of 50% was significantly less than that required for the lignocelluloses, even at a lower membrane mass transfer coefficient.
Keywords: Bioethanol; Cellulose; Cellulases; Membrane bioreactor(search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2013
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EFFECT OF SURFACE TREATMENT ON THE ENZYMATIC TREATMENT OF CELLULOSICFIBER

Author
C. W. Kan (tccwk@inet.polyu.edu.hk), C. W. M. Yuen and S. Q. Jiang
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Surface Review and Letters (SRL), 2007, vol. 14, issue 04, pages 565-569

Abstract: Fiber modifications by environmentally friendly processing are essential in order to simplify the preparation and finishing processes, in addition to minimizing the chemical waste and associated disposal problem. In this regard, enzymes have been used extensively because it can remove the small fiber ends from yarn surface to create a smooth fabric surface appearance and introduce a degree of softness without using traditional chemical treatment. However, a significant strength reduction and slow reaction rate of the enzymatic reaction limit its industrial application. In this paper, the potential of using low-temperature plasma (LTP) as a surface pre-treatment prior to enzyme treatment on flax fiber has been studied. By means of the LTP pre-treatment, the effectiveness of enzyme treatment can be enhanced.
Keywords: Cellulosic fibre; enzyme; surface treatment (search for similar items in EconPapers)
Date: 2007
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African perspective on cellulosic ethanol production

Author
Edem Cudjoe Bensah, Francis Kemausuor, Kodwo Miezah, Zsófia Kádár and Moses Mensah
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2015, vol. 49, issue C, pages 1-11

Abstract: A major challenge to commercial production of cellulosic ethanol pertains to the cost-effective breakdown of the complex and recalcitrant structure of lignocellulose into its components via pretreatment, the cost of enzymes for hydrolysis and fermentation, and the conversion rate of C5 sugars to ethanol, among others. While the industrialized and some emerging countries are gradually breaking grounds in cellulosic ethanol, most African countries have made little effort in research and development even though the continent is rich in lignocellulosic biomass. The paper estimates residues from widely available crops and municipal waste and determines their respective theoretical ethanol potential (around 22 billion litres annually). It further reviews stages involved in the production of cellulosicethanol, focussing on processing methods that can be adapted to current situation in most African countries. The paper suggests that research and development should highlight favourable pretreatment methods such as extrusion, steaming/boiling, and chemical methods employing lime, KOH and crude glycerol (from biodiesel production), as well as the development of crude enzyme complexes from local materials. Though the falling price of enzymes is improving economic production of ethanol, advancements in heterogeneous catalytic hydrolysis will considerably favour economic production of ethanol in Africa due to the potential of recycling and reusing solid acid catalysts.
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Optimal energy use of agricultural crop residues preserving soil organic carbon stocks in Europe

Author
F. Monforti, E. Lugato, V. Motola, K. Bodis, N. Scarlat and J.-F. Dallemand
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2015, vol. 44, issue C, pages 519-529

Abstract: The European Union has committed itself to ambitious targets of Renewable Energy and bioenergy is expected to play a major role, increasing its contribution to Gross Final Energy Consumption from 2458PJ in 2005 to 4605PJ by 2020.
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Energy performances of intensive and extensive short rotation cropping systems for woody biomass production in the EU

Author
S. Njakou Djomo, A. Ac, T. Zenone, T. De Groote, S. Bergante, G. Facciotto, H. Sixto, P. Ciria Ciria, J. Weger and R. Ceulemans
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2015, vol. 41, issue C, pages 845-854

Abstract: One of the strategies to ensure energy security and to mitigate climate change in the European Union (EU) is the establishment and the use of short rotation woody crops (SRWCs) for the production of renewable energy. SRWCs are cultivated in the EU under different management systems. Addressing the energy security problems through SRWCs requires management systems that maximize the net energy yield per unit land area. We assembled and evaluated on-farm data from within the EU, (i) to understand the relationship between the SRWC yields and spatial distribution of precipitation, as well as the relationship between SRWC yield and the planting density, and (ii) to investigate whether extensively managed SRWC systems are more energy efficient than their intensively managed counterparts. We found that SRWC yield ranged from 1.3 to 24tha−1y−1 (mean 9.3±4.2tha−1y−1) across sites. We looked for, but did not find a relationship between yield and annual precipitation as well as between yield and planting density. The energy inputs of extensively managed SRWC systems ranged from 3 to 8GJha−1y−1 whereas the energy ratio (i.e. energy output to energy input ratio) varied from 9 to 29. Although energy inputs (3–16GJha−1y−1) were larger in most cases than those of extensively managed SRWC systems, intensively managed SRWC systems in the EU had higher energy ratios, i.e. between 15 and 62. The low energy ratio of extensively managed SRWC systems reflected their lower biomass yield per unit area. Switching from intensively managed SRWC systems to extensively managed ones thus creates an energy gap, and will require more arable land to be brought into production to compensate for the yield loss. Consequently, extensification is not the most appropriate path to the success of the wide scale deployment of SRWC for bioenergy production in the EU.
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The possible contribution of agricultural crop residues to renewable energy targets in Europe: A spatially explicit study

Author
F. Monforti, K. Bódis, N. Scarlat and J.-F. Dallemand
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2013, vol. 19, issue C, pages 666-677

Abstract: This paper provides a geographical assessment of potential bioenergyproduction in the European Union from residues of eight agricultural crops (wheat, barley, rye, oat, maize, rice, rapeseed and sunflower). The evaluation is geographically explicit at the scale of 1km2 and is based on two main computational steps. In the first step the amount of crop residues resulting from statistical assessment based on the methodology developed by Scarlat et al. [1] have been spatially allocated on the EU-2711The EU-27 expression symbolizes the current status of EU enlargements. Further information: http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Glossary:EU-27. territory using several auxiliary geospatial layers describing, for example, land cover, expected biomass productivity derived from soil parameters, climatic zones and topographical conditions. In the second step the number of model power plants (i.e., plants with a size of 50MW thermal input and a raw material demand of about 100kt/yr might be conveniently fed with available crop residues was estimated on the basis of two different allocation strategies implying a different grade of optimization.
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